外文翻译-吉林市国邦大厦建筑、结构、施工设计

CHANGCHUNINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGYSTEELFRAMEDSTRUCTUREFORTALLBUILDINGS钢框架结构在高层建筑中的应用资料来源INTERNATIONALJOURNAL设计题目吉林市国邦大厦建筑、结构、施工设计学生姓名学院名称土木工程学院专业名称土木工程专业班级名称土木1042学号指导教师教师职称讲师完成时间2014年03月28日2014年03月28日STEELFRAMEDSTRUCTUREFORTALLBUILDINGSABSTRACTALTHOUGHTHEREHAVEBEENMANYADVANCEMENTSINBUILDINGCONSTRUCTIONSINGENERALSPECTACULARACHIEVEMENTSHAVEBEENMADEINTHEDESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONOFULTRAHIGHRISEBUILDINGSTHEEARLYDEVELOPMENTOFHIGHRISEBUILDINGSBEGANWITHSTRUCTURALSTEELFRAMINGREINFORCEDCONCRETEANDSTRESSEDSKINTUBESYSTEMSHAVESINCEBEENECONOMICALLYANDCOMPLETELYUSEDINANUMBEROFSTRUCTURESFORBOTHRESIDENTIALANDCOMMERCIALPURPOSESTHEHIGHRISEBUILDINGSRANGINGFROM50TO100STORIESTHATAREBEINGBUILTALLOVERTHEUNITEDSTATESARETHERESULTOFINNOVATIONSANDDEVELOPMENTOFNEWSTRUCTURALSYSTEMSDURINGTHE21STCENTURYONWORLDSTEELHOUSINGISWILLFOCUSONTHEPROMOTIONOFITSHIGHSTRENGTHSTRUCTURE,SMALLSIZE,LIGHTWEIGHT,CONSTRUCTIONSPEED,SEISMICPERFORMANCEANDTHECHARACTERISTICSOFAHIGHDEGREEOFINDUSTRIALIZATIONTHISPAPERDESCRIBESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSTEELHOUSINGSITUATIONANDITSCHARACTERISTICS,THENTHEFUTUREDEVELOPMENTOFRESIDENTIALSTEELANALYSISANDOUTLOOKTALLBUILDINGKEYWORDSTALLBUILDING,STEELSTRUCTURE,FUTUREDEVELOPMENTGREATERHEIGHTENTAILSINCREASEDCOLUMNANDBEAMSIZESTOMAKEBUILDINGSMORERIGIDSOTHATUNDERWINDLOADTHEYWILLNOTSWAYBEYONDONACCEPTABLELIMITEXCESSIVELATERALAWAYMAYCAUSESERIOUSRECURRINGDAMAGETOPATTITIONS,CEILINGS,ANDOTHERARCHITECTURALDETAILSINADDITION,EXCESSIVESWAYMAYCAUSEDISCOMFOTTOTHEOCCUPANTSOFTHEBUILDINGBECAUSETHEIRPERCEPTIONOFSUCHMOTION,STRUCTURALSYSTEMSOFREINFORCEDCONCRETE,ASWELLASSTEEL,TAKEFULLADVANTAGEOFINHERENTPOTENTIALSTIFFNESSOFTHETOTALBUILDINGANDTHEREFOREREGUIREADDITIONALSTIFFENINGTOLIMITTHESWAYINASTEELSTRUCTURE,FOREXAMPLE,THEECONOMYCANBEDEFINEDINTERMSOFTHETOTALAVERAGEQUANTITYOFSTEELPERSQUAREFOOTOFFLOORAREAOFTHEBUILDINGCURVEAINFIG1REPRESENTSTHEAVERAGEUNITWEIGHTOFACONVENTIONALFRAMEWITHINCREASINGNUMBERSOFSTORIESCURVEBREPRESENTSTHEAVERAGESTEELWEIGHTIFTHEFRARNE15PROTECTEDFROMALLLATERALLOADSTHEGAPBETWEENTLLEUPPERBOUNDARYANDTHELOWERBOUNDARYREPRESENTSTHEPREMIUMFORHEIGHTFORTHETRADITIONALCOLURNNANDBEAMFRALNESTRUCTURALENGINEERSHAVEDEVELOPEDSTRUCTURALSYSTEMSWITHAVIEWTOELIMINATINGTHISPREMIUMSYSTEMSINSTEELTALLBUILDINGSINSTEELDEVELOPEDASARESULTOFSEVERALTYPESOFSTRUCTURALINNOVATIONSTHEINNOVATIONSHAVEBEENAPPLIEDTOTHECONSTRUCTIONOFBOTHOFFICEANDAPARTMENTBUILDINGSFRAMEWITHRIGIDBELTTRUSSESINORDERTOTIETHEEXTERIORCOLUMNSOFAFRAMESTRUCTURETOTHEINTERIORVERTICALTRUSSES,ASYSTEMOFRIGIDBELTTRUSSESATMIDHEIGHTANDATTHETOPOFTHEBUILDINGMAYBEUSEDAGOODEXAMPLEOFTHISSYSTEMISTHEFIRSTWISCONSINBANKBUILDING1974INMILWAUKEEFRAMEDTUBETHEMAXILNUMEFFICIENCYOFTHETOTALSTRUCTUREOFATALLBUILDING,FORBOTHSTRENGTHANDSTIFFNESS,TORESISTWINDLOADCANBEACHIEVEDONLYIFALLCOLUMNELEMENTCANBECONNECTEDTOEACHOTHERINSUCHAWAYTHATTHEENTIREBUILDINGACTSASAHOLLOWTUBEORRIGIDBOXINPROJECTINGOUTOFTHEGROUNDTHISPARTICULARSTRUCTURALSYSTEMWASPROBABLYUSEDFORTHEFIRSTTIMEINTHE43STORYREINFORCEDCONCRETEDEWITTCHESTNUTAPARTMENTBUILDINGINCHICAGOTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTUSEOFTHISSYSTEM15INTHETWINSTRUCTURALSTEELTOWERSOFTHE110STORYWORLDTRADECENTERBUILDINGINNEWYORKCOLUMNDIAGONALTRUSSTUBETHEEXTERIORCOLUMNSOFABUILDINGCANBESPACEDREASONABLYFARAPARTANDYETBEMADETOWORKTOGETHERASATUBEBYCONNECTINGTHEMWITHDIAGONALMEMBERSINTERESTINGATTHECENTRELINEOFTHECOLUMNSANDBEAMSTHISSIMPLEYETEXTREMELYEFFICIENTSYSTEMWASUSEDFORTHEFLRSTTIMEONTHEJOHNHANCOCKCENTREINCHICAGO,USINGASMUCHSTEELAS15NORMALLYNEEDEDFORATRADITIONAL40STORYBUILDINGBUNDLEDTUBEWITHTHECONTINUINGNEEDFORLARGERANDTALLERBUILDINGS,THEFRAMEDTUBEORTHECOLUMNDIAGONALTRUSSTUBEMAYBEUSEDINABUNDLEDFORMTOCREATELARGERTUBEENVELOPESWHILEMAINTAININGHIGHEFFICIENCYTHE110STORYSEARSROEBUCKHEADQUARTERSBUILDINGINCHICAGOHASNINETUBE,BUNDLEDATTHEBASEOFTHEBUILDINGINTHREEROWSSOMEOFTHESEINDIVIDUALTUBESTERMINATEATDIFFERENTHEIGHTSOFTHEBUILDING,DEMONSTRATINGTHEUNLIMITEDAREHITECTURALPOSSIBILITIESOFTHISLATESTSTRUCTURALCONCEPTTHESEARSTOWER,ATAHEIGHTOF1450FT（442M,ISTHEWORLDSTALLESTBUILDINGSTRESSEDSKINTUBESYSTEMTHETUBESTRUCTURALSYSTEMWASDEVELOPEDFORIMPROVINGTHERESISTANCETOLATERALFORCESWINDANDEARTHQUAKEANDTHECONTROLOFDRIFTLATERALBUILDINGMOVEMENTINHIGHRISEBUILDINGTHESTRESSEDSKINTUBETAKESTHETUBESYSTEMASTEPFURTHERTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHESTRESSEDSKINTUBEUTILIZESTHEFACADEOFTHEBUILDINGASASTRUCTURALELEMENTWHICHACTSWITHTHEFRAMEDTUBE,THUSPROVIDINGANEFFICIENTWAYOFRESISTINGLATERALLOADSINHIGHRISEBUILDINGS,ANDRESULTINGINCOSTEFFECTIVECOLUMNTYEEINTERIORSPACEWITHAHIGHRATIOOFNETTOGROSSFIOORAREABECAUSEOFTHECONTRIBUTIONOFTHESTRESSEDSKINFACADE,THEFRAMEDMENLBERSOFTHETUBEREQUIRENESSMASS,ANDARETHUSLIGHTERANDLESSEXPENSIVEALLTHETYPICALCOLUMNSANDSPANDRELBEAMSARESTANDARDROLLEDSHAPES,MINIMIZINGTHEUSEANDCOSTOFSPECIALBUILTUPMEMBERSTHEDEPTHREQUIREMENTFORTHEPERIRNETERSPANDRELBEAMSISALSOREDUCED,ANDTHENEEDFORUPSETBEAMSABOVEFLOORS,WHICHWOULDENCROACHONVALUABLESPACE,ISMINIMIZEDTHESTRUCTURALSYSTEMHASBEENUSEDONTHE54STORYONEMELLONBANKCENTERINPITTBURGHSYSTEMSINCONCRETEWHILETALLBUILDINGSCONSTRUCTEDOFSTEELHADANEARLYSTART,DEVELOPMENTOFTALLBUILDINGSOFREINFORCEDCONCRETEPROGRESSEDATAFASTENOUGHRATETOPROVIDEACOMPETITIVECHA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构体系各自的优点。在新奥尔良建造的52层的独壳广场大厦就是运用了这种体系。钢结构是指在建筑物结构中钢材起着主导作用的结构，是一个很宽泛的概念。大部分的钢结构都包括建筑设计、工程技术、工艺。通常还包括以主梁、次梁、杆件，板等形式存在的钢的热轧加工工艺。上个世纪七八十年代，除了对其他材料的需求在增长，钢结构仍然保持着对于来自关国、英国、日本、西德、法国等国家的钢材厂钢材的大量需求。发展历史早在BESSEMER和SIEMENSMARTON（开放式炉）工艺出现以前，钢结构就已经有几十年的历史了。而直到此工艺问世之后才使得钢材可以大批生产出来供结构所用。对钢结构诸多问题的研究开始于铁结构的使用，当时很著名的研究对象是1977年在英国建造的横跨斯沃河的COALBROOKDALE大桥。这座大桥以及后来的铁桥设计再加上蒸汽锅炉、铁船身的设计都刺激了建筑安装设计以及连接工艺的发展。铁结构对材料的需求量较小是优胜于砖石结构的主要方面。长久以来一直用木材制作的三角桁架也换成铁制的了。承受由直接荷载产生的重力作用的受压构件常用铸铁制造，而承受由悬挂荷载产生的推力作用的受拉构件常用熟铁制造。把铁加热到塑性状态，使之从卷状转化为扁平状与圆状之间的某一状态的工艺，早在1800年就得以发展了。随后，1819年角钢问世,1894年第一个工字钢被建造出来作为巴黎火车站的顶梁。此工字钢长177英尺）54米）。1851年英国的JOSEPHAXTOND为伦敦博览会建造了水晶宫。据说当时他己有这样的骨架结构构思用比较细的铁梁作为玻璃幕墙的骨架。此建筑的风荷载抵抗力是由对角拉杆所提供的。在金属结构的发展历史中，有两个标志性事件首先是从木桥发展而来的格构梁由木制转化为铁制；其次是锻铁制的受拉构件与铸铁制的受压构件受热后通过铆钉连接工艺的发展。十九世纪五六十年代，BESSEMER与SIEMENSMARTIN工艺的发展使钢材的生产能满足结构的需求。钢的受拉强度与受压强度都好于铁。这种新型的金属常被有想象力的工程师所利用，尤其倍受那些参与过英国、欧洲以及美国的道桥建设的工程师的喜爱。其中一个很好的例子就是EADS大桥也被称为路易斯洲大桥）1867一1874）。在这座大桥中，每隔500英尺（1525米）设有由钢管加强肋形成的拱。英国的FIRTHOFFORTH悬索桥设有管件支撑，直径大约为12英尺（366米），长度为350英尺（107）米。这些大桥以及其他结构在引导钢结构的发展，规范的实施，许用应力的设计方面起到了很重要的用。1907年QUEBEC悬索大桥的偶然破坏揭露了二十世纪初期由于缺乏足够的理论知识，甚至是缺乏足够的理论研究的基础知识，而异致在应力分析方面出现了很多的不足。但是，这样的损坏却很少出现在金属骨架的办公大楼中。因为尽管在缺乏缜密的分析的情况下，这些建筑也表现出了很高的实用性。在上个世纪中叶，没有经过任何特殊合金强化、硬化过的普通碳素钢已经被广泛地使用了。在1889年巴黎召开的世界博览会上，金属结构表现出了在超高层建筑运用