英语四级讲解作文 快速阅读 完形填空 选词填空 翻译2课件

8：509：00 试音时间 9：009：10 播放考场指令，发放作文考卷 9：10 取下耳机，开始作文考试 9：35 发放含有快速阅读的试题册(但9：40才允许开始做) 9：409：55 做快速阅读 9：5510：00 收答题卡一(即作文和快速阅读) 9：5510：00 重新戴上耳机，准备听力考试 10：00 开始听力考试，电台开始放音，听力结束后完成剩余考项。11：20全部考试结束。,四 级 考 试 流 程,四级作文专题,四级作文专题,四级作文专题,1.历年真题作文综述2.作文考查要点总结3.作文写作思路4.写作模版及常用句型5.经典范文学习,1.历年四级真题作文综述,作文考查要点总结,1.考查主题与日常生活（校园生活）息息相关，对社会热点问题也有涉及。2. 写作类型比较广泛，有应用文、记述文和议论文，但以议论文为主。3.主要考查学生的思辨能力与语言表达能力，即内容与语言。,3.作文写作思路,1.审题2.提纲：把文章三段（开头、主体、结尾）的主题句写出，然后列出支撑句的要点3.文章写作4.修改（通读原文，检查语言错误）,1.内容不跑题即可，注意：1.不要妄图以情动人; 2.不要妄图在构思上出奇制胜。 2.结构上牢记总分总：先写主题句(Topic Sentence)，再写分论点，最后写总结句(Conclusion)。 3.写完之后修改注意：(内容方面尽量不要修改) 1、字母大小写 2、标点符号 3、单词拼写 4、主谓一致 5、动词时态 6、名词单复数,题目：Bicycles An Important Means of Transport in China提纲：(1)为什么自行车在中国这样普及 (2)和汽车的比较 (3)自行车在中国的前途,范文讲解,Bicycles are very popular in China. Almost every family in the city has two or three bicycles. During the rush hour, you can see that thousands of people - man and woman, old and young - ride their bicycles to work and study. That is why China is called “the kingdom of bicycles”.,分析：1. 第一句总写，第二句和第三句分写，最后总写。 2. During the rush hour 介词结构开头。 3. 破折号内容为同位语,句式多变化。,Compared with cars, bicycles are superior in many ways. First, they are cheap, convenient and easy to ride. Second, riding bicycle is good for health. Third, they bring no noise nor air pollution. Though cars are faster and more comfortable, they are too expensive. They consume plenty of oil and they pollute the air. Sometimes, it is difficult for a driver to park his car. Moreover they often cause traffic jams and accidents. 分析：1. Compared with cars 分词结构开头。 2. be superior to/ be inferior to 优于/ 低于 3. first, second, third 英语语言有层次感，信号词 4. cheap 便宜，最好用inexpensive 5. be good for health 对健康有好处(万能理由) 6. Moreover 表示递进,In my opinion, the future of bicycle is very promising. Since China is a developing country and has a large population, I think, riding bicycle is appropriate to Chinese present conditions. It will be an important means of transportation for quite a long time. 注：promising 有前途的 a promising young man,文章开头写法,1-1 对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法, 适用于有争议性的主题. 例如,1. When asked about., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that . But I think/view a bit differently.,2. When it comes to . , some people believe that . Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements , but (I prefer the latter/the former .),3. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed /held / acknowledged that . They claim/ believe/argue that . But I wonder/doubt whether.,1-2 现象法 引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论 . e.g,1. Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) . has caused/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern.,2. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of .has been brought into focus. ( has been brought to public attention),3.Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality . is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now /constantly.,1-3 观点法 -开门见山,直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法. e.g:,1. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning /coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that.,2. Now there is a growing awareness/recognition of the necessity to.Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of .,3. Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.,1-4 引用法 - 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点! e.g:,1. Knowledge is power. such is the remark made by Bacon. This remark has been shared by more and more people . Education is not complete with graduation. Such is the opinion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion.,2. How often we hear such statements/words like those /this . In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complaints as this .,1-5 比较法 - 通过对过去,现在 两种不同的倾向,观点的比较 , 引出文章要讨论的观点. e.g:,1. For years, .had been viewed as . But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing . , people . .,2. People used to think that . (In the past, .) But people now share this new idea.,1-6 故事法 - 先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣, 引出文章的主题. e.g:,1. Once in (a newspaper) , I read of/learnt . The phenomenon of . has aroused public concern.,2. I have a friend who . Should he . ? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life.,3. Once upon a time , there lived a man who . This story may be (unbelievable) , but it still has a realistic significance now.,1-7 问题法 - 先用讨论或解答的设问, 引出自己观点, 适用于有争议性的话题. e.g:,Should/What . ? Options of . vary greatly , some ., others . But in my opinion , . .,引出不同观点:1.Peoples views on. vary from person to person. Some hold that. . However, others believe that.人们对.的观点因人而异.有些人认为.然而其他人却认为2.People may have different opinions on.人们对.可能会有不同的见解.3.Attitudes towards (drugs) vary from person to person.人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异.4.There are different opinions among people as to.关于. 人们的观点大不相同.5.Different people hold different attitudes toward (failure). 对(失败)人们的态度各不相同.,给出原因:1.This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, . Second, . Third, .这一现象的存在是有许多原因的.首先, . 第二, . 第三, .2.Why did. ? For one thing. For another. Perhaps the primary reason is.为什么会.? 一个原因是. 令一个原因是.或许其主要原因是.3.I quite agree with the statement that. The reasons are chiefly as follows.我十分赞同这一论述,即.,其主要原因如下:,1.Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that.2.Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that.3.Hence/Therefore, wed better come to the conclusion that.4.There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits.5.All in all, we cannot live without. But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.,结尾部分,首先，一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想，该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题（stick or hold to the topic），这就是段落的统一性（unity）。其次，一个段落必须有若干拓展句（拓展手段：运用列举分类、细节说明、比较对照、正反论证等手段），使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是完整性（completeness or adequateness）。再者，一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅（smooth），这就是连贯性（coherence）。,连贯性（coherence） 连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系；反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。意连段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停停，那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。,A.按时间先后排列（chronological arrangement）B. 按位置远近排列（spatial arrangement） C. 按逻辑关系排列（logical arrangement） a. 按重要性顺序排列（arrangement in order of importance） b.由一般到特殊排列（general-to-specific arrangement） c. 由特殊到一般排列（specific-to-general arrangement）,有损连贯性的几种情况：考生在写作中经常出现下面几种错误：1）不必要的改变时态，,比如：In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway.,2）不必要的改变单复数，,比如：Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.,3）不必要的改变人称,比如：Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their childrens activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.,英语四级写作六种常用经典句型,1)主语从句 1.It is common knowledge that honesty is the best policy. 2.It is well-known that 3.It is self-evident/ conceivable / obvious / apparent that 4.It goes without saying that It is universally acknowledged that,2）宾（表）语从句1.We cannot understand why he was so cruel to his roommates.2.The problem is not who will go, but who will stay.,3）定语从句（限定性和非限定性）1.As is shown/ demonstrated/ illustrated/ depicted/ describedin the cartoon/ picture/ graph/ table,2.There are many reasons why I want to study in your university.3.It is estimated that tens of billions of pounds spent on cigarettes every year in our country, which is a huge waste.,4）状语从句（时间，原因，地点，条件，让步，转折等）1.When the man is enjoying the cigarette, the smoke becomes a monster （怪物） which will devour him.2.Whatever the reason, there are still some problems with student use of computers.,5）倒装句Only through these measures can we hope to solve the problem.Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.,Some measures should be taken to deal with the problem.He is said to have accomplished a lot of great deeds.Many people believe that（It is believed that）,6）被动句,Directions: In this section, you are asked to write a composition entitled Should people own cars or not? Your composition should be based on the outline given below. Your composition should be at least 150 words. Outline: 1、有人赞成个人买车。 2、也有人持相反观点。 3、你的看法。 Should People Own Cars or Not?,There is no denying the fact that it has been a hotly debated topic in China whether people should have their own cars. Peoples opinions differ sharply on this issue. Some hold the positive view. They say that the car provides the most convenient form of transportation. Besides, a car is a comfortable way to travel, especially in winter. Finally, a driver is usually safe in his car when he is out at night. Others, however, hold the opposite view. They say that there are many disadvantages to owning a car. For one thing, it can be very expensive to purchase and run a car. For another, owning a car can also cause worry andstress.,It is exhausting to drive a car in heavy traffic. What is worse, cars are responsible for most of the smog in cities, which pollutes the environment seriously. In spite of all the above mentioned, I still favor owning a car. The reason is that the car gives a person the freedom to schedule his own time. Though we are confronted with a problem of energy crisis, I am sure that the real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that uses cheap, efficient fuel and does not contaminate the air.,Directions: In this section, you are asked to write a composition entitled Internet A Two-edged Sword. You should write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below: 1、Internet的功绩。 2、Internet的弊端。 3、结论。 