初中英语语法

初中英语语法,总复习,英语语法层次,词素,词,词组,分句,句子,自由词素,粘附词素,名词,动词,冠词,形容词,代词,副词,介词,构词法,名词词组,动词词组,形容词词组,副词词组,介词词组,句子结构,主句与从句,倒装句,虚拟语气,动词,动词的时态,被动语态,情态动词,非谓语动词,从句,定语从句,限制性定语从句,非限制性定语从句,名词从句,主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句,状语从句,词素（morpheme）,词素是最小的语法单位，也是最小的语义单位。词素分为两大类：自由词素（Freemorpheme）和粘附词素（Boundmorpheme）1)自由词素自由词素指本身具有完整意义并能作为“简单词”（Simpleword）而单独使用的词素，比如boy(男孩)，girl（女孩）desk（书桌）、chair（椅子）、kind（仁慈的）、give（给）等都属于这类词。自由词素可以充当词根（Root）加上词缀（Affix）构成派生词（derivative）。如：Kind：kindness，unkind，unkindness，kindly自由词素还可以跟其他自由词素相结合，构成复合词（compoundword）。如：,Book：bookmark，bookworm，bookshop，bookstall2)粘附词素粘附词素指本身没有完整意义，不能单独使用，而必须粘附在自由词素或者其他形式上才能表示出意义的词素。粘附词素的主要功能是在构词上充当词缀（Affix）。词缀,屈折词缀（inflectionalaffix）,派生词缀（derivationalaffix）,屈折词素1）名词复数标记-s/-es2）名词属格标记s3）第三人称单数现在时标记s/-es4）动词过去时标记ed5）动词ed分词和-ing分词标记-ed，-ing6）形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的标记-er,-est,派生词素派生词素分为前缀（prefix）和后缀（suffix），能和词根搭配，构成派生词。如,前缀,后缀,前后缀,Anti-war,kindly,unlucky,postwar,movement,Co-existence,名词（noun）,名词分类1）根据构词法分类简单名词（simplenoun）、复合名词（compoundnoun）、和派生名词（derivativenoun）。简单名词指包含一个自由词素的名词，如：man,chair,land,ship,water等。复合名词指由两个或两个以上自由词素合成的名词，如armchair,farmland,seaside,roommate等。派生词指由动词、形容词、简单名词加词缀构成的名词，如arrangement，expectation，greatness等。,2）根据词汇意义分类普通名词（commonnoun）和专有名词（propernoun）。普通名词表示一类人或物（包括抽象概念）的名称，又可分为个体名词（individualnoun），如boy，house，tiger等；集体名词（collectivenoun），如family，team，cattle，police等；物质名词（materialnoun）如air，snow，bread，rice等；抽象名词（abstractnoun），如glory，honesty，failure，education等。专有名词表示个人，国家，地方，机构，组织等的专有名称，如Tom,China,SanFrancisco,TheNewYorkTimes等。,根据语法意义分类可数名词（countablenoun）和不可数名词（uncountablenoun）。可数名词和不可数名词的划分贯穿在基于词汇意义划分的各类词中。,普通名词,专有名词,个体名词,集体名词,物质名词,抽象名词,可数名词,不可数名词,名词的数数（number）是语法范畴，指名词和某些限定词的单复数形式。1.规则名词的复数形式1）一般情况在词尾加-s，如：map-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2）以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-es，如：class-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3）以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-es如：leaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,wife-wives多数加-s，如：belief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs4）以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es如：party-parties,family-families,story-stories,5）以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s如：toy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6）以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-es如：hero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-s如：piano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos两者皆可：zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7）以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s如：radio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8）以-th结尾的名词加-s如：truth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2）不规则名词的复数1）改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式如：man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2）单复数相同如：sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species3）只有复数形式:ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses4）一些集体名词总是用作复数，如：people,police,cattle,staff5）部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员），如：audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,government,population,team,public,enemy,party,6）复数形式表示特别含义，如：customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)7）表示“某国人”加-s，如：Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形，如：Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women，如：Englishmen,Frenchwomen8）合成名词将主体名词变为复数，如sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservants,3.名词所有格格（case）是语法范畴，它表示名词（或代词）与句中其他词语的语法关系和语义关系。