2014职称英语理工a幺建华考试小抄字典版

34BATTERIESBUILTBYVIRUSES病毒电池WHATDOCHICKENPOX,THECOMMONCOLD，THEFLU，ANDAIDSHAVEINCOMMONTHEYREALLDISEASECAUSEDBYVIRUSES，TINYMICROORGANISMSTHATCANPASSFROMPERSONTOPERSONITSNOWONDER1THATWHENMOSTPEOPLETHINKABOUTVIRUSES,FINDINGWAYSTOSTEERCLEAROF2VIRUSESISWHATSONPEOPLESMINDS水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢这些都是由病毒引起的疾病。病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物。难怪大部分人一提到病毒，首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。NOTEVERYONERUNSFROMTHETINYDISEASECARRIERS,THOUGH3INCAMBRIDGE，MASSACHUSETTS4,SCIENTISTSHAVEDISCOVEREDTHATSOMEVIRUSESCANBEHELPFULINANUNUSUALWAYTHEYAREPUTTINGVIRUSESTOWORK，TEACHINGTHEMTOBUILDSOMEOFTHEWORLDSSMALLESTRECHARGEABLEBATTERIES然而，并不是每个人都躲避这些病毒携带者。在马萨诸塞州剑桥市，科学家发现有些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。他们使病毒开始工作，使病毒构成世界上最小的充电电池。VIRUSESANDBATTERIESMAYSEEMLIKEANUNUSUALPAIR,BUTTHEYRENOTSOSTRANGEFORENGINEERANGELABELCHER,WHOFIRSTCAMEUPWITH5THEIDEAATTHEMASSACHUSETTSINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGYMITINCAMBRIDGE，SHEANDHERCOLLABORATORSBRINGTOGETHERDIFFERENTAREASOFSCIENCEINNEWWAYSINTHECASEOFTHEVIRUSBUILTBATTERIES，THESCIENTISTSCOMBINEWHATTHEYKNOWABOUTBIOLOGY，TECHNOLOGYANDPRODUCTIONTECHNIQUES病毒和电池的搭档似乎并不常见，但这对于工程师安吉拉贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。安吉拉贝尔彻最早产生了这一想法。在位于剑桥市的麻省理工学院，她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科学领域。在由病毒构成的电池里，科学家融合了他们在生物、技术和生产工艺方面的知识。BELCHERSTEAMINCLUDESPAULAHAMMOND，WHOHELPSPUTTOGETHERTHETINYBATTERIES，ANDYETMINGCHIANG,ANEXPERTONHOWTOSTOREENERGYINTHEFORMOFABATTERY“WEREWORKINGONTHINGSWETRADITIONALLYDONTASSOCIATEWITHNATURE,“SAYSHAMMOND贝尔彻的团队包括帮助组装微型电池的宝拉哈蒙德和以电池形式存储能量的专家蒋业明。哈蒙德说，“我们现在从事的行业是传统中不会想到的。”MANYBATTERIESAREALREADYPRETTYSMALLYOUCANHOLDA，CANDDBATTERIES6INYOURHANDTHECOINLIKEBATTERIESTHATPOWERWATCHESAREOFTENSMALLERTHANAPENNYHOWEVER，EVERYYEAR，NEWELECTRONICDEVICESLIKEPERSONALMUSICPLAYERSORCELLPHONESGETSMALLERTHANTHEYEARBEFOREASTHESEDEVICESSHRINK，ORDINARYBAKERIESWONTBESMALLENOUGHTOFITINSIDE许多电池已经很小了。A型、C型和D型电池都可以握在手里。硬币形状的手表电池通常比分币还小。然而，个人音乐播放器和手机等新型电子设备变得越来越小。这些设备变小了，普通电池就无法安装进去了。THEIDEALBATTERYWILLSTOREALOTOFENERGYINASMALLPACKAGERIGHTNOW，BELCHERSMODELBATTERY，AMETALLICDISKCOMPLETELYBUILTBYVIRUSES，LOOKSLIKEAREGULARWATCHBATTERYBUTINSIDE，ITSCOMPONENTSAREVERYSMALLSOTINYYOUCANONLYSEETHEMWITHAPOWERFULMICROSCOPE理想的电池应当体积小、储能多。