国际贸易术语-C组术语详解ppt课件

,ThedetailedexplanationofEtermsThedetailedexplanationofFtermsThedetailedexplanationofCtermsThedetailedexplanationofDterms,1,Exworksmeansthesellersonlyresponsibilityistomakethegoodsavailableatthesellerspremises,i.e.factory.Thesellerisnotresponsibleforloadingthegoodsonthevehicleprovidedbythebuyerunlessotherwiseagreed.,2,Thebuyerbearsthefullcostsandriskinvolvedincollectingthegoodsfromtheretothedesireddestination.Exworksrepresentstheminimumobligationoftheseller.,3,TheEtermistheterminwhichthesellersobligationisatitsminimum:thesellerhastodonomorethanplacethegoodsatthedisposalofthebuyerattheagreedplaceusuallyatthesellersownpremises.,4,Ontheotherhand,asamatterofpracticalreality,thesellerwouldfrequentlyassistthebuyerinloadingthegoodsonthelatterscollectingvehicle.,5,AlthoughEXWwouldbetterreflectthisifthesellersobligationsweretobeextendedsoastoincludeloading,itwasthoughtdesirabletoretainthetraditionalprincipleofthesellersminimumobligationunderEXWsothatitmildheusedforcaseswherethesellerdoesnotwishtoassumeanyobligationwhatsoeverwithrespecttotheloadingofthegoods.,6,Ifthebuyerwantsthesellertodomore,thisshouldhemadeclearinthecontractofsale.返回,7,IntroductionFOBFASFCA,8,TheFtermrequirethesellertodeliverthegoodsforcarriageasinstructedbythebuyer.,9,ThepointatwhichthepartiesintenddeliverytooccurintheFCAtermhascauseddifficultybecauseofthewidevarietyofcircumstanceswhichmaysurroundcontractscoveredbythisterm.,10,Thistermhasbeendesignedtomeettherequirementsofmultimodaltransport,suchascontainerorroll-on,roll-offtrafficbytrailersandferries.,11,Ifnopreciseplacecanbenamedatthetimeofthecontractofsale,thepartiesshouldrefertotheplacewherethecarriershouldtakethegoodsintoitscharge.,12,Theriskoflossordamagetothegoodsistransferredfromsellertobuyeratthattimeandnotattheshipsrail.,13,Thetermcarriermeansanypersonbywhomorinwhosenameacontractofcarriagebyroad,rail,air,sea,oracombinationofmodeshasbeenmade.Whenasellerhasbeenfurnishedabilloflading,waybillorcarriersreceipt,thesellerdulyfulfillsitsobligationbypresentingsuchadocumentissuedbyacarrier.,14,Incoterms2000takeamountofthesealternativesbystipulatingthat,whentheplacenamedinthecontractastheplacedofdeliveryisthesellerspremises,deliveryiscompletewhenthegoodsareloadedonthebuyerscollectingvehicleand,inothercases,deliveryiscompletewhenthegoodsareplacedatthedisposalofthebuyernotunloadedfromthesellersvehicle.,15,It（FCA）isbasedonthesamenameprincipleasF.O.B.(freeonboard),exceptthatthesellerfulfillsitsobligationswhenthegoodsaredeliveredtothecustodyofthecarrieratthenamedplace.返回,16,FOBFREEONBOARD(.namedportofshipment)UnderF.O.B.thegoodsareplacedonboardtheshipbythesellerataportofshipmentnamedinthesalesagreement.,17,Theriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsistransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodspasstheshipsrail(i.e.,offthedockandplacedontheship).Thesellerpaysthecostofloadingthegoods.,18,ThenotionunderFOBtodeliverthegoodsacrosstheshipsrailnowadaysmayseeminappropriateinmanycases,itisneverthelessunderstoodbymerchantsandappliedinamannerwhichtakes,19,Unfortunately,thewordFOBisusedbysomemerchantsmerelytoindicateanypointofdeliverysuchasFOBfactory,FOBplant,FOBExsellersworksorotherinlandpointstherebyneglectingwhattheabbreviationmeans:FreeOnBoard.,20,ItremainsthecasethatsuchuseofFOBtendstocreateconfusionandshouldbeavoided.返回,21,FASFREEALONGSIDESHIP(.namedportofshipment)F.A.S.orfreealongsideshiprequiresthesellertodeliverthegoodsalongsidetheshiponthequay.,22,Fromthatpointon,thebuyerbearsallcostsandrisksoflossanddamagetothegoods.UnlikeF.O.B.,F.A.S.requiresthebuyertoclearthegoodsforexportandpaythecostofloadingthegoods.,23,ThereisanimportantchangeofFASrelatingtotheobligationtoclearthegoodsforexport,sinceitappearstobethemostcommonpracticetoputthisdutyonthesellerratherthanonthebuyer.