名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1）s所有格的构成单数名词在末尾加s，如：theboysfather,Jacksbook,herson-in-lawsphoto；复数名词一般在末尾加，如：theteachersroom,thetwinsmother,不规则复数名词后加s，如：thechildrenstoys,womensrights,以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者，如：Dickensnovels,Charlessjob,theSmithshouse表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加s，如：JapansandAmericasproblems,JanesandMarysbikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加s，如：JapanandAmericasproblems,JaneandMarysfather表示“某人家”“店铺”，所有格后名词省略，如：thedoctors,thebarbers,thetailors,myuncles,2）s所有格的用法表示时间：todaysnewspaper,fiveweeksholiday表示自然现象：theearthsatmosphere,thetreesbranches表示国家城市等地方的名词：thecountrysplan,theworldspopulation,Chinasindustry表示工作群体：theshipscrew,majoritysview,theteamsvictory表示度量衡及价值：amilesjourney,fivedollarsworthofapples与人类活动有特殊关系的名词：thelifestime,theplaysplot某些固定词组：abirds-eyeview（鸟瞰）,atastonesthrow（一箭之遥）,atoneswitsend(智穷力竭),2.of所有格的用法of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents用于名词化的词：thestruggleoftheoppressed,练习,()1Shewasveryhappy.Sheinthemathstest.A.makesafewmistakeB.madeafewmistakesC.madefewmistakesD.makesfewmistake()2Weneedsomemore_.Canyougoandgetsome,please?A.potatoB.potatosC.potatoesD.potatoe()3_are_forcuttingthings.A.Knife/usedB.Knives/usedC.Knife/usingD.Knives/using()4Hegaveus_onhowtokeepfit.A.someadvicesB.someadviceC.anadviceD.aadvice()5Some_cametoourschoolforavisitthatday.A.GermansB.GermenC.GermanyD.Germanies()6Inthepicturetherearemany_andtwo.A.sheep;foxesC.sheeps;foxesB.sheeps;foxD.sheep;foxs()7MissSmithisafriendof_.A.MarysmothersB.MarysmotherC.mothersofMaryD.Marymothers,()8Thistableismadeof_.A.manyglassB.glassesC.someglassesD.glass()9Childrenshouldmake_foroldpeopleinabus.A.roomB.aroomC.roomsD.theroom()10Ihaveread_oftheyoungwriter.AworksB.workC.thisworksD.theworks()11Howmanywerethereinthestreetwhentheaccidenthappened?A.policemanB.policesC.policeD.peoples()12Therearesixty-seven_inourschool.A.womensteacherB.womenteachersC.womanteachersD.womenteacher()13Theywritemostoftheir_inEnglish.A.businessletterB.businesslettersC.businessesD.businessesletters()14Thefootballunderthebedis_.A.LilyandLucyB.LilysandLucysC.LilysandLucyD.LilyandLucys()15_facetothesouth.A.WindowsoftheroomB.ThewindowsoftheroomC.TheroomswindowsD.Thewindowsinroom,冠词（article）,冠词分为不定冠词（DefiniteArticle）（a,an），定冠词(IndefiniteArticle)（the），和零冠词(ZeroArticle)。不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于akindof，如：Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指，如：Aboyiswaitingforyou.3表示“每一”相当于every，one，如：Westudyeighthoursaday.4表示“相同”相当于thesame，如：Wearenearlyofanage.,5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事，如：AMr.Smithcametovisityouwhenyouwereout.ThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.6用于固定词组中Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime7用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后，如：Thisroomisratherabigone.8用于so(as,too,how)+形容词之后，如：Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.,定冠词的用法1表示某一类人或物，如：Thehorseisausefulanimal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前，如：theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事，如：Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4用于乐器前面，如：playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人，如：thereach,theliving,thewounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”，如：theGreens,theWangs,7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前，如：Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前，如：theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench9用于表示发明物的单数名词前。如：ThecompasswasinventedinChina.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代，如：inthe1990s11用于表示单位的名词前，如：Ihiredthecarbythehour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前，如：Hepattedmeontheshoulder.,零冠词的用法1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前，如：BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air2名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制，如：Iwantthisbook,notthatone./Whosepurseisthis?