语法--英语词性分类及用法.ppt

1、英语词性的分类及用法,词性的分类,词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分十个大类。,名词的概念,名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词 . 专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing， China, the United States,等。 普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。(普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词) 普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun 2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如:family (以上两类属于可数名词)3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如:air 4

2、）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概 念，如：work (以上两类属于不可数名词),名词复数的规则变化,其它名词复数的规则变化,1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直 接加s变复数： 如：two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays 2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时： a. 加s，如： photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos； b. 加es，如：potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes 3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：

3、a. 加s，如： belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs； b. 去f, fe 加-ves，如：half-halves knife-knives leaf-leaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves；,名词复数的不规则变化,1）child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth mouse-mice man-men woman-women 2）单复同形如： deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese 3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，

4、但实为复数。 如： people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。 4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。news 是不可数名词。,要点考点聚焦,flower,flowers,找规律,wat

5、ch,es,factory-factories,leaf - leaves,box,es,NOUN.,要点考点聚焦,找规律,tomatoes,potatoes,heroes,NOUN.,不规则变化,child-children,woman-women,deer,sheep,man-men,goose-geese,NOUN.,1.Several _ are talking under the treeAnd they are_. Awoman;children Bwoman;child Cwomen;children 2.How far is your school from here？ Not

6、 very farIts about twenty walk.（2000杭州） Aminutes Bminutes Cminutes 3. There are three in my family. (2004长春） A.people B. person C. child 4. Most students can go to college for further in our city. A. education B. information C.science 5. This is bedroom. The twin sister like it very much. A. Ann and

7、 Jane B. Ann and Janes C.Anns and Janes,典型例题解析,C,C,A,A,B,NOUN.,根据所给单词的正确形式填空： 1. Different people may have different _. (idea) 2. I often go to work on . (foot) 3. I know one of the . (boy) 4. Mr. Brown is wearing a pair of . (glass) 5. Please give them their . (photo) 6. Are there any in the box? (

8、watch) 7. There are twelve in a year. (month) 8. Would you like some ? (tomato) 9. Look at those in the boats! (people) 10. Look! The are singing. (woman) 11. September 10th is Day. (teacher) 12. Jim has some . (knife) 13. How much are these ? (vegetable) 14. My school is twenty _ walk from here. (m

9、inute) 15. The girl under the tree is a friend of_. (Lucy),ideas,foot,boys,glasses,photos,watches,months,tomatoes,people,women,Teachers,knives,vegetables,minutes,Lucys,NOUN.,代词,代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。,一、人称代词是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“

10、它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,通常，主格作主语,宾格作宾语 通常，当单数的主格作主语时，谓语动词用单数；复数的的主格作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 Eg. He is my friend. Its me. They are from China. She lent me a book. I love it. Are you interested in them?,二、 物主代词表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种，其人物和数的变化见下表,通常，形容词性物主代词相当形容词的用法，应该位于名词的前面；名词性物主代词

11、相当于形容词性物主代词+名词，之后不接名词。 Eg. I like his car. Our school is here and theirs is there. This is your picture. And that is mine.,三、 指示代词表示那个、这个、这些、那些等指示概念的代词。,Eg. That is a good idea. I love those book in blue. These people are my friends.,四、自身代词，也称为反身代词表示我自己、你自己、他自己、我们自己、你们自己和他们自己等的代词。,反身代词的用法,1. 用作同位语(加

12、强被修饰词的语气，紧放在被修饰名词后, 或句末)： The box itself is not so heavy. You said it yourself. 2. 用作宾语(动词或介词的宾语)： Take good care of yourself. 3. 用作表语 The poor boy was myself.,五、 表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有each other 和one another两组，但在运用中，这两组词没什么区别。,We should love each other. Tom and Betty are friends, so they always help each

13、 other. Our students learn one another.,eg. I want something hot. Do you need some coffee? There is nothing good. All of you are students.,六、 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，every-，no-加上body，one，thing的合成代词，如anybody， something，no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定

14、语,七、 疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词，引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）,What are you? Who is his coat? Whose bag is this? Which do you prefer? The blue one or the white one? Could you tell me what is his name? Mother asked which one I wanted.,八、 关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，可用作

15、引导定语从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等；另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词（通称为先行词）。,He is the man whom you have been looking for. I hope I can find a job that I can devote myself to. This is the book whose covering is old. That is the same food as you want.,1.He shouted louder to the runners, but he still could

16、nt make _ heard. A. him B. himself C. them D. themselves 2.There are flowers and trees on _ sides of the river. A. every B. both C. either D. all 3.She has three good friends. One is a doctor; _ are teachers of Chinese. A. another B. the other two C. other D. others 4.Before handing in your composit

