英语语音教学课件2：语流

,Englishpronunciation英语语音II,Connectedspeech语流,语流ConnectedspeechILossofplosionandincompleteplosion失去爆破和不完全爆破爆破音和爆破音或其他的辅音相邻，(wj除外)时往往失去爆破，这主要是因为两个辅音之间的间隔太小，这种现象在语音学上称为“失去爆破”或“特殊爆破”。第一个爆破音只形成阻碍，但不发生爆破，称作不完全爆破。说话时，前一个单词的爆破音只保持发音部位（音不发出来）的同时，即向下一个单词起音的辅音过渡，不完全爆破得以实现。不完全爆破产生的原因大体上是由于省力原则造成的。不完全爆破时英语语音学习中的重点，也是一个难点；掌握不好不完全爆破，就不可能讲地道的英语。下面列举不完全爆破的几条主要规则：,一个单词里的情况：1两个爆破音相邻，第一个爆破音只形成阻碍，但失去爆破，第二个爆破音完全爆破；若第二个爆破音在词尾则必须轻化。Septemberrobbedblackboardbeggedpostcard,2爆破音/t/d/后面紧跟鼻辅音/m/和/n/，/t/d/形成阻碍，但词尾必须通过鼻腔爆破。certainhidden在词中，则形成阻碍，不完全爆破。utmostadmit,3爆破音/t/d/后面紧跟舌侧音/l/，/t/d/形成阻碍，在词尾必须通过舌两侧爆破little在词中，形成阻碍，但不完全爆破。latelybadly,4爆破音和摩擦音相邻，该爆破音形成阻碍，但不完全爆破。advancesuccess,5爆破音和破擦音相邻，该爆破音形成阻碍，但不完全爆破。pictureobject,goodbyeaskedpickedpigtailbobbedactivekeptsleptcurtainBritainwoodenexcitementadmire3gentlebattlelittletitlebottlesettleneedlemiddlemodellatelyhardlyloudly4adviceadvanceeighthadventurefriendship5lectureobjectactuallysubject,单词与单词之间的情况：1两个爆破音相邻，第一个爆破音形成阻碍，但失去爆破，稍微停顿一下，立刻发出第二个爆破音。stoptalkinggreatcarebadcoldbigboytakecare,2爆破音和鼻辅音/m，n/相邻，爆破音形成阻碍，但不完全爆破，稍微停顿一下。goodmorningdontknow,3爆破音和舌侧音/l/相邻，爆破音形成阻碍，但不完全爆破，略做停顿。atlastgoodluck,4爆破音和摩擦音相邻，爆破音形成阻碍，但不完全爆破，略做停顿。oldfriendagoodviewkeepsilentagoodzoogetthroughjustthenquitesure,5爆破音和破擦音相邻，爆破音形成阻碍，但不完全爆破，略做停顿。greatchangegoodjob,agreatdealabadcoldtakecareputdownquitdifferentstoptalkinggoodmorninggoodnewsloudnoisedarknightquitenearatnoonstopnowatlastatleastatlunchatleisuregoodluckredlight,oldfriendfriendfirstfirstvolumeagoodviewfirststepagoodzoogreatsuccessdeepsnowgettherebrightthoughttakethreejustthenquitesurenotsharp,Connectedspeech2Soundlinking连读1.词末辅音和词首元音连读putitintakeitoff2.词末元音和词首元音连读goonhowold3.词末不发音的字母r和紧跟其后的词的词首元音连读，字母r必须发音,发/r/.farawayforever,makeupworkoutputontakeontakeoffkeeponkeepuppickupreadoutallofusinaminutefirstofallnotatallfarawayhereandtherelateronforeverforexampleforinstanceforamomentamatteroffactgooutgoontryitseeoffdayinanddayout,RedRiverValleyFromthisvalleytheysayyouareleavingWeshallmissyourbrighteyesandsweetsmilesForyoutakewithyouallofthesunshineThathasbrightenedourpathwayawhileThencomesitbymysideifyoulovemeDonothastentobidmeadieuJustremembertheredrivervalleyAndthecowboythatslovedyousotrueForalongtimemydarlingImwaitingForthesweetwordsyouneverwouldsayNowalasgonemyfondhopesthatvanishedFortheysaythatyouaregoingawayThencomesitbymysideifyoulovemeDonothastentobidmeadieuJustremembertheredrivervalleyAndthecowboythatslovedyousotrue,ScarboroughFairAreyougoingtoScarboroughFairParsleysagerosemaryandthymeRemembermetoonewholivedthereSheoncewasthetrueloveofmineTellhertomakemeacambricshirtParsleysagerosemaryandthymeWithoutnoseamsnorneedleworkThenshellbethetrueloveofmineTellhertofindmeanacreoflandParsleysagerosemaryandthymeBetweenseawaterandtheseastrandThenshellbethetrueloveofmineTellhertoreapitwithasickleofleatherParsleysagerosemaryandthymeAndgatheritallinabunchofheatherThenshellbethetrueloveofmine,YouAreMySunshineYouaremysunshinemyonlysunshineYoumakemehappywhenskiesaregreyYoullneverknowdearhowmuchIloveyouPleasedonttakemysunshineawayTheothernightdearwhenIwassleepingIdreamedIheldyouinmyarmsWhenIawokedearIwasmistakenSoIheldmyheadandcriedYouaremysunshinemyonlysunshineYoumakemehappywhenskiesaregreyYoullneverknowdearhowmuchIloveyouPleasedonttakemysunshineawayTheothernightdearwhenIwassleepingIdreamedIheldyouinmyarmsWhenIawokedearIwasmistakenSoIheldmyheadandcried,Connectedspeech3Syllables,stressedsyllablesandunstressedsyllables音节，重读音节和非重读音节音节：一个元音构成一个音节，一个元音加上一个或一个以上的辅音，也可以构成一个音节。