计算机专业外文文献及翻译

精选文库微软Visual Studio1微软Visual StudioVisual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境，Visual Studio 可以用来创建 Windows 平台下的 Windows 应用程序和网络应用程序，也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和 Office 插件。Visual Studio是一个来自微软的集成开发环境IDE，它可以用来开发由微软视窗，视窗手机，Windows CE、.NET框架、.NET精简框架和微软的Silverlight支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及Windows窗体应用程序，网站，Web应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。Visual Studio包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的GUI应用程序，网页设计师，类设计师，数据库架构设计师。它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能，包括增加对支持源代码控制系统（如Subversion和Visual SourceSafe）并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器，如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具（例如Team Foundation Server的客户端：团队资源管理器）。Visual Studio支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言，它允许代码编辑器和调试器（在不同程度上）支持几乎所有的编程语言，提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。内置的语言中包括C/C + +中（通过Visual C+）,VB.NET（通过Visual Basic.NET），C中（通过Visual C）和F（作为Visual Studio 2010），为支持其他语言，如M,Python,和Ruby等，可通过安装单独的语言服务。它也支持的XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML ,JavaScript和CSS.为特定用户提供服务的Visual Studio也是存在的：微软Visual Basic，Visual J、Visual C和Visual C+。微软提供了“直通车”的Visual Studio 2010组件的Visual Basic和Visual C和Visual C + +，和Visual Web Developer版本，不需任何费用。Visual Studio 2010、2008年和2005专业版，以及Visual Studio 2005的特定语言版本（Visual Basic、C+、C、J），通过微软的下载DreamSpark计划，对学生免费。2架构Visual Studio不支持任何编程语言，解决方案或工具本质。相反，它允许插入各种功能。特定的功能是作为一个VS压缩包的代码。安装时，这个功能可以从服务器得到。IDE提供三项服务：SVsSolution，它提供了能够列举的项目和解决方案; SVsUIShell，它提供了窗口和用户界面功能（包括标签，工具栏和工具窗口）和SVsShell，它处理VS压缩包的注册。此外，IDE还可以负责协调和服务之间实现通信。所有的编辑器，设计器，项目类型和其他工具都是VS压缩包存在。Visual Studio使用COM访问VSPackage。在Visual Studio SDK中还包括了管理软件包框架(MPF)，这是一套管理的允许在写的CLI兼容的语言的任何围绕COM的接口。然而，MPF并不提供所有的Visual Studio COM功能。通过使用特定的VSPackage来支持的编程语言的服务，称为语言服务。一个语言服务定义了各种接口，而这些VSPackage实现包可以实现添加功能支持多种。功能性的方式，可以添加包括语法着色，语句完成，括号匹配，参数信息工具提示，成员名单和背景汇编的错误标记。如果接口完成，那么语言就可以使用这些功能。语言服务要在每个语言的基础实施。重用代码的实现可以从语言解析器实现。语言服务可以在本机代码或托管代码实现。对于本机代码，无论是本地COM接口或巴贝尔框架（部分Visual Studio SDK）都可以使用。对于托管代码，MPF服务，包括托管语言编写包装。Visual Studio不包括任何源头控制内建支援，但它定义了两种可供选择的源代码控制系统的方法可以用IDE集成。一个源代码控制VSPackage可以提供自己的定制的用户界面。与此相反，源代码管理插件使用MSSCCI（Microsoft源代码控制接口）提供了一个功能集的控制功能，用于落实各项源接口，用标准的Visual Studio用户界面。MSSCCI首次使用集成的Visual SourceSafe 6.0，但后来在Visual Studio SDK中通过。Visual Studio.NET 2002使用MSSCCI 1.1，Visual Studio.NET 2003使用MSSCCI 1.2。Visual Studio 2005、2008和2010使用MSSCCI 1.3版，增加了重命名和删除的支持以及异步传输。Visual Studio支持运行（每一个都有它自己的一套VSPackage）多个实例的环境。这些实例使用不同的注册表配置单元来存储它们的配置状态和区别他们的AppID（应用程序ID）。实例都是由一开始的AppID-specific.exe文件选择的AppID，设置根并启动IDE。一个AppID的登记VSPackage中集成了其他的VSPackage。Visual Studio的各种产品版本，是使用不同的AppID。在Visual Studio速成版产品都设有自己的AppIds，但标准，专业和团队套件产品共享相同的AppID。因此，人们可以安装Express版本并排侧其他版本，不同的是其他版本更新相同的安装。专业版包含标准版的超集VSPackage和包括对其他版本中的团队套件的VSPackage超集。AppID系统由Visual Studio 2008的Visual Studio Shell影响。3特点3.1代码编辑器Visual Studio，像任何其它的集成开发环境一样，包括一个支持语法高亮和代码自动完成的代码编辑器，不仅变量，函数和方法，就连语言，如结构循环和查询都是使用智能感知的。在开发网站和Web应用程序时，智能感知是由内部语言支持的，当然XML、层叠样式表和JavaScript也同样支持。编辑器中会自动弹出一个无模式列表框的代码，覆盖在上面。在Visual Studio 2008年起，它可暂时半透明地看到它阻碍了代码。代码编辑器是用于所有支持的语言。在Visual Studio代码编辑器还支持设置快捷导航代码书签，其他助航设备包括折叠代码块和渐进式搜索，还有正常的文本搜索与正则表达式（在计算机科学中，是指一个用来描述或者匹配一系列符合某个句法规则的字符串的单个字符串。在很多文本编辑器或其他工具里，正则表达式通常被用来检索和/或替换那些符合某个模式的文本内容）搜索。代码编辑器还包括一个多项目剪贴板和任务列表。代码编辑器支持代码片段，它保存模板重复的代码，也可以被插入到正在进行这项工作到的代码和项目自定义中。一个代码片段管理工具也是这样建立的。这些工具是在浮动窗口显示，当这个窗口不被使用或者停在屏幕一侧时，可以将它设置成自动隐藏。在Visual Studio代码编辑器也支持代码重构包括参数重新排序，变量和方法的重命名，界面的提取和内部成员属性的封装等等。Visual Studio提供了背景编译（也称为增量编译）。正在写的代码时，Visual Studio编译背景为了强调它在提供反馈有关语法和编译错误，这时标有红色的波浪。警告标有绿色下划线。背景编译不生成可执行代码，因为它需要一个不同的编译器而不是一个生成可执行代码的编译器。背景资料汇编最初是和Microsoft Visual Basic语言一起推出的，但现在它已经扩展到了所有内部语言。3.2调试器Visual Studio包含一个调试器既可以作为一个源代码级调试器工作，并作为机器级调试器工作。它可工作在托管代码以及本机代码，可用Visual Studio支持的任何语言调试应用程序。此外，它也可以附加到正在运行的进程，监测和调试这些进程。如果源代码的运行过程是可用的，它就会显示代码的运行。如果源代码是不可用，它可以显示反汇编。Visual Studio调试器还可以创建内存转储以及负荷调试它们。多线程程序也支持。调试器可以被配置为一个应用程序，运行在Visual Studio环境之外。调试器可以设置（允许执行被暂时停止的位置）和监视（用于监视变量的值执行进度）断点。断点是有条件的，这意味着他们条件满足时触发。代码可以加强，即一次只运行一条（源代码）。它可以步进它里面的功能来调试，或者步过，即执行机构的功能。