，贝尔彻的电池模型是完全由病毒构成的金属圆盘，看起来就像普通手表电池。但里面的部件却非常小小到用高倍望远镜才能看到。HOWSMALLARETHESEBATTERYPARTSTOGETSOMEIDEAOFTHESIZE，PLUCKONEHAIRFROMYOURHEADPLACEYOURHAIRONAPIECEOFWHITEPAPERANDTRYTOSEEHOWWIDEYOURHAIRISPRETTYTHIN，RIGHTALTHOUGHTHEWIDTHOFEACHPERSONSHAIRISABITDIFFERENT，YOUCOULDPROBABLYFITABOUT10OFTHESEVIRUSBUILTBATTERYPARTS，SIDETOSIDE，ACROSSONEHAIRTHESEMICROBATTERIESMAYCHANGETHEWAYWELOOKATVIRUSES7这些电池部件到底有多小呢从头上拔一根头发，把它放到白纸上，看看头发的宽度是不是很细呢尽管每个人的头发宽度不同，每个头发上可以并列排放大约10个病毒电池部件。这些为电池能会改变我们对病毒的看法。1ACCORDINGTOTHEFIRSTPARAGRAPH，PEOPLETRYTO根据第一段，人们设法去CSTAYAWAYFROMVIRUSESBECAUSETHEYARECAUSESOFVARIOUSDISEASES躲避病毒，因为他们的疾病都是由病毒引起的。2WHATISBELCHERSTEAMDOINGATPRESENTBELCHER的团队现在正在做什么CITISMAKINGBATTERIESWITHVIRUSES制造病毒电池。3WHATEXPRESSIONBELOWISOPPOSITEINMEANINGTOTHEWORD“SHRINK“APPEARINGINPARAGRAPH5那个词可以和第5段中的“SHRINK收缩”表达意思相反DEXPAND膨胀4WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGISTRUEOFBELCHERSBATTERYMENTIONEDINPARAGRAPH66段中提到的BELCHERSBATTERY哪个描述是真的DITISAMETALLICDISKWITHVIRUSESINSIDEIT它是指由病毒构成的金属圆盘。5HOWTINYISONEBATTERYPART一个电池部件有多小AITSWIDTHISONETENTHOFAHAIR它的宽度是头发的1/1035PUTTINGPLANTSTOWORK植物效能USINGTHEPOWEROFTHESUNISNOTHINGNEWPEOPLEHAVEHADSOLARPOWEREDCALCULATORSANDBUILDINGSWITHSOLARPANELSFORDECADESBUTPLANTSARETHEREALEXPERTSTHEYVEBEENUSINGSUNLIGHTASANENERGYSOURCEFORBILLIONSOFYEARS太阳能的使用已经不足为奇。几十年前，人们就开始使用太阳能计算器，制造太阳能电热板镶嵌的建筑。但是植物当属应用太阳能的专家十亿年来，植物一直把阳光作为能源资源。CEILSINTHEGREENLEAVESOFPLANTSWORKLIKETINYFACTORIESTOCONVERTSUNLIGHT,CARBONDIOXIDE,ANDWATERINTO1SUGARSANDSTARCHES,STOREDENERGYTHATTHEPLANTSCANUSETHISCONVERSIONPROCESSISCALLEDPHOTOSYNTHESISUNFORTUNATELY,UNLESSYOUREAPLANT,ITSDIFFICULTANDEXPENSIVETOCONVERTSUNLIGHTINTOSTORABLEENERGYTHATSWHYSCIENTISTSARETAKINGACLOSERLOOKATEXACTLYHOWPLANTSDOIT绿叶植物细胞的工作就像微型加工厂一样，将阳光，二氧化碳和水转化为糖和淀粉，并且同时储存植物本身所需的能量。这种转换过程叫做光合作用。可惜你不是一株植物，必须困难的并且花上大价钱将阳光转换为稳定的能源。因此，科学家们正在对植株进行准确细致的研究。SOMESCIENTISTSARETRYINGTOGETPLANTS,ORBIOLOGICALCELLSTHATACTLIKEPLANTS,TOWORKASMINIATUREPHOTOSYNTHETICPOWERSTATIONSFOREXAMPLE,MAFIAGHIRARDIOFTHENATIONALRENEWABLEENERGYLABORATORYINGOLDEN,COLO2,ISWORKINGWITHGREENALGAE3SHESTRYINGTOTRICKTHEMINTOPRODUCINGHYDROGEN4INSTEADOFSUGARSWHENTHEYPERFORMPHOTOSYNTHESISONCETHERESEARCHERSCANGETTHEALGAEWORKINGEFFICIENTLY,THEHYDROGENTHATTHEYPRODUCECOULDBEUSEDTOPOWERFUELCELLSINCARSORTOGENERATEELECTRICITY一些科学家正试图像植物的作用过程一样，将植物，或生物的细胞活动看做微型光合发电站。例如，玛丽亚奇若蒂在美国科罗拉多州的国家可再生能源实验室里对绿藻进行研究。