新一代大学生英语2期末考试资料汇总

Unit1 一、1 Leaders often have charisma, an attractive quality that makes other people admire them and want to follow them. (Para.2).领导者通常有魅力，一种吸引人的品质，使别人钦佩他们，并想追随他们。2 A person who has a(n) brilliant mind can doextraordinary things that no one with a normalmind can imagine. (Para.2)一个有聪明头脑的人能做常人无法想象的非凡的事情。3 It matters little whether people are physicallybeautiful or ugly, Because peoples mindsand souls are more important. (Para.2)人的外表是美是丑并不重要，因为人的思想和灵魂更重要。4 When faced with awkward questions in aconversation, we often get stuck. (Para.3)当我们在谈话中遇到尴尬的问题时，我们常常会陷入困境。5 Unfortunately, this apparently straightforward question turns out to be harder to answer thanone might suppose. (Para,3)不幸的是，这个显而易见的简单问题比人们想象的要难回答6 We cannot attempt to predict all the tough questions children will ask.(Para.9)我们不能预测孩子们会问的所有难题。 二、1 using a counter-example to a proposition or claim is to use an example that proves that the propositionor claim is not true 对一个命题或主张使用反例就是用一个例子来证明这个命题或主张是不正确的2 In order to challenge opinions on one issue and make yours reasonable ,you shoulddebate their ideas. 为了在一个问题上挑战你的观点并使你的观点合理，你应该辩论他们的观点。3 When you have to begin a conversation with nothing to talk about, you may ty to ask brief questions ,tell an interesting story or make some random comments. 当你不得不开始一段没有什么可谈的谈话时，你可以问一些简短的问题，讲一个有趣的故事，或者随意发表一些评论。4 In order to question the assumption of Aristotle that the heavier object has a higher failing speed , Galileo did an experiment in the Leaning Tower of Pisa. 为了质疑亚里士多德的假设，即较重的物体有较高的失败速度，伽利略在比萨斜塔做了一个实验。5 A paper published in Physics Today challenges how physics taught and states that teaching fails to reveal the limits of our understanding. 今日物理学上发表的一篇论文对物理学的教学提出了挑战，指出教学不能揭示我们理解的极限。6 In London, where the family was reduced to poverty , Karl Marx continued writing his theories to explore and understand the nature of society. 在伦敦，这个家庭陷入贫困的地方，卡尔马克思继续写他的理论来探索和理解社会的本质。三、1 Huxley was at first an opponent of any evolutionary change at all ,but after reading the Origin of Species he got tied (on ,in) knots and his reaction was How stupid of me not to have thought of that. 赫胥黎起初反对任何进化上的改变，但读了物种起源后，他感到很困惑，他的反应是“我真愚蠢，竟然没有想到这一点。”2 Dr.Dewdney looked closely at eight problems that reveal the (limitations ,limits) of human understanding in his new book. 杜尼博士在他的新书中仔细研究了揭示人类理解的局限性的八个问题。3 As Socrates prized student , Plato came under Socrates spell at about 20,decicling to devote himself (for ,to) philosophy. 作为苏格拉底的得意门生，柏拉图在20岁左右就被苏格拉底迷住了，决定献身于哲学。4 Freudian scholar Donald Levy argues that some critics fail to understand the (nature , feature) and importance of the concepts of resistance and transference(移情），and that their critique of Freuds scientific credibility is incoherent. 4弗洛伊德学者唐纳德利维认为,一些批评人士无法理解的性质和重要性阻力和移情的概念(移情),而他们批判弗洛伊德的科学信誉是不连贯的。5 The role of the newly-built center is to provide a cross-disciplinary forum wherein scholars gather to exchange and (dispute ,debate)ideas generated from the areas of philosophy ,history ,politics ,sociology as well as international and cultural studies. 新成立的中心的作用是提供一个跨学科的论坛，在这里学者们聚集在一起交流和(争论、辩论)来自哲学、历史、政治、社会学以及国际和文化研究领域的观点。6 Unlike those who came before him, Kepler questioned the(conception ,assumption) that planets moved in uniform circular motion, replacing it with elliptical(椭圆形的）motion、 与那些出现在他面前,开普勒质疑(概念、假设),行星在匀速圆周运动中,代之以椭圆(椭圆形的)运动,Unit3一、1 Conversation skills are necessary in social interaction if you want others to react positively. 如果你想让别人做出积极的反应，在社交活动中使用会话技巧是必要的。