也就是说，它允许代码进行编辑，因为它的调试只有32位，不支持64位。在调试时，如果鼠标指针徘徊在任何变量，其当前值显示在工具提示（“数据提示”），如果需要的话，它也可以修改。在编码时，Visual Studio调试器让某些职能援引手动Immediate工具窗口。方法参数提供的是在立即窗口。4设计Visual Studio包括一个可视化设计，以帮助开发主机的应用程序。这些工具包括：4.1 Windows窗体设计器Windows窗体设计器是用Windows窗体构建图形用户界面应用程序。它包括一个UI调色板部件和一些可以在窗体表面拖拽的控件（包括按钮，进度条，标签，布局容器和其他控制），布局可以通过控制其他容器的框架控件或锁定到窗体的一面来改变。显示数据的控件（如文本框，列表框，网格视图等）都可以绑定到数据源，如数据库或查询。UI是用一个事件驱动的编程模型与代码关联的。设计器会生成C或VB.NET应用程序代码。4.2 WPF设计WPF设计器，代号为Cider，用Visual Studio 2008介绍。像Windows窗体设计器一样它支持拖拽。它是用来提交用户界面对象的Windows Presentation Foundation。它支持所有功能，包括WPF的数据绑定和自动布局管理。它为UI生成的XAML代码。生成的XAML文件兼容微软Expression设计，设计者为导向的产品。XAML代码是联系在一起的代码使用代码隐藏模型。4.3网页设计师/开发Visual Studio还包括一个网站编辑器，网页设计器，允许被拖放部件。它是用于开发ASP.NET应用程序和支持HTML，CSS和JavaScript。它使用代码隐藏模型，连接ASP.NET代码。从Visual Studio 2008年起，设计器的布局引擎所使用的网络共享与微软的Expression Web。还有ASP.NET MVC支持MVC的下载技术。4.4类设计器类设计器是用UML建模来编写和编辑类（包括其成员和他们的访问）。类设计器可以生成C和VB.NET代码。它也可以生成手写类的类图。4.5数据设计这些数据可以用来设计图形编辑数据库模式，包括类型的表，主键和外键和约束。它也可以用来设计图形视图从查询。4.6绘图设计器从Visual Studio 2008年起，测绘设计器使用的LINQ到SQL来设计对应关系数据库模式和类封装了数据。这种从ORM、ADO.NET实体框架新的解决方案，取代和提高了旧技术。Microsoft Visual Studio1 Microsoft Visual StudioMicrosoft Visual Studiois anintegrated development environmentfromMicrosoft. It can be used to developconsoleandgraphical user interfaceapplicationsalong withWindows Formsapplications,web sites,web applications, andweb servicesin bothnative codetogether with managed codefor all platforms supported byMicrosoft Windows,Windows Mobile,Windows CE,.NET Framework,.NET Compact FrameworkandMicrosoft Silverlight.Visual Studio includes acode editorsupportingIntelliSenseas well ascode refactoring. The integrateddebuggerworks both as a source-level debugger and a machine-level debugger. Other built-in tools include a forms designer for buildingGUIapplications, web designer,class designer, anddatabase schemadesigner. It accepts plug-ins that enhance the functionality at almost every levelincluding adding support for source-controlsystems (likeSubversionandVisual SourceSafe) and adding new toolsets like editors and visual designers fordomain-specific languagesor toolsets for other aspects of thesoftware development lifecycle(like theTeam Foundation Serverclient: Team Explorer).Visual Studio supports differentprogramming languagesby means of language services, which allow the code editor and debugger to support (to varying degrees) nearly anyprogramming language, provided a language-specific service exists. Built-in languages includeC/C+(viaVisual C+),VB.NET(viaVisual Basic .NET),C#(viaVisual C#), andF#(as of Visual Studio 2010). Support for other languages such asM,Python, andRubyamong others is available via language services installed separately. It also supportsXML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML,Java ScriptandCSS. Individual language-specific versions of Visual Studio also exist which provide more limited language services to the user: Microsoft Visual Basic, Visual J#, Visual C#, and Visual C+.Microsoft provides Express editions of its Visual Studio 2010 components Visual Basic, Visual C#, Visual C+, and Visual Web Developer at no cost. Visual Studio 2010, 2008 and 2005 Professional Editions, along with language-specific versions (Visual Basic, C+, C#, J#) of Visual Studio 2005 are available for free to students as downloads via MicrosoftsDream Sparkprogram.2 ArchitectureVisual Studio does not support any programming language, solution or tool intrinsically. Instead, it allows plugging in various types of functionality. Specific functionality is coded as a VSPackage. When installed, the functionality is available as aService. The IDE provides three services: SVsSolution, which provides the ability to enumerate projects and solutions; SVsUIShell, which provides windowing and UI functionality (including tabs, toolbars and tool windows); and SVsShell, which deals with registration of VSPackages. In addition, the IDE is also responsible for coordinating and enabling communication between services.All editors, designers, project types and other tools