重音：在一个音节中，元音比辅音长而响亮，在双元音和多音节词中有一个音节比其他的音节中的元音长而响亮，这个长而响亮的音节被称为重读音节，stressedsyllables。没有接受重读的音节被成为非重读音节，unstressedsyllables。,Classificationofstressedsyllables重音分类1.Singlestressedgomeweagoaheadmother2.Evenstressedunknowneighteenmisprint3.Primaryandsecondarystressedrevolutionqualificationuniversity,Wordstress单词重音A)双音节词a)一般在第一个音节重读。lettersorryb)有a-,be-,de-,re-,res-,in-,im-,en-,em-,es-,ex-,con-,com-,dis-,mis-,pre-,per-,pro-,trans-等前缀的词，第二个音节是重音。aboutbelieveaddressdecidereportcondemnrespectcompareinformdiscussimpressmistakeenforceprepareemploypermitescapeproduceexclaimtranslate,c)有de-,in-,re-,con-,pre-等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关,一般名词的重音在第一个音节上，其它的词性在第二个音节上。recordrecordinsultinsultconductconductpresentpresentcontentcontentd)有些复合词和带有前缀re-,ex-,un-,pre-,post-,等的词，有两个重音。outsideretellwell-knownunrealfifteenChinesepre-warpost-war,B)多音节词a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。difficultcommunistfamilyeconomyopportunitydemocracy.b)有一些双音节词，加了前缀和后缀成了多音节，但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。carefullyindefinitecomfortableconductor,accordingdisturbancecomplicatedestablishment,c)词尾有-eous,-graphy,-ial,-ian,-ic,-ics,-ience,ient,-ify,-ion,-ious,-ity,-ive后缀的词，重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。courteouscalligraphyeditorialhistorianperiodicmathematicsprotectiveexperiencesufficientidentifytranslationreligiouscuriosityd)词尾有-ain,-ee,-eer,-ese,-ette后缀的词，重音在该后缀上，而且有一个次重音。entertainemployeemountaineerJapanesecigarette,C)复合名词重音一般在第一个音节。blackboardhandbagbookstoreclassroom复合动词重音一般在第二个音节。maltreatill-treatshortchangecross-sectionwaterproof,2)句子重音实词（notionalwords）重读（名词，形容词，实意动词，数词，疑问词，感叹词，副词重读）虚词(functionwords)轻读(冠词，单音节介词，单音节连词，人称代词，反代词，物主代词，关系代词，相互代词，助动词，情态动词和系动词be.）,b)实词不重读的特殊情况1)实词第二次出现Hethinksofthatasachildthinks.2)一个名词被第二个名词修饰Imetherintherailwaystation.3)代替词Whichbookdoyouwant?Thesmallone.,4)感叹词中的what和howWhatagooddayitis!Howbeautifulsheis!5)street在专有名词中WangfujingStreet.6)this在这些短语中thismorning/afternoon/evening,7)虚词重读的特殊情况1情态动词，助动词和系动词be在句首，句尾和否定时。Doyoulikeit?Yes,Ido.Areyouadoctor?Yes,Iam.Canyouhelpme?Yes,Ican.Idontlikeyou.Heisntaworker.2情态动词表示可能，惊奇和肯定时。Theymaycomethisevening.Canitbefivealready?Hemustbeintheroom.,3介词在句首和句尾。Inthebox,hefoundaletter.HeisthepersonItalkedwith.4引导复合句的连词在句首。Ifyouwish,Illvisityou.Whenhecomes,Illtellhim.5反身代词表示强调。Hecouldntcomehimself.,Connectedspeech4pausing停顿停顿的目的：1）呼吸换气2）为了更清楚更有条理地表达思想3）便于对方听清楚2.意群（meaninggroup）每个意群的后面有一个停顿，即停顿决定意群大小。意群的划分由两个因素决定:1）语速（speedofthespeech）2）句子语法结构的长度(sentencegrammarstructure),1)语速语速快，意群可长；语速慢，意群可短。如：Theoldladytoldyoutogo语速快时，可以把此句划分为一个意群：/theoldladytoldyoutogo/语速慢时，可以把此句划分为两个意群：/theoldlady/toldyoutogo/,2)句子语法结构的长度a）短句可以有一个独立的意群/Areyousure?/IlikeSundaybest./b)长句要划分成两个或两个以上的意群，划分的主要原则如下：1用做句中主语的一个短语或从句可以有一个独立的意群。/Mostofthestudents/arestudyingintheclassroom./WhatIhavetoldyou/istrue./2句首短语或者从句用做状语，可以有一个独立的意群/Inthatcase,/Illstayhome./Whenhecomesback,/askhimtocallme./,3非限制性定语从句可以有一个独立的意群/ThisisProfessorWang,/whohasjustreturnedfromAmerica./4非限制性同位语可以有一个独立的意群/WehavejustseenMr.Price,/thenewmanager./5限制性的同位语或定语从句一般没有一个独立的意群/Mr.Pricethemanager,/isthebrotherofMr.Pricetheteacher./,Connectedspeech5Intonation语调Classification:thefallingtone降调分类therisingtone升调thefalling-risingtone降升调,1降调的基本意义和用法：thebasicmeaninganduseoffallingtone1）直截了当的陈述句（straightforwardstatement）用降调，因为说话人对他所说的话的内容肯定无疑。Theyareworkingveryhard.2）特殊疑问句（specialquestions）一般用降调。Whatareyoureading?3）强制命令（strongcommand）用降调turnleft!Handsup,noharm.,4）选择问句（alternativequestions）后半句用降调。Wouldyoucareforacupofteaorcoffee?5