2 Children could not acquire a language solely on the basis of the linguistic input they receive. 儿童不能仅仅根据他们所接受的语言输入来习得一门语言。3When you get hopelessly lost in city, you can only turn to others for help. 当你在城市里失去希望时，你只能向别人寻求帮助。4 Language and human culture probably evolved together. 语言和人类文化可能是一起进化的。5 some people believe that human being are instinctively self-centered 有些人认为人类天生以自我为中心二1 A rude person can never gain respect and affection from other people. 粗鲁的人永远得不到别人的尊重和爱戴。2 If you use language appropriately, the person you speak to may react to what you say more positively 如果你恰当地使用语言，与你交谈的人可能会对你说的话做出更积极的反应3 Dont you think a polite way of asking for help give people warmer feelings ? 你不认为礼貌的请求帮助的方式会给人更温暖的感觉吗4 A polite request will help you get a better response from others. 一个礼貌的请求会帮助你得到别人更好的回应。5 Proper choice of words will enrich ones social conversation and help you make more friends. 适当的用词会丰富一个人的社交谈话，并帮助你交到更多的朋友。三、1 She used to be an elementary school teacher, and naturally gravitate toward children. 她曾经是一名小学教师，天生就喜欢孩子。 2 People tend to pull away from those who disagree with them.人们倾向于远离那些不同意他们观点的人。 3 You cannot always translate what others have said into terms of what he wants to get from me. 你不能总是把别人说的话翻译成“他想从我这里得到什么”。 4 Being self-centered will make you lose friends and miss out on meaningful connections. 以自我为中心会让你失去朋友，失去有意义的联系。 5 The you-orientedprinciple in communication will help you establish a friendly rapport with other people. 沟通中以你为中心的原则会帮助你与他人建立友好的关系。 6 A powerful approach to learning to love is to practice putting others first 学习爱的一个有效方法就是把别人放在第一位 7 The ugliness of our self-centeredness is easily camouflage in the motives and methods for our success. 我们以自我为中心的丑陋很容易隐藏在我们成功的动机和方法中。Unit4一1 in case of a(n) criminal medical emergency, you should call 911 in the United States. (Para.2) 在美国，如果发生刑事医疗紧急情况，你应该拨打911。2 This study examines major newspaper coverage of infamous cases of school violence. 这项研究调查了主要报纸对臭名昭著的校园暴力事件的报道。(Para 6)3 Treason was once, and should be still, the most shocking crime of which a person could be accused - worse than picking pockets or robbing banks, because t involves the betrayal of the entire society in which one lives. (Para.7) 叛国罪曾经是，现在也应该是，一个人可能被指控的最令人震惊的罪行比扒窃或抢劫银行还要严重，因为叛国罪涉及对他所生活的整个社会的背叛。 4 If you come across an emergency situation that requires your immediate attention, the first thing to do is to stay back and check the area for danger, (Para.1) 如果你遇到紧急情况，需要你立即注意，第一件事是待在后面，检查该地区是否有危险。5 should you feel in any way unsafe or observe an incident that concerns you , please report the matter to Campus Control.(Para.1) 如果你有任何不安全的感觉，或发现与你有关的事件，请向校园管理部门报告。6 Since you may be faced with an emergency sometime in your life, its important that you know how to recognize an emergency and how to respond. (Para.3) 由于你在生活中可能会遇到紧急情况，所以知道如何识别紧急情况并做出反应是很重要的。二、 1 New York City Mayor called on President Obamato take immediate action on gunviolence, following the shooting in Connecticut, which killed 28 people, including 20 children. 纽约市长呼吁奥巴马总统立即对枪支暴力采取行动。此前，康涅狄格州发生枪击案，造成28人死亡，其中包括20名儿童。2 Seeing the aircraft in flames ,a fireman at theairport telephoned the fire brigade for more helpand went to offer assistance 看到飞机着火了，机场的一名消防员打电话给消防队寻求更多帮助，并前去提供帮助3 Mediators were standing by , prepared tothe labor dispute, even intervene inthough both sides had refused earlier offers ofassistance. 调解员在一旁待命，准备处理劳资纠纷，甚至介入调解，尽管双方早先都拒绝提供援助。