are implemented as VSPackages. Visual Studio usesCOMto access the VSPackages. The Visual StudioSDKalso includes theManaged Package Framework(MPF), which is a set ofmanagedwrappers around the COM-interfaces that allow the Packages to be written in anyCLI compliant language.However, MPF does not provide all the functionality exposed by the Visual Studio COM interfaces.The services can then be consumed for creation of other packages, which add functionality to the Visual Studio IDE.Support for programming languages is added by using a specific VSPackage called aLanguage Service. A language service defines various interfaces which the VSPackage implementation can implement to add support for various functionalities.Functionalities that can be added this way include syntax coloring, statement completion, brace matching, parameter information tooltips, member lists and error markers for background compilation.If the interface is implemented, the functionality will be available for the language. Language services are to be implemented on a per-language basis. The implementations can reuse code from the parser or the compiler for the language. Language services can be implemented either innative codeormanaged code. For native code, either the native COM interfaces or the Babel Framework (part of Visual Studio SDK) can be used.For managed code, the MPF includes wrappers for writing managed language services. Visual Studio does not include anysource controlsupport built in but it defines two alternative ways for source control systems can integrate with the IDE.A Source Control VSPackage can provide its own customised user interface. In contrast, a source control plugin using theMSSCCI(Microsoft Source Code Control Interface) provides a set of functions that are used to implement various source control functionality, with a standard Visual Studio user interface.MSSCCI was first used to integrateVisual SourceSafewith Visual Studio 6.0 but was later opened up via the Visual Studio SDK. Visual Studio .NET 2002 used MSSCCI 1.1, and Visual Studio .NET 2003 used MSSCCI 1.2. Visual Studio 2005, 2008 and 2010 use MSSCCI Version 1.3, which adds support for rename and delete propagation as well as asynchronous opening. Visual Studio supports running multiple instances of the environment. The instances use different registryhives(seeMSDNsdefinitionof the term registryhive in the sense used here) to store their configuration state and are differentiated by their AppId (Application ID). The instances are launched by an AppId-specific .exe that selects the AppId, sets the root hive and launches the IDE. VSPackages registered for one AppId are integrated with other VSPackages for that AppId. The various product editions of Visual Studio are created using the different AppIds. TheVisual Studio Expressedition products are installed with their own AppIds, but the Standard, Professional andTeam Suiteproducts share the same AppId. Consequently, one can install the Express editions side-by-side with other editions, unlike the other editions which update the same installation. The professional edition includes a superset of the VSPackages in the standard edition and the team suite includes a superset of the VSPackages in both other editions. The AppId system is leveraged by theVisual Studio Shellin Visual Studio 2008.3 Features3.1 Code editorVisual Studio, like any otherIDE, includes acode editorthat supportssyntax highlightingandcode completionusingIntelliSensefor not onlyvariables, functions and methodsbut also language constructs likeloopsandqueries.IntelliSense is supported for the included languages, as well as forXMLand forCascading Style SheetsandJavaScriptwhen developing web sites andweb applications.Autocomplete suggestions are popped up in a modeless list box, overlaid on top of the code editor. In Visual Studio 2008 onwards, it can be made temporarily semi-transparent to see the code obstructed by it. The code editor is used for all supported languages.The