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前，如：March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前，如：LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前，如：Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前，如：bytrain,byair,byland7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时，如：husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight8表示泛指的复数名词前，如：Horsesareusefulanimals.,练习,()1.Whichbigger_elephantor_horse?A.a;theB.an;aC.the;anD.an;the()2_monkeycanclimb_trees.A./;theB.A;/C.The;aD./;/()3_trainsarefasterthan_buses.A./;/B.The;/C./;theD.The;a()4-HaveyoulearnedGerman?-Yes.Its_languageIveeverlearned.A.aquitedifficultB:quiteadifficultC.difficultquiteD.difficultaquite()5Yesterdayweheld_talkwiththeminthehall.A.theB.thisC.aD.an()6Iusuallygooutfor_walkafter_tea;A:a;/B./;theC.a;aD.the;a()7Afterthattheyhad_sleep.A.anightgoodB.anightsgoodC.agoodnightD.agoodnights,()8Weshallvisityourcountryin_comingyear.A.aB.theC.oneD.that()9Motherdoesmostof_athome.A.cleaningB.acleanC.thecleaningD.clean()10Imbusy_.A.atthemomentB.atthatmomentC.inamomentD.justamoment()11_girlin_GradeThreeis_tallestinourschool.A.The;the;theB.A;a;aC.The;/;theD.A;/;a()12AboynamedDingWeikickedagoalearly_ofthematch.A.intheonehalfB.inthefirsthalfC.forthefirsthallD.forhalfone()13Hehastriedtwice,andthecaptainaskshimtohave_thirdtry.A.theB.aC.anotherD.other()14_Brownsarrivedthereyesterdayevening.A./B.AC.TheD.An,代词,七大类：1人称代词主格：I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they宾格：me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them2物主代词形容词性：my,your,his,her,its,our,their名词性：mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代词：myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4指示代词：this,that,these,those,such,some5疑问代词：who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6关系代词：that,which,who,whom,whose,as7不定代词：one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/either,用法注意点：1.one,some与any:1)one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers.Haveyouanybookmarks?No,Idonthaveanybookmarks.Ihavesomequestionstoask.2)some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Wouldyoulikesomebananas?Couldyougivemesomemoney?3)some和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.,4)some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。Therearesome3,000studentsinthisschool.Doyoufeelanybettertoday?2.each和every:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary./Each(ofus)hasadictionary./Weeachhaveadictionary.Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.,3.none和no：no等于notany，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.4.other和another:1)other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway,theother特指两者中的另外一个，复数为theothers。如：Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam.,2)another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：Idontlikethisshirt,pleaseshowmeanother(one).Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.5.all和both,neither和eitherall表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish./NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish.Bothofusarenotteachers./Notbothofusareteachers./Eitherofusisateacher.,练习,()1Is_aboyorgirl?A.sheB.heC.oneD.it()2Theyasked_todothework.A.you,heandIB.you,himandmeC.I,youandheD.me,youandhim()3-Look,whoiscoming?-_mustbeourEnglishteacher.A.SheB.HeC.ItD.This()4-_isyourclassmateJohnlike?