4 Celebrity chef Nigella Lawson was photographedbeing gripped around the neck by a man believedto be her husband in a London restaurant, andeveryone there was reluctant to get involved 名厨尼格拉劳森被拍到在伦敦的一家餐馆里被一名据信是她丈夫的男子掐住脖子，在场的每个人都不愿参与其中 5 Researchers found that dolphins may not be afraid to endanger oneselfto rescue trapped dolphinslifting an injured dolphin to the waters surface tohelp it breathe. 研究人员发现，海豚可能并不害怕冒险营救被困海豚，它们把受伤的海豚抬到水面帮助它呼吸。6 Sometimes people turn their back to otherscry for help because they fear getting caught upin asituation beyond their control. 有时候，人们因为害怕陷入无法控制的境地而不理睬别人的求助。Unit5一、A1 By capturing the market place, the company will ensure survival and prosperity 通过占领市场，公司将确保生存和繁荣 2 To win all without fighting in the business world is to achieve market dominance 在商业世界中不战而胜，就是取得市场主导地位3 Companies with dominant market share in an industry segment or an entire industry and are more able to set the industrys standards and define the playing field 在某一行业或整个行业中占有主导市场份额的公司更能制定行业标准，定义竞争环境B1 With higher customer loyalty the company will see customers returning to purchase again and persuading others to use its products or services. 随着顾客忠诚度的提高，公司将会看到顾客再次购买，并劝说他人使用其产品或服务。2 To sell goods in larger volumes is a common practice of supermarkets to increase sales revenue. 大批量销售商品是超市增加销售收入的一种常见做法。3 Many companies seek to achieve better economies of scale by becoming large or even dominant producers of a particular type of product or service. 许多公司通过成为某一特定产品或服务的大型生产商，甚至是主要生产商来寻求更好的规模经济。4 Leading firms of an industry are characterized by stronger distribution capabilities usually through more distribution channels and webs. 一个行业的龙头企业具有较强的分销能力，通常通过更多的分销渠道和网络。二、1 gain a position (Para.5) 获得一个职位(第5段)2 establish an excellent competitive position (Para.6) 建立良好的竞争地位(第6段)3 achieve a dominant position (Para.7) 取得优势地位(第7段)4 create a strong defensive position (Para.9) 创建一个强大的防御位置(第9段)5 find a defensible position (Para.9)找一个可以防守的位置(第9段)6 What other expressions with position do you know can be used to describe a companys situation in market competition?Hold a position get a position maintain the position三、d small companies 小公司1They began as seedlings ,but used creative strategy to bring value to the marketplace, grew quickly, and continued doing business successfully for a number of years. 他们从幼苗开始，但运用创造性的策略为市场带来价值，迅速成长，并持续成功地经营了数年。c are closely related是紧密相关的2 In addition , substantial data and research have shown that market share andprofitability go hand in a number of industry environments 此外，大量的数据和研究表明，在许多行业环境中，市场份额和盈利能力是密不可分的b set the standards.制定标准。3Microsofts dominance of the software market for personal computer operatingsystems has enabled it to call the tune that other computer system companies,application software companies and PC hardware firms have danced to for thelast decade. 微软在个人电脑操作系统软件市场的主导地位，使得它能够像其他电脑系统公司、应用软件公司和个人电脑硬件公司在过去10年里所跳的舞蹈一样，掌握自己的节奏。a take action 一个采取行动4 Microsofts CEO and chief strategist ,William H .Gates ll, has been able toinfluence the industry so effectively that it is difficult for any firm to make amove without considering how Microsoft will react. 微软的首席执行官兼首席战略官威廉H盖茨能够有效地影响整个行业，任何公司在不考虑微软将如何反应的情况下都很难采取行动。Unit 6一、1 Increasingly the traditional print has been supplemented by digital books and journals. 越来越多的数字书籍和期刊补充了传统的印刷形式。2 The invention of paper displaced the use of bamboo and wood as writing material. 纸的发明取代了竹子和木头作为书写材料的使用。3 The traditional Chinese brush was almost abandoned as a writing tool in daily use. 传统的毛笔在日常生活中几乎被放弃作为书写工具。4 Can you imagine going back to quill pens as the major tool of writing? 