写作wax.doc

Writing (30 minutes/120字) 第一部分 考试评分标准及考生基本要求 试卷构成 测试内容 测试题型 分值比例 第一部分：听力理解 听力对话 短对话 多项选择 35% 长对话 多项选择 听力短文 短文理解 多项选择 短文听写 复合式听写 第二部分：阅读理解 仔细阅读理解 篇章阅读理解 多项选择 35% 篇章词汇理解 选词填空 快速阅读理解 是非判断 + 句子填空或其他 第三部分：综合测试 完型填空或改错 多项选择 15% 错误辨认并改正 篇章问答或句子翻译 简短回答 汉译英 第四部分：写作 写作 短文写作 15%总分710分的142注意：此部分试题在 答题卡 1 上。包括短文写作（15%）和句子汉译英（5%），所占比重20%，占总分710分的142分。根据考试大纲，题裁可能会涉及记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等，但是从近几年的考试特点来看，多种题裁的结合，尤其是应用文（书信，广告，海报，演讲）等形式的写作是考试的重点方向。从过去几年的作文内容和新增设翻译（汉译英）部分来看，都充分体现了“侧重考查考生实际英语运用能力”。一） 评分标准：1) 2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎。2) 5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。3) 8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。4) 11分切题。素达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。5) 14分切题。表达思想清楚、文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言错误(仅有个别小错误)。注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。 字数不足应酌情扣分：* 如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数。 * 只写一段者：0一4分，只写两段者：0一9分(指规定三段的作文)注：无0分试卷，至少210分，425分及格。二） 考生要求:基于上述的要求及评分标准，考生应做到：1. 审题透彻。弄清规定的写作宗旨、选材范围和其他具体细节要求，一般通过主题句、关键词、情景或图表图画暗示文章的中心思想。考生在动笔前要充分利用所提供的信息。2. 言简意赅，逻辑性强。考生应对自己要从几个方面阐明主题，每个方面需用怎样的方法来说明等心中有数，不可想起一句写一句地凑字数。3. 语言规范，避免语法错误。考试时应尽量用正确的语言来表达，选用自己熟悉的句型和表达方式。4. 标点正确，书写整洁，避免拼写错误。5. 注意检查和修改。（内容方面尽量不要修改）1) 检查段落划分，以及上下文是否连贯；2) 查看主题句或段落主题句是否表达意思准确；3) 检查语法和用词方面的错误；4) 仔细检查拼写和标点符号错误；5) 估量作文的篇幅，看是否达到规定的字数。经过上述步骤的检查和修改之后，就能做到避免重大语言错误，且能够符合切题和意义连贯的写作要求。第二部分 写作基本句型及常用表达一） 四级作文基本句式1表示原因 1）Tthere are three reasons for this. 2）The reasons for this are as follows. 3）The reason for this is obvious. 4）The reason for this is not far to seek. 5）The reason for this is that6）We have good reason to believe that 例如： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life. Firstly, peoples living standard has been greatly improved. Secondly, most people are well paid, and they can afford what they need or like. Last but not the least, more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life. 注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life. There are three reasons for this. 这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。 2表示好处 1）It has the following advantages. 2）It does us a lot of good. 3）It benefits us quite a lot. 4）It is beneficial to us. 5）It is of great benefit to us. 例如： Books are like friends. they can help us know the world better, and they can open our minds and widen our horizons. Therefore, reading extensively is of great benefit to us. 3表示坏处 1）It has more disadvantages than advantages. 2）It does us much harm. 3）It is harmful to us. 例如： However, everything has two sides. Television can also be harmful to us. It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television. 4表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能 1）It is important（necessary, difficult, convenient, possible）for sb. to do sth. 2）We think it necessary to do sth. 3）It plays an important role in our life. 例如： Computers are now being used everywhere, whether in the government, in schools or in business. Soon, computers will be found in every home, too. we have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the computer age. 5表示措施 1）We should take some effective measures. 2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties. 3）We should do our utmost in doing sth. 4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with. 例如： The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious. Therefore, we must take some effective measures to solve it. 6表示变化 1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years. 2）A great change will certainly be produced in the worlds communications.3）The computer has brought about many changes in education. 例如： Some changes have taken place in peoples diet in the past five years. The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek. Nowadays, more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein, and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins. 7表示事实、现状 1）We cannot ignore the fact that 2）No one can deny the fact that 3）There is no denying the fact that 4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in. 5）However, thats not the case. 例如： We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution. To solve these problems, we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution. The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment. 8表示比较 1）Compared with a, b 2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV. 3）There is a striking contrast between them. 