她正想方设法的通过植物的产生氢来取代光合作用产生的糖。一旦研究人员了解藻类如何有效率的进行工作，由此产生的氢气可用于燃料电池动力汽车和发电。THEALGAEAREGROWNINNARROWNECKEDGLASSBOTTLESTOPRODUCEHYDROGENINTHELABDURINGPHOTOSYNTHESIS,PLANTSNORMALLYMAKESUGARSORSTARCHES“BUTUNDERCERTAINCONDITIONS,ALOTOFALGAEAREABLETOUSETHESUNLIGHTENERGYNOTTOSTORESTARCH,BUTTOMAKEHYDROGEN“GHIRARDISAYSFOREXAMPLE,ALGAEWILLPRODUCEHYDROGENINANAIRFREEENVIRONMENTITSTHEOXYGENINTHEAIRTHATPREVENTSALGAEFROMMAKINGHYDROGENMOSTOFTHETIME在实验室里，藻类生长通过狭窄的颈玻璃瓶生产氢气的环境下。在光合作用下，植物通常产生糖类或淀粉。奇若蒂说“但在一定条件下，有很多藻类能够利用日光能源产生氢气而不是储存淀粉。”例如，藻类会在空气存在环境下产生氢气。这是因为空气中的氧气，氧阻止绿藻制造氢。WORKINGINANAIRFREEENVIRONMENT,HOWEVER,ISDIFFICULTITSNOTAPRACTICALWAYTOPRODUCECHEAPENERGYBUTGHIRARDIANDHERCOLLEAGUESHAVEDISCOVEREDTHATBYREMOVINGACHEMICALCALLEDSULFATEFROMTHEENVIRONMENTTHATTHEALGAEGROWIN,THEYWILLMAKEHYDROGENINSTEADOFSUGARS,EVENWHENAIRISPRESENT藻类在空气中虽然可以工作，但是充满困难。这种方式不能切实可行的生产廉价的能源。但是奇若蒂和她的同事们已经发现，即使在目前的空气条件下，他们从藻类生长的环境中，除去所谓的硫酸化学品，能够产生氢来代替糖。UNFORTUNATELY,REMOVINGTHESULFATEALSOMAKESTHEALGAESCELLSWORKVERYSLOWLY,ANDNOTMUCHHYDROGENISPRODUCEDSTILL,THERESEARCHERSSEETHISASAFIRSTSTEPINTHEIRGOALTOPRODUCEHYDROGENEFFICIENTLYFROMALGAEWITHMOREWORK,THEYMAYBEABLETOSPEEDTHECELLSACTIVITYANDPRODUCELARGERQUANTITIESOFHYDROGEN只可惜消除硫酸盐不仅使藻类细胞的工作速度减慢，而且大大减少了氢的数量。尽管如此，研究人员认为，对于实现有效率的利用藻类产生氢这一目标，他们已经迈出了第一步。随着工作量的加大，他们可以加速细胞的活动，从而产生大量的氢气。THERESEARCHERSHOPETHATALGAEWILLONEDAYBEANEASYTOUSEFUELSOURCETHEORGANISMSARECHEAPTOGETANDTOFEED,GHIRARDISAYS,ANDTHEYCANGROWALMOSTANYWHERE“YOUCANGROWTHEMINAREACTOR,INAPONDYOUCANGROWTHEMINTHEOCEANTHERESALOTOFFLEXIBILITYINHOWYOUCANUSETHESEORGANISMS“研究人员们希望，总有一天藻类会成为很容易使用的燃料来源。藻类这种生物极易存活，他们可以在几乎任何地方成长。奇若蒂说，“你可以将它放在一反应堆或是池塘里，也可以在海洋中找到它们，人们可以灵活的使用藻类的用途广泛。”1WHATDOESTHEWRITERSAYABOUTPLANTSCONCERNINGSOLARENERGY关于植物涉及太阳能，作者说CPLANTSHAVEBEENUSINGSOLARENERGYFORBILLIONSOFYEARS植物数十亿年来一直利用太阳能2WHYDOSOMESCIENTISTSSTUDYHOWPLANTSCONVERTSUNLIGHTCARBONDIOXIDE,ANDWATERINTOSUGARSANDSTARCHES一些科学家研究植物如何把阳光、二氧化碳、水转化成糖和淀粉的原因是BBECAUSETHEYWANTGREENPLANTSTOBECOMEANEWSOURCEOFENERGY因为他们想让绿色植物变成新的能源3ACCORDINGTOTHEFIFTHPARAGRAPH,UNDERWHATCONDITIONSAREALGAEABLETOUSESOLARENERGYTOMAKEHYDROGEN根据第五段，_时，海藻能用太阳能制造氢气BWHENTHEREISNOOXYGENINTHEAIR当空气中没有氧气4RESEARCHERSHAVEMETWITHDIFFICULTIESWHENTRYINGTOMAKEALGAEPRODUCEHYDROGENEFFICIENTLYWHICHONEOFTHEFOLLOWINGISONESUCHDIFFICULTY研究员们发现在努力使海藻有效产生氢气时存在困难，这样的困难是DITISTOOSLOWFORALGAETOPRODUCEHYDROGENWHENTHESULFATEISREMOVED硫酸盐被清除后，海藻太慢而不能产生（更多）的氢气5WHATISNOTTRUEOFALGAE于海藻的说法，错误的是CTHEYARECHEAPTOEAT作为食物，它们很便宜36LISTENINGDEVICEPROVIDESLANDSLIDEEARLYWARNING听觉仪器提供早期山崩预警ADEVICETHATPROVIDESEARLYWARNINGOFALANDSLIDEBYMONITORINGVIBRATIONSINSOILISBEINGTESTEDBYUKRESEARCHERSTHEDEVICECOULDSAVETHOUSANDSOFLIVESEACHYEARBYWARNINGWHENANAREASHOULDBEEVACUATED,THESCIENTISTSSAYSUCHNATURALDISASTERSARCCOMMONINCOUNTRIESTHATEXPERIENCESUDDEN,HEAVYRAINFALL,ANDCANALSOBETRIGGEREDBYEARTHQUAKESANDEVENWATEREROSION英国研究者们正在测试一种仪器，它可以通过监测土壤振动提供早期山崩预告。科学家们说，这种仪器通过警报某处有险情需要撤离，每年可以拯救成千上万的生命。经历过骤降大耐，地震甚至土壤侵蚀的国家，山崩这样的自然灾害是很常见的。LANDSLIDESSTARTWHENAFEWPARTICLESOFSOILORROCKWITHINASLOPESTARTTOMOVE,BUTTHEEARLYSTAGESCANBEHARDTOSPOTFOLLOWINGTHISINITIALMOVEMENT,“SLOPESCANBECOMEUNSTABLEINAMATTEROFHOURSORMINUTES,“SAYSNELLDIXONATSOUTHBOROUGHUNIVERSITY1,UKHESAYSAWARNINGSYSTEMTHATMONITORSTHISMOVEMENT“MIGHTBEENOUGHTOEVACUATEABLOCKOFFLATSORCLEARAROAD,ANDSAVELIVES“当同一个山坡上的一些土壤或石块开始移动时，山崩就开始了，但早期很难发现。接着这个初始运动，“山坡在数分钟或数小时内变得不稳定，”英国拉夫堡大学尼尔迪克森说。他说，一个监控这种运动的警报系统“足以疏散一个，街区的人或清出一条马路，拯救生命”。THEMOSTCOMMONWAYTOMONITORASLOPEFORSIGNSOFANIMMINENTLANDSLIDEISTOWATCHFORCHANGESINITSSHAPESURVEYORSCANDOTHISBYMEASURINGASIDEDIRECTLY,ORSENSORSSUNKINTOBOREHOLESORFIXEDABOVEGROUNDCANBEUSEDTOMONITORTHESHAPEOFASLOPESLOPESCANHOWEVER,CHANGESHAPEWITHOUTTRIGGERINGALANDSLIDE,SOEITHERMETHODISPRONETOCAUSINGFALSEALARMSNOWDIXONSTEAMHASDEVELOPEDADEVICETHATLISTENSFORTHEVIBRATIONSCAUSEDWHENPARTICLESBEGINMOVINGWITHINASLOPE监视迫近的山崩，最常见的办法就是观察这座山形状的变化。研究者们可以直接测量，也可以在钻孔中或者地表面上探测山坡形状的变化。可是，山坡改变形状也未必就导致山崩。所以任何一种方法都可能导致误警。现在，迪克森的团队已发明了一种仪器，它在一个山坡内的颗粒开始移动时可以接收到振动。THEDEVICETAKESTHEFORMOFASTEELPIPEDROPPEDINTOABOREHOLEINASLOPETHEBOREHOLEISFILLEDINWITHGRAVELAROUNDTHEPIPETOHELPTRANSMITHIGHFREQUENCYVIBRATIONSGENERATEDBYPARTICLESWITHINTHESLOPETHESEVIBRATIONSPASSUPTHETUBEANDAREPICKEDUPBYASENSORONTHESURFACESOFTWAREANALYSESTHEVIBRATIONSIGNALTODETERMINEWHETHERALANDSLIDEMAYBEIMMINENT这个仪器是钢管形状，探人山坡上的一个钻孔中。钻孔中仪器的四周填满沙砾，有助于传导山坡内颗粒产生的高频振动波。振动波顺着钢管上传，被地表传感器接收。通过软件分析振动信号，判断是否马上要发生山崩。THEDEVICEISCURRENTLYBEINGTESTEDINA6METRETALLARTIFICIALCLAYEMBANKMENTINNEWCASTLE2,UKEARLYRESULTSSUGGESTITSHOULDPROVIDEFEWERFALSEPOSITIVESTHANEXISTINGSYSTEMSONCEITHASBEENCAREFULLYANDTHOROUGHLYTESTED,THEDEVICECOULDBEUSEDTOCREATEACOMPLETEEARLYWARNINGSYSTEMFORDANGEROUSSLOPES目前这种仪器正在英国纽卡斯尔一座6米高人造石灰大坝中接受测试。先期结果显示它比现有的仪器提供较少的判断误差。