Visual Studio code editor also supports setting bookmarks in code for quick navigation. Other navigational aids include collapsing code blocks an dincremental search, in addition to normal text search andregexsearch.The code editor also includes a multi-itemclipboardand a task list. The code editor supports code snippets, which are saved templates for repetitive code and can be inserted into code and customized for the project being worked on. A management tool for code snippets is built in as well. These tools are surfaced as floating windows which can be set to automatically hide when unused or docked to the side of the screen. The Visual Studio code editor also supportscode refactoringincluding parameter reordering, variable and method renaming ,interfaceextraction and encapsulation of class members inside properties, among others.Visual Studio features background compilation (also called incremental compilation).As code is being written, Visual Studio compiles it in the background in order to provide feedback about syntax and compilation errors, which are flagged with a red wavy underline. Warnings are marked with a green underline. Background compilation does not generate executable code, since it requires a different compiler than the one used to generate executable code.Background compilation was initially introduced withMicrosoft Visual Basicbut has now been expanded for all included languages.3.2 DebuggerVisual Studio includes adebuggerthat works both as a source-level debugger and as a machine-level debugger. It works with bothmanaged codeas well asnative codeand can be used for debugging applications written in any language supported by Visual Studio. In addition, it can also attach to running processes and monitor and debug those processes.If source code for the running process is available, it displays the code as it is being run. If source code is not available, it can show thedisassembly. The Visual Studio debugger can also creatememory dumpsas well as load them later for debugging.Multi-threaded programs are also supported. The debugger can be configured to be launched when an application running outside the Visual Studio environment crashes.The debugger allows setting breakpoints (which allow execution to be stopped temporarily at a certain position) and watches (which monitor the values of variables as the execution progresses). Breakpoints can be conditional, meaning they get triggered when the condition is met. Code can be stepped over, i.e., run one line (of source code) at a time. It can eitherstep intofunctions to debug inside it, orstep overit, i.e., the execution of the function body isnt available for manual inspection. The debugger supportsEdit and Continue, i.e., it allows code to be edited as it is being debugged.When debugging, if the mouse pointer hovers over any variable, its current value is displayed in a tooltip (data tooltips), where it can also be modified if desired. During coding, the Visual Studio debugger lets certain functions be invoked manually from theImmediatetool window. The parameters to the method are supplied at the Immediate window.4 DesignerVisual Studio includes a host of visual designers to aid in the development of applications. These tools include:4.1 Windows Forms DesignerThe Windows Forms designer is used to buildGUIapplications usingWindows Forms. It includes a palette of UIwidgetsand controls (including buttons, progress bars, labels, layout containers and other controls) that can be dragged and dropped on a form surface. Layout can be controlled by housing the controls inside other containers or locking them to the side of the form. Controls that display data (like textbox, list box, grid view, etc.) can beboundto data sources likedatabasesorqueries. The UI is linked with code using anevent-driven programmingmodel. The designer generates eitherC#orVB.NETcode for the application.4.2 WPF DesignerThe WPF designer, codenamedCider,was introduced with Visual Studio 2008. Lik