-Hesverytall.A.HowB.WhatC.WhoD.Which()5Peopleusuallyputsmallpresentsin_stockingonChristmasEve.A.eachotherB.eachothersC.eachothersD.eachothers()6.Thisbluesuitlooksbetterthanthegreen_.A./B.oneC.suitsD.ones()7-Howmanyapplesdidyourmothergiveyou,LucyorLily?A.EachoneB.OneeachC.OneeveryoneD.Onemore,()8Hehasonebluepenandtwored_.A.onesB.thoseC.oneD.ones()9.Thereareshopson_sideofthestreet._ofthemdonotclosetill12atnight.A.both;AllB.every;NoneC.either;SomeD.other;Many()10Theboyrunsfasterthan_inhisclass.,A.anyoftheboyB.anyboysC.anyotherboyD.alltheboys()11_ofthefourroadswilltakeyoutothehospital.A.NeitherB.EitherC.BothD.Any()12Thereareforty-fourstudentsinClassOne.Nineteenofthemareboys,_aregirls.A.theotherB.theothersC.othersD.someothers()13MrSmithhastwosons._isasoldier,_isadoctor.A.One;anotherB.One;otherC.This;theotherD.One;theother,形容词,1.形容词的位置1)形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1、修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等构成的复合不定代词时nobodyabsent,everythingpossible2、以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后thebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible3、以a-开头的形容词：alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置如：amanafraid(害怕的人)，thegreatestmanalive(健在的最伟大的人)theonlychildawake（唯一醒着的孩子）,注意：(1)多数以a-开头的形容词不直接用very修饰，通常习惯说法如：verymuchalone非常孤单的/wideawake十分清醒的/sound/fastasleep熟睡的(2)以a-开头的形容词本身带有副词来修饰时，可以用作前置定语，如afastasleepboy熟睡的男孩；thewideawakesoldiers十分清醒的士兵4、和空间、时间、单位连用时abridge50meterslong5、成对的形容词可以后置ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful6、形容词短语一般后置amandifficulttogetonwith,2)多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：,3)复合形容词的构成：1、形容词+名词+ed：kind-hearted2、形容词+形容词：dark-blue3、形容词+现在分词：ordinary-looking4、副词+现在分词：hard-working5、副词+过去分词：newly-built6、名词+形容词：world-famous7、名词+现在分词：peace-loving8、名词+过去分词：snow-covered9、数词+名词+ed：three-egged10、数词+名词：twenty-year,形容词的作用1.作定语：特别注意多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序。2.作表语：通常与系动词be,get,grow,become,feel,appear,prove,seem,look,keep,smell,taste,sound,turn,remain等连用。如:Ourclassroomisclean.Theweatherisgettingcoolerandcooler.3.作宾补:如：Thenewsmadeeveryonehappy.4.与定冠词一起表示某一类人或物，在句中可作主语、宾语。如:Therichandthepoorliveverydifferentlives.5.作状语，表示伴随状况、原因、结果等。如Hewenttobed,coldandhungry.Shestaredintothedistance,speechlessforamoment.,副词,副词的分类1、时间副词：soon,now,early,finally,once,recently2、地点副词：here,nearby,outside,upwards,above3、方式副词：hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really4、程度副词：almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather5、频度副词：always,often,frequently,seldom,never6、疑问副词：how,where,when,why7、连接副词：how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile8、关系副词：when,where,why,副词的位置1)修饰形容词和其它副词时，通常放在被修饰词之前，但enough一词例外。如ThisisaveryusefultoolHedoesntworkhardenough.2)频度副词(often,usually,seldom,hardly,never,sometimes,always等)要放在实义动词的前面，be动词、助动词、情态动词的后面。如：Weoftengotothepark.Heisalwaysreadytohelpothers.3)地点副词、时间副词、方式副词常位于句末。如IrememberthatImethimsomewhere.Everythingwentsmoothly.4)同时出现几种副词时的排列顺序：方式副词地点副词时间副词。如Hemadehismodelplaneperfectlythereyesterday.5)作定语的副词放在被修饰词之后。Peoplehereareveryfriendlytome.,副词的作用1.作状语：通常修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。2.作表语，如：Oneofthetyresisdown.3.作定语，如：Thepopulationhereisgettingsmallerandsmaller.Onmywayhome,Isawanoldladysittingunderatreealone.4.作宾补（副词构成复合宾语的情况较少），如：IsawMrsGreenoutwithherhusband.5.构成短语表示位置的副词可与动词构成短语，表示特定的意思。如pickout(挑选)，turnup（露面）,III.形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most1.同级比较时常常用asas以及notso(as)as如：Iamnotsogoodaplayerasyouare.2.可以修饰比较级的词有：much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal。3.表示一方随另一方变化时用“themorethemore”句型。如：Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.,4.比较级句型和同级比较句型中出现否定词no,never,nothing等，也可表达最高级含义。如：Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.5.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours.Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours.Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.6.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。,比较级常用句型1)表示“几倍于”时，用“倍数+asas”或“倍数+比较级+than”两种结构。2)用比较级+and+比较级表示越来越“3)用“the+比较级,the+比较级”表示“越，越”。4)表示size,weight,length,width,height等的倍数，用倍数+the(size,weight)+of结构。