一旦这种仪器通过了认真彻底的检测，它将成为个完善的山崩早期预警系统。“LOCATIONSWITHASIGNIFICANTRISKOFLANDSLIDESCOULDDEFINITELYBENEFITFROMAMACHINELIKETHIS,“SAYSADAMPOULTER,ANEXPERTATTHEBRITISHREDCROSS“ASLONGASITDOESNTCOSTTOOMUCH,“BUT,POULTERADDSTHATANEARLYWARNINGSYSTEMMAYNOTBEENOUGHONITSOWN“YOUNEEDTOHAVETHEHUMANCOMMUNICATION,“HESAYS“MAKINGSYSTEMSTHATGETWARNINGSTOTHOSEWHONEEDTHEMCANBEDIFFICULT“受山崩严重威胁的地区一定会从这样的仪器中得益，”英国红十字会的专家艾登保特说，“只要它不是太贵。”但是，保特又说一个早期预警系统本身并不足以防灾，“你需要建立人际交流，”他说，“使系统发射的预警送达到需要的人群是不容易的事。”41WHATDOES“SUCHNATURALDISASTERS“INTHEFIRSTPARAGRAPHREFERTO第1段提到的“这样的自然灾害”是DLANDSLIDES山崩42WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTSISTRUEOFLANDSLIDES关于山崩下面正确的一句是ATHEINITIALMOVEMENTISHARDTOSPOTBTHEYSTARTWITHAMOVEMENTOFAFEWPARTICLESOFSOILORROCKCTHEYCANBEDESTRUCTIVEINAMATTEROFHOURSORMINUTESDALLOFTHEABOVE43WHYDORESEARCHERSDEVELOPANEWDEVICETOMONITORSIGNSOFLANDSIDES为什么科学家们研制一种新的仪器来监控山崩征兆CBECAUSETHECOMMONMETHODSCANCAUSEFALSEALARMS因为普通方法可能导致假的预警44WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTSISNOTTRUEOFTHEDEVICE,ACCORDINGTOPARAGRAPH4根据第4段，关于这个设备不正确的一句是AITISFILLEDINWITHGRAVEL它添满了沙粒45ACCORDINGTOTHECONTEXT,WHATDOESTHEWORD“POSITIVES“INTHEFIFTHPARAGRAPHMEAN根据上下文，单词“POSITIVES”的意思是BEVIDENCES证据37“DONTDRINKALONE”GETSNEWMEANING不要在就餐时间以外饮酒有了新含义INWHATMAYBEBADNEWSFORBARSANDPUBS,ANEUROPEANRESEARCHGROUPHASFOUNDTHATPEOPLEDRINKINGALCOHOLOUTSIDEOFMEALSHAVEASIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERRISKOFCANCERINTHEMOUTHANDNECKTHANDOTHOSETAKINGTHEIRLIBATIONSWITHFOODLUIGINODALMASOANDHISCOLLEAGUESSTUDIEDTHEDRINKINGPATTERNSOF1,500PATIENTSFROMFOURCANCERSTUDIESANDANOTHER3,500ADULTSWHOHADNEVERHADCANCER一定程度上，这对酒吧可能是一个坏消息，欧洲的一个研究小组发现人们在就餐时间以外饮酒会使患口腔和颈部癌症的机率比就餐时饮酒更高。LUIGINODALMASO和他的同事们研究了取自四项癌症研究的1,500个病例的饮酒习惯模式和另外3,500个从没患癌症的成年人的饮酒习惯模式。AFTERTHERESEARCHERSACCOUNTEDFORTHEAMOUNTOFALCOHOLCONSUMED,THEYFOUNDTHATINDIVIDUALSWHODOWNEDASIGNIFICANTSHAREOFTHEIRALCOHOLOUTSIDEOFMEALSFACEDATLEASTA50TO80PERCENTRISKOFCANCERINTHEORALCAVITY,PHARYNX,ANDESOPHAGUS,WHENCOMPAREDWITHPEOPLEWHODRANKONLYATMEALSCONSUMINGALCOHOLWITHOUTFOODALSOINCREASEDBYATLEAST20PERCENTTHELIKELIHOODOFLARYNGEALCANCER“ROUGHLY95PERCENTOFCANCERSATTHESEFOURSITESTRACEDTOOSMOKINGORDRINKINGBYSTUDYVOLUNTEERS,”DALMASOSAYSTHEDISCOURAGINGNEWSHISTEAMREPORTS,ISTHATDRINKINGWITHMEALSDIDNTELIMINATECANCERRISKATANYOFTHESITES在研究者分析了饮酒的总量后，他们发现和只在就餐时饮酒的人相比，在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒的人面临至少5080的患口腔癌、咽癌和食道癌的危险。