你能想象回到羽毛笔作为主要书写工具的时代吗?5 Digital products are now easily discarded by their owners due to high obsolescence rates(报废率） 现在数码产品容易被主人丢弃的由于高报废率(报废率)6 Brushes have been replaced by fountain pens or pencils in Chinese classroom writing. 在汉语课堂写作中，毛笔已被钢笔或铅笔所取代。二、1 It is hard for elder people to make the transition from traditional handwritingto pressing a computer keyboard. 对于老年人来说，从传统的书写方式过渡到使用电脑键盘是很困难的。2 Writing instruments have gone through many changes in human history. 书写工具在人类历史上经历了许多变化。 3 The term future shock refers to the perception of those who have experienced too much changewithin a short period of time. “未来冲击”一词指的是那些在短时间内经历了太多变化的人的看法。4 Personal computers have undergone major alterations over the decades. 个人电脑在过去的几十年里经历了巨大的变化。三、1 People in modern times tend to turn their backs on handmade products and embrace mass-produced ones, 在现代社会，人们倾向于拒绝手工制品，转而接受大批量生产的产品，2 Some teachers are skeptical of technology-rich classrooms. 一些老师对技术含量高的教室持怀疑态度。3 Electronic products are being repudiated by those people who lament the good old days. 那些哀叹过去美好时光的人正在否定电子产品。4 The thought of shopping online has filled many senior people with dread. 一想到网上购物，许多老年人就充满了恐惧。四、The instruments used for writing have undergone great changes throughout human history .In ancient times ,man used a bone tool ,reed brushes and metal stylus（铁笔）to write on clay tablets ,papyrus(纸莎草纸）scrolls or sheets of wax .The (1) quill pen made from a bird feather was introduced around 700and dominated for the longest period in history (over 1,000 years),By the late 19th century , the newly-invented (2) fountain pen had replaced quill pens. The modern version of the ballpoint pen was invented in the 1930s用于写作的工具在整个人类历史上都发生了巨大的变化在古代,男人用骨工具,里德刷子和金属笔写在泥板(? ?),纸莎草(? ? ? ?)卷轴或张蜡,(1)介绍了羽毛笔一只鸟羽毛制成的约700 ?和主导历史上最长的时期(在1000年),到19世纪末,新发明的(2)钢笔吗?已经取代了鹅毛笔。现代版的圆珠笔是在20世纪30年代发明的 With the development of technology ,new types of writing instruments were invented.After going into commercial production in the 18705, (3) typewriter quickly became indispensable tools for practically al writing other than personal correspondence .By the end of the 1980s,(4) word processorand personal computers had largely displaced typewriters in many parts of the world .As touchscreens and (5) keyboard make traditional writing instruments less and less necessary ,the latest (6) voice-recognition technology may further reduce our use of hands while keeping records. 随着科技的发展，新型书写工具被发明出来。进入商业化生产在18705年之后,(3)打字机迅速成为不可或缺的工具,实际上al写作以外的个人信件。1980年代末,(4)文字处理软件和个人电脑在很大程度上取代了打字机在世界的许多地方。as触摸屏和键盘(5)使传统书写工具越来越有必要,最新的(6)语音识别技术可能会进一步减少我们使用手的同时保持记录。Unit7 一、1 doctor-prescribed suicide and euthanasia are now legal and widely practiced in the Netherlands. 医生处方的自杀和安乐死现在是合法的，并且在荷兰被广泛实施。2 Legal and medical experts claim that the sick and disabled will be able to buy legally prescribed drugs at the chemist if the law is changed to allow assisted dying. 法律和医学专家声称，如果法律允许协助死亡，那么病人和残疾人将能够在药店购买到合法的处方药。3 According to a new survey, more than one-fifth of doctors would be willing to assist patients in suicide if it were legal to do so. 根据一项新的调查，如果自杀是合法的，超过五分之一的医生愿意帮助病人自杀。4 While public opinion polls show that a majority of Americans favor legalization of assisted suicide new research finds that only about six percent of doctors who regularly treat terminally ill patientshave helped them hasten their deaths 虽然民意调查显示，大多数美国人赞成协助自杀合法化，但是新的研究发现，在经常治疗绝症患者的医生中，只有大约6%的人帮助他们加速死亡5 The Us Supreme Court has ruled that states can pass laws which permit physician-assisted suicide, and that individuals have aright to take advantage of these laws if theywish.