17、ions, please correct the mistakes in each line if_. A. so B. no C. any D. some,Exercises,B,B,B,C,1._(我) am a worker. _(你) are a doctor. _(她) is a teacher. 2.This is_ (他的 )shirt. 3. This is _(我的)pen. 4._(他们的) trousers are there. 5. I like this picture. Please give _(它) to_(我). 6. People get _(他们的) mo

18、ney from_(我). 7._(他们) are new students. _(他们的) names are Lucy and Lily. 8. These are _(我们的) shoes. Can _(我们) wear _(它们). 9Thank _ for _(你的) help. 10. _(他) loves _（她）, and _(她) loves _（他）,too. 11. _(我) love _（你）, and _(你) love _（我），too.,I,You,my,his,She,Their,their,me,it,They,Their,me,our,me,them,we,

19、He,your,you,you,you,her,I,him,she,形容词,用来表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词称为形容词。,注意：1.有些形容词只能作表语，如：alone, afraid, asleep 等。例如： The old man is alone. 2. 形容词用来修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词，要 放在这些词的后面。 Youd better tell us something interesting.,形容词在句子中的位置,作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词前。 a big yellow woode

20、n wheel .,作表语时放在连系动词之后。 The price sounds reasonable.,作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。 We must try our best to keep our environment clean.,后置的情况： 修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。 Something serious has happened to him. 与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。 Hes 1.8 metres tall.,注意：,一. 以-ly结尾的形容词 1）friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugl

21、y，brotherly，仍为形容词。 2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily. 二. 用形容词表示类别和整体 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry 三. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) -出处-材料性质，类别-名词 a s

22、mall round table；a tall gray building；a dirty old brown shirt；a famous German medical school,副词,副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、 介词、连词等单词或短语,以说明动作性质或状态的特征的词,一、副词的位置 在许多情况下，副词都放在所修饰的动词后面或句末。 The girl dances very well. 2.有时也放在主语后面，谓语动词前面(对动作加以强调)。 He angrily closed the door. 3.句中的副词如碰上助动词，be动词，则通常放在助动词，be动词之后，实义动词之前

23、 We have already read the book.,二.副词的分类,1、 时间和频度副词: now, then, often, always, usually, early, today, lately, next, last, already, generally, frequently, seldom, ever, never, yet, soon, too, immediately, hardly, finally, shortly, before, ago, sometimes, yesterday.,2、 地点副词: here, there, everywhere, an

24、ywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on. 3、方式副词: carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly,4、 程度副词，放在被修饰词之前: much, lit

25、tle, very, rather, so, too, still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely, almost, slightly. 5、 疑问副词： how, when, where, why. 6、关系副词： when, where, why. 7、连接副词: how, when, where, why, whether.,三、副词的排列顺序,1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。 2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。 Please write slowly and carefully

26、. 3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。 The children played games very quietly in their room by themselves yesterday。,注意：1 副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。 改错：(错) I very like English. (对) I like English very much.注意： 2副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 I dont know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to

27、 eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat.,动词动词就是表示动作或者是状态的词。例如：run；work；sleep，等,动词的分类 1 根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为行为动词（实义动词）、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类，有些动词是兼类词。如：,We have lunch at 12. I am hungry. She didnt know him. You can swim.,系动词系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词。有些不具词义；有些具有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、

28、特征等情况。,1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词， 2）持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand,3）表像系动词 用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look 4）感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste 5）变化系动词 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run 6）终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达

29、证实，变成之意,助动词最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would,1) 助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用 2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用， a. 表示时态， He has got married. b. 表示语态， He was sent to England. c. 构成疑问句， Do you like college life? d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句， I dont like him. e. 加强语气， He did know that.,情态动词情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与动词原形一起使用，给谓语动

30、词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。,只做情态动词： must, can (could), may (might), shall (should), will (would) 可做情态动词又可做实义动词： need, dare 具有情态动词特征： have (had, has) to, used to,实义动词实义动词意思完全，能独立用作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词（及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词；不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词）,Think, want, play, drive等,动词有五种形态,分别是：原形（Original

31、Form）、第三人称单数形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、过去式（Past Form）、 过去分词（Past Participle）、现在分词（Present Participle）。,数词 (表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。),一、基数词 基数词写法和读法 二、序数词 序数词的缩写形式： first1stsecond2ndthirty-first31st,基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数： a. 与of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连 用，如scores of

32、people 指许多人； b.在一些表示一排或一组的词组里； 如：They arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两的到达了。 c. 表示几十岁； d. 表示年代，用 in +the +数词复数； e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里， 如：3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.,数词的用法,1）表示倍数 once， twice， three times 2）表示分数 构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数： 1/3 one-third ； 3/37 three and three-sevenths.,介 词,介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它