在就餐时间外饮酒也会使患喉癌的可能性增加至少20。“被研究者的情况说明大约95患以上四种癌症的原因就是抽烟或饮酒。”DALMASO说。他的研究小组提供的报告令人沮丧的消息是就餐时饮酒不会消除患以上任何一种癌症的危险。FORTHEIRNEWANALYSIS,THEEUROPEANSCIENTISTSDIVIDEDPEOPLEINTHESTUDYINTOFOURGROUPS,BASEDONHOWMANYDRINKSTHEYREPORTEDHAVINGINANAVERAGEWEEKTHELOWESTINTAKEGROUPINCLUDEDPEOPLEWHOAVERAGEDUPTO20DRINKSAWEEKTHEHIGHESTGROUPREPORTEDDOWNINGATLEAST56SERVINGSOFALCOHOLWEEKLYFORANAVERAGEOFEIGHTORMOREPERDAYCANCERRISKSFORTHEMOUTHANDNECKSITESROSESTEADILYWITHCONSUMPTIONEVENFORPEOPLEWHOREPORTEDDRINKINGONLYWITHMEALSFORINSTANCE,COMPAREDWITHPEOPLEINTHELOWESTCONSUMPTIONGROUP,PARTICIPANTSWHODRANK21TO34ALCOHOLSERVINGSAWEEKATLEASTDOUBLEDTHEIRCANCERRISKFORALLSITESOTHERTHANTHELARYNXIFPEOPLEINTHESECONSUMPTIONGROUPSTOOKSOMEOFTHOSEDRINKSOUTSIDEMEALS,THOSEINTHEHIGHERCONSUMPTIONGROUPATLEASTQUADRUPLEDTHEIRRISKFORORALCAVITYANDESOPHAGEALCANCERS为了进行新的颁，欧洲科学家根据每星期平均饮酒量将被研究者分为4组。饮酒量最少的一组包括每周平均饮酒量达20杯的人，饮酒量最高的一组每周饮酒至少56杯，平均每天8杯以上。患口腔癌和喉癌的危险随着饮酒量而稳定上升，即使是那些只在就餐时饮酒的人。例如，和低饮酒量的人相比，每周饮酒2134杯的人患除喉癌以外其他部位的癌症的危险增加了一倍。如果这几组中的人在就餐时间以外饮酒，那些属于高饮酒量组的人会使他们患口腔癌和食道癌的危险至少增加3倍。PEOPLEINTHEHIGHESTCONSUMPTIONGROUPWHODRANKONLYWITHMEALSHAD10TIMESTHERISKOFORALCANCER,7TIMESTHERISKOFPHARYNGEALCANCER,AND16TIMESTHERISKOFESOPHAGEALCANCERCOMPAREDWITHTHOSEWHOAVERAGED20ORFEWERDRINKSAWEEKWITHMEALSINCONTRAST,LARYNGEALCANCERRISKTHEHIGHINTAKE,WITHMEALSONLYGROUPWASONLYTRIPLETHATINTHELOWINTAKECONSUMERSWHODRANKWITHMEALS和每周只在就餐时平均饮酒至多20杯的人相比，高饮酒量组的人在就餐时间饮酒患口腔癌的危险是低饮酒量组的10倍，咽癌是其7倍，食道癌16倍。相反，酒精高摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人患喉癌的危险是酒精低摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人的3倍。“ALCOHOLCANINFLAMETISSUESOVERTIME,THATINFLAMMATIONCANTRIGGERCANCER”DALMASOSAYSHESUSPECTSTHATFOODREDUCEDCANCERRISKEITHERBYPARTIALLYCOATINGDIGESTIVETRACTTISSUESORBYSCRUBBINGALCOHOLOFFTHOSETISSUESHESPECULATESTHATTHEREASONLARYNGEALRISKSWEREDRAMATICALLYLOWERFORALLSTUDYPARTICIPANTSTRACESTOTHETISSUESLOWEREXPOSURETOALCOHOL“酒精能使组织发炎，一段时间后，炎症可引发癌症。”DALMASO说。他认为食物降低了患癌症的危险，或是通过覆盖在消化道组织上或是通过将酒精从那些组织上擦牛。他推测所有被研究者患喉癌的机率比其他癌症低很多的原因是组织被酒精侵害到的部分少。