美国最高法院裁定，各州可以通过允许医生协助自杀的法律，如果个人愿意，他们有权利用这些法律。二、1 There is considerable evidence suggesting aspirin (阿司匹林) can reduce the risk of getting or dying from many different types of cancer. 有大量证据表明阿司匹林(阿司匹林)可以减少风险的或死于许多不同类型的癌症。2 It was his familys intention that the boy should receive proper medical treatment or at the very least pass away with dignity 他的家人打算让这个男孩接受适当的治疗，或者至少带着尊严离开人世3 According to the American Cancer Society, about one in six men in the United States will be diagnosed with prostate(前列腺）cancer during their lifetime. 根据美国癌症协会,六分之一的男性在美国被诊断为前列腺癌(前列腺)癌症一生中。4 The organization Dignity in Dying has said it ultimately wants British law changed to allow the terminally ill the choice of assisted death. “死亡尊严”组织表示，他们最终希望修改英国法律，允许绝症患者选择协助死亡。 5 Demonstrators planned a rally last Thursday to bring attention to spark interest in the debate of physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia. 上周四，示威者计划举行一场集会，以引起人们对医生协助自杀和安乐死辩论的关注。6 Even though only a handful of countries allow certain individuals to take their own lives witha doctors help ,most in the West now seem ready to move the needle on assisted suicide for the terminally ill. 尽管只有少数几个国家允许某些人在医生的帮助下结束自己的生命，但现在大多数西方国家似乎已经准备好为绝症患者实施协助自杀。 7 An 85-year-old Canadian woman in the early stages of dementia made headlines by choosing to end her own life before her symptoms progressed ,and brought attention to sparked interest in the long controversial issue of doctor-assisted suicide. 一名85岁的加拿大妇女因在痴呆症早期选择在症状恶化前结束自己的生命而登上头条，并引起了人们对医生协助自杀这一长期以来备受争议的问题的关注。翻译UNIT 1The word “philosopher” comes from the Greek words meaning “love of wisdom”. The Western tradition in philosophy spread from ancient Greece across large parts of the world, at time cross-fertilized by ideas from the East. The kind of wisdom that it values is based on argument, reasoning and asking question, not on believing things simply because someone important has told you they are true. Wisdom for Socrates was not knowing lots of facts, or knowing how to do something. It meant understanding the true nature of our existence, including the limits of what we can know. Philosophers today are doing more or less what Socrates was doing: asking tough questions, looking at reasons and evidence, struggling to answer some of the most important question we can ask ourselves about the nature of reality and how we should live.“哲学家”一词（ philosopher）来源于希腊语，意思是“对智慧的热爱”。西方哲学的传统正是从古希腊发迹，传播到了世界的绝大多数地方，期间在历史上也曾若干次吸纳东方思想。西方传统哲学重视的是论点、推理与提问，而不是简单地相信权威人士如何说。智慧在苏格拉底看来不是知道多少事实，也不是了解如何做事。 智慧是了解我们存在的本质，包括我们能洞悉的事物的界限。现今的哲学家差不多和苏格拉底做的事一样：提出难以回答的问题，检验推理和证据，试图解答我们针对自身提出的最重要的一些问题，这些问题关乎现实的本质，关乎我们如何生活。What made Socrates so wise was that he kept asking questions and he was always willing to debate his ideas. Life, he declared, is only worth living if you think about what you are doing . An unexamined existence is all right for cattle, but not for human beings.苏格拉底之所以获得如此智慧，是因为不断地提问，而且始终愿意与人辩论自己的观点。他说，生活，未经反思是不值得过的。未经推敲的存在对于一头牛来说没什么，但对于人却是不能接受的。UNIT 3Why is “you” such a powerful word? Because when we were infants, we thought we were the center of the universe. Nothing mattered but ME, MYSELF and I. The rest of the shadowy forms stirring about us (which we later learned were other people) existed solely for what they could do for us. Self-centered little tykes that we were, our tiny brains translated every action, every word, into, “How does that affect ME?”为什么“你”是如此有力的一个词