Internet A Two-edged Sword,Internet is playing an increasingly important role in peoples life. As a newborn information delivering system, the Internet has made seas of information available at our fingers tips. Besides, the Internet serves as the most convenient means for communication. Through the Internet, people can discuss various problems and make friends who share common views.,But just as a coin has two sides, Internet has its own drawbacks which should not be neglected. First, it costs an alarming amount of money to construct the system and the cost is very high to most Chinese consumers. Second, it is sometimes difficult for people to find the right information they are looking for since there is too much rubbish on the net. Finally, it is also difficult to prevent the net from the invasion of criminals.,Therefore, the Internet should be viewed as a two-edged sword, which presents us with both conveniences and troubles. But we should not give up eating for fear of choking. The best policy, as I see it, is to further develop the net and exert proper supervision over it so that it can benefit us in a better way.,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic On Water Shortage. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline given below: 1. Water shortage is becoming an urgent problem 2. Possible solutions Water Shortage,No one can have failed to notice the fact that water shortage is a grave problem with which the whole world is confronted. Actually, it has become so widespread that it has severely affected peoples daily life and hindered the development of the global economy.,A number of factors could account for the problem, but the following might be the critical ones. First, with the development of agriculture and industry, an increasing amount of water is needed. Secondly, the ever-increasing population is another leading cause of water shortage. Besides, the global tendency of warming up also contributes to the problem. Whats worse, pollution and waste of fresh water aggravate the situation.,In view of the seriousness of the problem, effective measures must be taken before things get worse. First, it is essential that laws and regulations be worked out and enforced to protect water resources. Secondly, people should enhance their awareness of saving water. With these measures taken, it is reasonable for us to expect a brighter future.,评分标准及注意事项切题：围绕该段所给的中心句（提纲）来写相关内容。语言：语言最重要，往往使评分产生重大差异，语言要模仿和包装。 连贯：运用列举法，使段落结构清晰；要避免使用一些过于熟悉的词汇和短语；参考范文。临场写作技巧：黄金三原则翻译提纲句作为中心句，放在段首；确定主体段落，主体段落要列举和分类，并运用连接词；加入醒目、吸引评卷人眼球的细节信息，句子要正确、出彩。,1.写作，每天写一个30-50个字的小句子，小段落，想写什么就写什么。2.多读范文，记下重要写作内容、背诵一些模版句型和高分词汇。,备考建议,Reading comprehension,（此节可结合在课堂进行试卷的阅读练习）,题型,Skimming and ScanningDepth in reading选择题型的篇章阅读理解词汇理解,错误的复习方式： 1. 盲目做题 2. 精读太少，泛读太多 3. 盲目背单词 4. 不知如何做记号 5. 文章读的太细， 题目匆匆做过,正确的复习方式： 1.真题精读法 2.快速多变复习单词 3.定量，定范围阅读两报四刊： China Daily World Economy/ Business Culture Opinion 21st Century Economist U.S News and World Report Science Nature www.NewY,阅读理解来源体裁,说明文议论文 （经济学，教育学，心理学，传播学，自然新趋势：文学评论，英美概况，英语语言学理论,Requirement for Skimming and Scanning,Fluency Accuracy15min. 1100 words,解题步骤,1.看大标题，小标题2.确定题眼3.定位该题在哪部分被提及4.阅读相关部分内容，准确定位信息,快速阅读（Skimming and Scanning）的命题点,命题点1： 与数字有关的细节 The earthquake that happened on July 28,1976 caused many deaths because reserchers of .,命题点2. 与地点或人物有关的细节 Josephs experiment demonstrates that cells of different types cannot grow together.,命题点3：与因果有关的细节 because, reason, due to, since, as a result ofCanadian culture doesnt have unacknowledged taboos because Canada is a liberal and open-minded country.,命题4. 与目的，方式有关命题5， 与比较关系有关命题6， 与时间顺序有关,命题点4，5，6,The John Company was established in order to enhance European trade.In China, there are more suicide cases in urban areas than in rural areas.Consumers should send their credit card only after checking the securty notice.,考题中的生词帮助定位出题有顺序性,CET 4 & CET 6,cloze,大纲要求一般题型答题步骤解题技巧真题解析,大纲要求,完形填空也称综合填空，是英语测试的传统组成部分之一。