1RESEARCHERSHAVEFOUNDTHATTHERISKOFCANCERINTHEMOUTHANDNECKISHIGHERWITHPEOPLE口腔与颈椎癌症的高危人群是AWHODRINKALCOHOLOUTSIDEOFMEALS就餐时间外饮酒2WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGISNOTTHECONCLUSIONMADEBYTHERESEARCHERSABOUT“DRINKINGWITHMEALS”哪一个不是研究者关于就餐饮酒的情况CITINCREASESBY20PERCENTTHEPOSSIBILITYOFCANCERINALLSITES癌症几率增加203APPROXIMATELYHOWMANYDRINKSDOTHELOWESTINTAKEGROUPAVERAGEPERDAY每天酒精最低摄入量是A3DRINKS4WHICHCANCERRISKISTHELOWESTAMONGALLTHEFOURKINDSOFCANCERMENTIONEDINTHEPASSAGE在这里患哪种癌的几率最低BLARYNGEALCANCER喉癌5ACCORDINGTOTHELASTPARAGRAPH,TISSUESLOWEREXPOSURETOALCOHOL据最后一段组织酒精的降低会DREDUCESTHERISKOFLARYNGEALCANCER降低喉癌的机率38“LIFEFORMFOUND“ONSATURNSTITAN土卫六上发现了生命迹象SCIENTISTSSAYTHEYHAVEDISCOVEREDHINTSOFALIENLIFE1ONTHESATURNSMOON2THEDISCOVERYOFASORTOFLIFEWASANNOUNCEDAFTERRESEARCHERSATTHEUSSPACEAGENCY,NASA3,ANALYZEDDATAFROMSPACECRAFTCASSINI4,WHICHPOINTEDTO,THEEXISTENCEOFMETHANEBASEDFORMOFLIFEONSATURNSBIGGESTMOON科学家们说，在土卫六上发现了外星生命迹象并宣布了这一发现。美国国家航空航天局NASA的研究者们对卡西尼号探测器所传回来的数据进行了分析，数据表明，土星卫星中最大的一颗卫星有以甲烷为基础的生命的存在迹象。SCIENTISTSHAVEREPORTEDLYDISCOVEREDCLUESSHOWINGPRIMITIVEALIENBEINGSARE“BREATHING“INTITANSDENSEATMOSPHEREFILLEDWITHHYDROGEN据报道，科学家们已经找到了在土卫六高浓度氢气大气层里“呼吸”的原始外星生命的线索。THEYARGUETHATHYDROGENGETSABSORBEDBEFOREHITTINGTITANSPLANETLIKESURFACECOVEREDWITHMETHANELAKESANDRIVERSTHIS,THEYSAY,POINTSTOTHEEXISTENCEOFSOME“BUGS“5CONSUMINGTHEHYDROGENATTHESURFACEOFTHEMOONLESSTHANHALFTHESIZEOFTHEEARTH他们认为，氢气在到达布满甲烷河流湖泊的土卫六类似行星一样的表层前就已经被吸收了。这就证明在这个不及半个地球大小的卫星表面有某种微生物在依靠氢气生存。“WESUGGESTEDHYDROGENCONSUMPTIONBECAUSEITSTHEOBVIOUSGASFORLIFETOCONSUMEONTITAN,SIMILARTOTHEWAYWECONSUMEOXYGENONEARTH,“SAYSNASASCIENTISTCHRISMCKAY“IFTHESESIGNSDOTURNOUTTOBEASIGNOFLIFE,ITWOULDBEDOUBLYEXCITINGBECAUSEITWOULDREPRESENTASECONDFORMOFLIFEINDEPENDENTFROMWATERBASEDLIFEONEARTH“美国国家航空航天局的科学家CHRISMCKAY说，“我们提出有氢气的消耗，是由于它是土卫六上生命赖以生存的显而易见的气体，就像我们地球上用氧气呼吸一样。如果这些迹象最终证明是生命的迹象，它会加倍令人兴奋，因为它会代表完全不同于地球上水基生命的第二种生命。”TODATE,SCIENTISTSHAVENOTYETDETECTEDTHISFORMOFLIFEANYWHERE,THOUGHTHEREARELIQUIDWATERBASEDMICROORGANISMSONEARTHTHATGROWWELLONMETHANEORPRODUCEITASAWASTEPRODUCTONTITAN,WHERETEMPERATURESAREAROUND90KELVIN6MINUS290DEGREESFARENHEIT,AMETHANEBASEDORGANISMWOULDHAVETOUSEASUBSTANCETHATISLIQUIDASITSMEDIUMFORLIVINGPROCESSES,BUTNOTWATERITSELFWATERISFROZENSOLIDONTITANSSURFACEANDMUCHTOOCOLDTOSUPPORTLIFEASWEKNOWIT时至今日，尽管地球上的依赖液体水的微生物在甲烷里生长良好或把它作为废物排出，科学家在任何地方都没有探测到这种生命的形式。在土卫六上，绝对温度达到90度相当于摄氏27315度，依赖于甲烷的微生物不得不用某种液体物质作为生存的介质，这种液体不是水，水在土卫六上会冻成冰块，不能融化。我们知道，冰块太冷不能维持生命。SCIENTISTSHADEXPECTEDTHESUNSINTERACTIONSWITHCHEMICALSINTHEATMOSPHERETOPRODUCEACOATINGOFACETYLENEONTITANSSURFACEBUTCASSINIDETECTEDNOACETYLENEONTHESURFACE科学家们原指望太阳与大气层中的化学物质相互作用会在土卫六上产生一层乙炔。但卡西尼号在它的表面没有探测到乙炔。THEABSENCEOFDETECTABLEACETYLENEONTHETITANSSURFACECANVERYWELLHAVEANONBIOLOGICALEXPLANATION,SAIDMARKALLEN,APRINCIPALINVESTIGATOR7OFTHENASATITANTEAMMARKALLEN是美国宇航局土卫六项目组的主要负责人，他说道，既然在土卫六的表面没有探测到乙炔，那就充分说明上面没有生物。“SCIENTIFICCONSERVATISMSUGGESTSTHATABIOLOGICALEXPLANATIONSHOULDBETHELASTCHOICEAFTERALLNONBIOLOGICALEXPLANATIONSAREADDRESSED,“ALLENSAID“WEHAVEALOTOFWORKTODOTORULEOUT8POSSIBLENONBIOLOGICALEXPLANATIONSITISMORELIKELYTHATACHEMICALPROCESS,WITHOUTBIOLOGY,CANEXPLAINTHESERESULTS“ALLEN说“科学界的保守主义者们建议，要做出土卫六上有生物的结论，首先必须对土卫六上所有没有生物的观点做出回应；要排除土卫六上可能没有生物的观点，我们任重道远。极为可能的是，一种化学过程而非生物学能解释这些结果。”1WHATHAVESCIENTISTSFOUNDABOUTSATURN科学家发现了关于土星的什么现象CTHEYHAVEFOUNDMETHANEBASEDLIFEONTITAN他们在土卫六上发现了靠甲烷为生的生命体。2WHATDOSCIENTISTSSAYABOUTTITAN关于土卫六科学家说了些什么ATHEREARELIFECLUESTHERE那里有生命迹象。3TODATE,SCIENTISTSHAVENOTYETDETECTEDTHISFORMOFLIFEPARAGRAPH5WHATDOES“THISFORMOFLIFE“REFERTO迄今为止科学家还未探测到这种生命形式。（第五段）“这种生命形式”指的是什么BMETHANEBASEDLIFE以甲烷为基础的生命。4WHATCANBEINFERREDFROMWHATALLENSAID由ALLEN的话能推断出什么ASCIENTISTSHAVEDIFFERENTARGUMENTSOVERWHETHERTHEREISLIFEONTITAN关于土卫六上是否有生命存在，科学家持不同的观点。5WHICHOFTHEFOLLOWINGCANREPLACETHETITLEOFTHISPASSAGE下面哪项能代替本文的标题DADIFFERENTLIFEFORM,APOSSIBILITY有可能的一种不同的生命形式39CLONEFARM克隆农场FACTORYFARMINGCOULDSOONENTERANEWERAOFMASSPRODUCTIONCOMPANIESINTHEUSAREDEVELOPINGTHETECHNOLOGYNEEDEDTO“CLONE“CHICKENSONAMASSIVESCALE1ONCEACHICKENWITHDESIRABLETRAITSHASBEENBREDORGENETICALLYENGINEERED2,TENSOFTHOUSANDSOFEGGS,WHICHWILLHATCHINTOIDENTICALCOPIES,COULDROLLOFFTHEPRODUCTIONLINESEVERYHOURBILLIONSOFCLONESCOULDBEPRODUCEDEACHYEARTOSUPPLYCHICKENFARMSWITHBIRDSTHATALLGROWATTHESAMERATE,HAVETHESAMEAMOUNTOFMEATANDTASTETHESAME工业化农场很快会进入一个大产量的新领域。美国的公司正在开发一项需要大规模克隆小鸡的技术。一旦一个具有所期望特性的小鸡被孵化出来或被基因改造，每小时成千上万的鸡蛋会孵出如出一辙的小鸡滚下生产线。每年上百万的克隆小鸡能被孵化出来，从而为鸡场提供以相同比例生长，重量相同并且味道相同的小鸡。THIS,ATLEAST,ISTHEVISIONOFTHEUSSNATIONALINSTITUTEOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,WHICHHASGIVENORIGENTHERAPEUTICSOFBURLINGAME,CALIFORNIA,ANDEMBREXOFNORTHCAROLINA47MILLIONTOHELPFUNDRESEARCH4THEPROSPECTHASALARMEDANIMALWELFAREGROUPS,WHOFEARITCOULDINCREASETHESUFFERINGOFFARMBIRDS这至少是美国国家科技院的梦想，科技院给ONRIGENTHERAPEUTICSOFBURLINGGAME,CALIFORNIA，以及EMBREXOFNORTHCAROLING470万基金以资助研究。这个预想为担忧增加鸡场小鸡痛苦的动物福利组织拉响了警报。THATSUNLIKELYTOPUTOFF5THEPOULTRYINDUSTRY,HOWEVER,WHICHWANTSDISEASERESISTANTBIRDSTHATGROWFASTERONLESSFOOD“PRODUC