,5)比较级前的修饰语可用表示程度或数量的词或短语，主要有：even,still,much,far,any(用于否定句或疑问句),alot,agreatdeal,byfar,alittle,abit,threetimes,twometres等。6)表示“两者中间的一个”，比较级前要加the，即“the+比较级+ofthetwo”结构。7)nomorethan=only或asas只有，仅仅notmorethan=atmost至多，不超过8)nolessthan有之多notlessthan不少于,练习,-HowwasyourrecentvisittoQingdao?-Itwasgreat.Wevisitedsomefriends,andspentthe_daysattheseaside.(NMET95)A.fewlastsunnyB.lastfewsunnyC.lastsunnyfewD.fewsunnylastCanyoubelievethatin_arichcountrythereshouldbe_manypoorpeople?(同上)A.such,suchB.such,soC.so,soD.so,suchWaittillyouaremore_,Itsbettertobesurethansorry.(NMET97)A.inspiredB.satisfiedC.calmD.certainProfessorWhitehaswrittensomeshortstories,butheis_knownforhisplays.(NMET98)A.thebestB.moreC.betterD.themost_totakethisadventurecoursewillcertainlylearnalotofusefulskills.(NMET2000)A.BraveenoughstudentsB.EnoughbravestudentsC.StudentsbraveenoughD.StudentsenoughbraveItsalwaysdifficultbeinginaforeigncountry,_ifyoudontspeakthelanguage.A.extremelyB.naturallyC.basicallyD.especially,Johnplaysfootball_,ifnotbetterthan,David.(NMET94)A.aswellB.aswellasC.sowellD.sowellasWeallwrite_,evenwhentheresnotmuchtosay.A.nowandthenB.byandbyC.stepbystepD.moreorless_Idlike_informationaboutthemanagementofyourhotel,please._Well,youcouldhave_wordwiththemanager.Hemightbehelpful.(NMET95)A.some,aB.an,someC.some,someD.an,aIfweworkwithastrongwill,wecanovercomeanydifficulty,_greatitis.A.whatB.howC.howeverD.whateverWedecidednottoclimbthemountainsbecauseitwasraining_.(NMET96)A.badlyB.hardlyC.stronglyD.heavilyHowbeautifullyshesings!Ihaveneverheard_.(同上)A.thebettervoiceB.agoodvoiceC.thebestvoiceD.abettervoiceInthatcase,thereisnothingyoucando_thanwait.A.moreB.otherC.betterD.anyIamsurprisedthatyoushouldhavebeenfooledbysucha(an)_trick.A.ordinaryB.easyC.smartD.simple_rolesheplayedinthefilm!NowondershehaswonanOscar.(NMET2002上海春季)A.HowinterestingB.HowaninterestingC.WhatinterestingD.Whataninteresting,介词,介词的分类1、简单介词：about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on2、合成介词：inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without3、短语介词：accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto4、双重介词：fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween5、分词转化成的介词：considering(就而论),including6、形容词转化成的介词：like,unlike,near,next,opposite,常用介词的区别1、表示时间的：in,on,atat表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关2、表示时间的since,fromsince指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始3、表示时间的in,afterin指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中4、表示地理位置的in,on,toin表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外5、表示“在上”的on,inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分,6、表示“穿过”的through,acrossthrough表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，与on有关7、表示“关于”的about,onabout指涉及到，on指专门论述8、between与among的区别between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间9、besides与except的区别besides指“除了还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首10、表示“用”的in,withwith表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音11、as与like的区别as意为“作为，以地位或身份”，like为“象一样”，指情形相似12、in与into区别in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置,练习,()1Childrengetgifts_Christmasand_theirbirthdays.A.on;onB.at;onC.in;inD.in;on()2Lucysits_thethirdrow,_Jimsleft.A.on;onB.in;atC.at;inD.in;on()3Jiangsuis_theeastofChina,butJapanis_theeastofChina.A.to;inB.in;to.C.on;toD.to;on()4Ilikemooncakes_meat_them.A.in;onB.with;onC.in;theD.with;in()5Theshopkeepersaidtheyhadsoldouttheshoes_yoursize.A.aboutB.inC.toD.of()6Theboatispassing_thebridge.A.throughB.belowC.underD.across()7Twoplanesareflying_thecity.A.throughB.over,C.on,D,below,()8Myhometownlies_thecity._Ioftengotothecitybybike.A.50milesintheeast;HoweverB.totheeast40milesof;ButC.intheeast45milesfrom;ButD.35mileseastof;However()9Themanstood_thewindow,watchingtheboysplayingoutside.A.inB.byC.withD.to()10_research_theuniversescientists