返回,24,CIFCIPInsurance小结返回,25,Cost,InsuranceandFreightmeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodspasstheshipsrailintheportofshipment.,26,CIFCOST,INSURANCEANDFREIGHT(.namedportofdestination)CIFisCFRwiththeadditionalrequirementthatthesellerprocuretransportinsuranceagainsttheriskoflossordamagetogoods.Thesellermustcontractwiththeinsurerandpaytheinsurancepremium.,27,ThesellermustpaythecostsandfreightnecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedportofdestinationBUTtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoods,aswellasanyadditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringafterthetimeofdelivery，,28,aretransferredfromthesellertothebuyer.However,inCIFtheselleralsohastoprocuremarineinsuranceagainstthebuyersriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.,29,Consequently,thesellercontractsforinsuranceandpaystheinsurancepremium.ThebuyershouldnotethatundertheCIFtermthesellerisrequiredtoobtaininsuranceonlyonminimumcover.,30,Shouldthebuyerwishtohavetheprotectionofgreatercover,hewouldeitherneedtoagreeasmuchexpresslywiththesellerortomakehisownextrainsurancearrangements.,31,TheCIFtermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.Thistermcanbeusedonlyforseaandinlandwaterwaytransport.Ifthepartiesdonotintendtodeliverthegoodsacrosstheshipsrail,theCIPtermshouldbeused.返回,32,CIPCARRIAGEANDINSURANCEPAIDTO(.namedplaceofdestination)Thistermisthesameasfreight/carriagepaidto(CPT)butwiththeadditionalrequirementthatthesellerhastoprocuretransportinsuranceagainsttheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.,33,Thesellercontractswiththeinsurerandpaystheinsurancepremium.返回,34,TheC-termsrequirethesellertocontractforcarriageonusualtermsathisownexpense.Therefore,apointuptowhichhewouldhavetopaytransportcostsmustnecessarilybeindicatedaftertherespectiveC-term.,35,UndertheCIFandCIPtermstheselleralsohastotakeoutinsuranceandbeartheinsurancecost.Sincethepointforthedivisionofcostsisfixedatapointinthecountryofdestination,theC-termsarefrequentlymistakenlybelievedtobearrivalcontracts,inwhichthesellerwouldbearallrisksandcostsuntilthegoodshaveactuallyarrivedattheagreedpoint.,36,However,itmustbestressedthattheC-termsareofthesamenatureastheF-termsinthatthesellerfulfilsthecontractinthecountryofshipmentordispatch.,37,Thus,thecontractsofsaleundertheC-terms,likethecontractsundertheF-terms,fallwithinthecategoryofshipmentcontracts.,38,Itisinthenatureofshipmentcontractsthat,whilethesellerisboundtopaythenormaltransportcostforthecarriageofthegoodsbyausualrouteandinacustomarymannertotheagreedplace,theriskoflossofordamagetothegoods,aswellasadditionalcostsresultingfromeventsoccurringafterthegoodshavingbeenappropriatelydeliveredforcarriage,falluponthebuyer.,39,ItisoftheveryessenceoftheC-termsthatthesellerisrelievedofanyfurtherriskandcostafterhehasdulyfulfilledhiscontractbycontractingforcarriageandhandingoverthegoodstothecarrierandbyprovidingforinsuranceundertheCIF-andCIP-terms。,40,Theessentialnatureofthe“C”-termsasshipmentcontractsisalsoillustratedbythecommonuseofdocumentarycreditsasthepreferredmodeofpaymentusedinsuchterms.Whereitisagreedbythepartiestothesalecontractthatthesellerwillbepaidbypresentingtheagreedshippingdocumentstoabankunderadocumentarycredit,41,Ofcourse,thesellerwouldhavetobearthecostofthecontractofcarriageirrespectiveofwhetherfreightispre-paiduponshipmentorispayableatdestination(freightcollect);,42,however,additionalcostswhichmayresultfromeventsoccurringsubsequenttoshipmentanddispatcharenecessarilyfortheaccountofthebuyer.,43,Ithappensquiteoftenthatthepartiestothecontractofsalewishtoclarifytheextenttowhichthesellershouldprocureacontractofcarriageincludingthecostsofdischarge.Since,44,suchcostsarenormallycoveredbythefreightwhenthegoodsarecarriedbyregularshippinglines,thecontractofsalewillfrequentlystipulatethatthegoodsaretobesocarriedoratleastthattheyaretobecarriedunderlinerterms.,45,Inothercases,thewordlandedisaddedafterCFRorCIF.However,itisadvisablenottouseabbreviationsaddedtotheC-termsunless,intherelevanttrade,themeaningoftheabbreviationsisclearlyunderstoodandacceptedbythecontractingpartiesorunderanyapplicablelaworcustomofthetrade.,46,Inparticular,thesellershouldnotandindeedcouldnot,withoutchangingtheverynatureoftheC-terms-undertakeanyobligationwithrespecttothearrivalofthegoodsatdestination,47,sincetheriskofanydelayduringthecarriageisbornebythebuyer.Thus,anyobligationwithrespecttotimemustnecessarilyrefertotheplaceofshipmentordispatch,48,Forexample,shipment(dispatch)notlaterthan.Anagreementforexample,CFRHamburgnotlaterthan.isreallyamisnomerandthusopentodifferentpossibleinterpretations.,49,ThepartiescouldbetakentohavemeanteitherthatthegoodsmustactuallyarriveatHamburgatthespecifieddate,inwhichcasethecontractisnotashipmentcontractbutanarrivalcontractor,alternatively,thatthesellermustshipthegoodsatsuchatimethattheywouldnormallyarriveatHamburgbeforethespecifieddateunlessthecarriagewouldhavebeendelayedbecauseofunforeseenevents,50,Inpractice,thepartiesfrequentlycontinuetousethetraditionalexpressionC&F(orCandF,C+F).Nevertheless,inmostcasesitwouldappearthattheyregardtheseexpressionsasequivalenttoCFR.,51,AlthoughtheIncotermsseektoensurethatthesellerprovidesthebuyerwithproofofdelivery,itshouldbestressedthatthesellerfulfilsthatrequirementwhenheprovidestheusualproof.,52,UnderCPTandCIPitwouldbetheusualtransportdocumentandunderCFRandCIFabillofladingoraseawaybill.,53,Thetransportdocumentsmustbeclean,meaningthattheymustnotcontainclausesornotationsexpresslydeclaringadefectiveconditionofthegoodsand/orthepackaging.Ifsuchclausesornotationsappearinthedocument,itisregardedasuncleanandwouldthennotbeacceptedbybanksindocumentarycredittransactions.,54,However,itshouldbenotedthatatransportdocumentevenwithoutsuchclausesornotationswouldusuallynotprovidethebuyerwithincontrovertibleproofasagainstthecarrierthatthegoodswereshippedinconformitywiththestipulationsofthecontractofsale.,55,InordertoavoiddifficultiesofinterpretingtheircontractthepartiesshouldusethecorrectIncotermwhichisCFR,theonlyworld-wide-acceptedstandardabbreviationforthetermCostandFreight(.namedportofdestination)“返回,56,insurance,Thereareonlytwotermswhichdealwithinsurance,namelyCIFandCIP.Underthesetermsthesellerisobligedtoprocureinsuranceforthebenefitofthebuyer.,57,SinceinthesaleofcommoditiesundertheCIFtermthebuyermaywishtosellthegoodsintransittoasubsequentbuyerwhointurnmaywishtoresellthegoodsagain,itisimpossibletoknowtheinsurancecoversuitabletosuchsubsequentbuyersand,therefore,theminimumcoverunderCIFhastraditionallybeenchosenwiththepossibilityforthebuyertorequirethesellertotakeoutadditionalinsurance.,58,ItisparticularlyimportantfortheCIP-buyertoobservethis:shouldadditionalcoverberequired,heshouldagreewiththesellerthatthelattercouldtakeoutadditionalinsuranceor,alternatively,arrangeforextendedinsurancecoverhimself.,59,Therearealsoparticularinstanceswherethebuyermaywishtoobtainevenmoreprotectionthanisavailable,60,Ifhewishesthesellertoarrangesuchinsurancehemustinstructhimaccordinglyinwhichcasethesellerwouldhavetoprovidesuchinsuranceifprocurable.返回,61,DtermsIntroductionsDAFDESDEQDDUDDP小结返回,62,TheDtermsaredifferentinnaturefromtheCterms,sincetheselleraccordingtotheDtermsisresponsibleforthearrivalofthegoodsattheagreedplaceorpointofdestinationattheborderorwithinthecountryofimport.,63,Thesellermustbearallrisksandcostsinbringingthegoodsthereto.Hence,theDtermssignifyarrivalcontracts,whiletheCtermsevidencedeparture(shipment)contracts.返回,64,DAFDELIVEREDATFRONTIER(.namedplace)Deliveredatfrontiermeansthatthesellersobligationsarefulfilledwhenthegoodshavearrivedatthefrontierbutbeforethecustomsborderofthecountrynamedinthesalescontract.,65,Thetermisprimarilyusedwhengoodsarecarriedbyrailortruck.Thesellerbearsthefullcostandriskindeliveringthegoodsuptothispoint,butthebuyermustarrangeandpayforthegoodstoclearcustoms.返回,66,DESDELIVEREDEXSHIP(.namedportofdestination)Meansthesellershallmakethegoodsavailabletothebuyeronboardtheshipattheplacenamedinthesalescontract.,67,Thesellerbearsthefullcostandriskinvolvedinbringingthegoodsthere.Thecostofunloadingthegoodsandanycustomsdutiesmustbepaidbythebuyer.返回,68,DEQDELIVEREDEXQUAY(.namedportofdestination)Meansthesellerhasagreedtomakethegoodsavailabletothebuyeronthequayorwharfattheplacenamedinthesalescontract.,69,Thesellerbearsthefullcostandrisksindeliveringthegoodstothatpointincludingunloading.返回,70,DDUDELIVEREDDUTYUNPAID(.namedplaceofdest