大学英语考试大纲规定：完形填空部分的目的是测试考生对篇章的理解能力；测试考生对语法结构的理解和综合运用能力，共20题，考试时间15分钟。在一篇题材熟悉，难度适中的短文（约200词）中留有20个空白，每个空白为一题，每题有四个选择项，要求考生在全面理解内容的基础上选择一个最佳答案，使短文的意思和结构恢复完整。,BACK,完形填空的题型,1、词义辨析题这种题型约占总量的40%-50%，四个选择项要么拼写类似，要么意思相近但又略有区别，或者意思相同但用法不同，或者干脆就是意思相反的反义词。对于这种题型，学生要有扎实的词汇基础，掌握单词词组在意义和用法上的区别，另外还应学会从上下文中寻找提示信息。,完形填空的题型,2、逻辑推理题这种题型约占总量的15%-20%。英语文章中的逻辑关系主要包括原因、结果、条件、目的、对比、比较、所属、指代、列举、让步、选择、承接（时间、动作行为的先后顺序）、举例等。对于这种题型，首先要通读全文，了解文章的主旨大意，对文章的结构有个大体的掌握，弄清句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间以及各部分之间的逻辑关系。这样再根据题目要求来确定上下文到底属于何种逻辑关系，以确定正确答案。由此可见做这种题的关键是要从整体上理解上下文的逻辑关系。,完形填空的题型,3、语法结构题这种题型约占总量的20%。基本的语法、句型和短语结构是完形填空测试的重要组成部分。这种题型要求学生语法知识掌握扎实，并有较大的词汇量，对一些固定句型要平时注意积累，掌握其用法，对于较长较复杂的句子，要会分析其成分，这样做题时才能得心应手。,完形填空的题型,4、习惯用法和固定词组搭配题这种题型和下面的介词搭配合起来约占总量的20%-25%。习惯用法固定搭配是语言在长期发展和演变过程中形成的固定词组，是完形填空测试的重点之一。对于该种题型，只有靠平时学习的认真积累，做题时才能得心应手。大家可以把这种题型和词汇题综合起来掌握。,完形填空的题型,5、介词搭配题英语中介词数量不大，但其含义丰富，用法复杂。要掌握介词的搭配，首先要掌握其基本含义和基本用法。然后逐渐体会动词与介词、名词与介词、形容词与介词之间的搭配规律。当然，对于介词构成的成语，要注意积累，反复练习直到能熟练掌握和运用。,BACK,完形填空的答题步骤,1、浏览全文，了解大意在开始选择答案之前，应先用二三分钟的时间，通读全文，了解文章的主旨、结构以及作者的思路，理解上下文的逻辑关系。由于时间有限，在浏览时要学会寻找文章的主题句，尤其是文章各段的第一句要认真研读，掌握文章的整体结构，避免产生片面理解的错误。另外在浏览的时候，也可把一些自己确定的题目，如固定搭配，介词、冠词用法的题先选择出来。,完形填空的答题步骤,2、仔细研读，做出选择在掌握了文章主旨大意和行文结构后，就可以边研读边选择答案了。选择答案时，可采取直接法和排除法两种途径。所谓直接法就是凭借语感，直接选择一个意义和结构都正确的答案而不必考虑其他选择项，适用于水平较高的学生，或者选择的答案是考生熟悉的固定搭配等。排除法是指当大家遇到那些不太容易确定的题目时，可将选择项一一代入空格处，然后从语义、语法、语境（即上下文逻辑关系）和固定搭配等各个角度考虑，逐一排除，最后筛选出正确答案。采用排除法，答题的正确率较高，但比较费时。因此，具体采用哪种方法，要根据自己的语言水平和具体题目而定，当然最好是将两种方法结合起来，这样既节省时间同时正确率又高。,完形填空的答题步骤,3、搜寻信息，前后照应 文章是一个有机的整体，而且完形填空的文章其结构都非常严谨，在通读全文时，大家不可能也没有必要顾及所有细节，而且在选择答案时，很容易犯片面理解的错误。所以在阅读文章和选择答案的同时，要注意前后照应，加深对文章的理解，搜寻信息时，要及时更正前面选错的答案，因为有时要选的答案恰恰就出现在下文里面。,完形填空的答题步骤,4、重读全文，确认答案所有问题都答完后，大家还应把全文加上你所选的答案，从头至尾再读一遍，从语义、语法和语境等角度，结合自己的语法和文化背景知识，确认自己的答案，筛选出可能出现的错误。,BACK,完形填空的解题技巧,1.利用文章中心主题句解题方法-利用段首句或首段最大限度地获取信息。为给学生理解文章奠定基础，使学生更易于理解文章内容，出题者在设计完形填空试题时，总是保留一个完整的、或是大半个完整的表达主旨的句子。大家知道，文章的开头很重要，往往开宗明义点出文章主题。因此，整篇文章的提示句往往在开头。考生应充分利用段首句提供的信息，去挖掘文章的思路，寻找文章的脉络与线索。,完形填空的解题技巧,2.分析认识文章结构，理解领会文章各部分、各层次之间的逻辑关系。只有明白文章结构，了解各段落之间的关系，才能加深对文章的理解。明白了各部分是如何为表现主题思想服务的，也就更容易把握带空的句子所需要的是什么内容，因此就更容易选准答案了。这要求考生具有扎实的英语词组、短语、习惯用法等英语搭配的知识，这对于理解文章的逻辑关系特别有利。文章的逻辑关系不外乎列举、原因、结果、让步、对照、补充、目的、条件等关系。,完形填空的解题技巧,表示列举的连词：first, second, third;firstly, secondly, thirdly; first, next, then; in the first place, in the second place; for one thing, for another thing;to begin with, to conclude 表示原因的连词：because, since, as, now that 表示结果的连词：so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result,完形填空的解题技巧,表示让步和转折的连词：however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever, whatever 表示对照的连词：on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely,完形填空的解题技巧,表示补充的连词：also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, whats more, too, either, neither, notbut, not onlybut also 表示时间顺序的连词：when, while, as, after, before, since, until, as soon as, once,完形填空的解题技巧,表示目的的连词：that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that 表示条件的连词：if, suppose (that), supposing (that), unless, in case, so (as) long as, so far as, on condition (that), provided (that), providing (that),完形填空的解题技巧,3.利用上下文寻找解题信息由于完形填空的文章是一个意义相关联的语篇，围绕一个话题论述，因此在行文中词语的重复、替代、复现和同现现象是不可避免的。根据这个原则，某一个空格所对应的答案很可能就是在上下文中复现或同现的相关词，考生可以根据这些词之间的有机联系来确定答案。所以，解题时应联系上下文寻找相关线索，如某一个词的原词、