例如： Compared with cars, bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable. Firstly, they do not consume natural resources of petroleum. Secondly, they do not cause the pollution problem. last but not least, hey contribute to peoples health by giving them due physical exercise. 9表示数量 1）It has increased（decreased）fromto 2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800,000. 3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15 compared with that of January. 例如： With the improvement of the living standard, the proportion of peoples income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased. 再如： From the graph listed above, it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000. 注：“from the graph listed above，it can be seen that”见句式12。考生将句式9和句式12 结合在一起，便可较好地写出2002年6月Cet -4、6短文写作的第一段。 10表示看法 1）People have（take, adopt, assume）different attitudes towards sth. 2）People have different opinions on this problem. 3）People take different views of（on）the question. 4）Some people believe thatothers argue that 例如： People have different attitudes towards failure. Some believe that failure leads to success. Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor. However, others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers.再如： Do “lucky numbers” really bring good luck? Different people have/hold different views on it. 注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。 11表示结论 1）In short, it can be said that 2）It may be briefly summed up as follows. 3）From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that 例如： From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary, however, its method should be improved. 注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。 12套语 1）Its well known to us that 2）As is known to us, 3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about. 4）From the graph（table, chart）listed above, it can be seen that 5）As a proverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” 6）It is generally/ widely believed/ held/ agreed that例如： As is well known to us, it is important for the students to know the world outside Campus. The reason for this is obvious. Nowadays, the society is changing and developing rapidly, and the campus is no longer an “ivory tower”. As college students, we must get in touch with the world outside the campus. Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate 再如： Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it.议论文写作常用套语1. At present, currently, lately, recently, nowadays, these years, in the past several decades, over the last several years.2. At the turn of the century3. Thanks to Chinas reform and opening-up policy, has witnessed great economic and social progress in the past two decades.4. With the (rapid, marked, amazing, eye-catching, remarkable, fantastic) development/ progress/ growth/ advance/ improvement of economy/ society/ industry/ living standard, great changes have taken place in5. At the mercy of the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology, there are rapid changes in all aspects of our everyday lives.6. With the arrival/ advent of the invention of / the information age/ the 21 st century/ the economy age7. We are now entering a brand new era. The 21st century is a time of advanced scientific and technological knowledge.8. The human race has entered a completely new stage in its history. We have just crossed the threshold of the 21st century and the curtain of the new millennium is slowly rising.9. We are blessed with new opportunities and faced with new challenges.10. With the increasingly more rapid economic globalization and urbanization, more problems are brought to our attention.11. Asdevelops12. Along with the development of , more and more13. In the past few years, there has been a sharp growth/ boom/ decline in14. With the steady growth in the countrys economy as well as the peoples living standard.15. While the rhythm/ pace/ tempo of peoples living is speeding up, a lot of changes have taken place in 16. With the fantastic spur both in Industry and in economy in China, the number of is on the rise.二） 万能理由（Omnipotence）1. 方便：convenient/ convenience2. 效率：efficient/ efficiently/ efficiency3. 节省和浪费：save time/ money/ space; economical, thrift waste time/ money/ space; costly, lavish4. 人的心理健康：independent, cooperative, competitive, considerate, confident, creative, sociable, perseverance; selfish, isolated, conservatives5. 人的身体健康：health, disease, strong, strength, energetic6. 娱乐：colorful, pleasure, joy, recreation, entertainment, relax tired, boring, lonely7. 环境：environment, pollute, poisonous, dirty8. 安全和危险：safe, danger, risk9. 经验：experience, social experience, enter the society10. 人际：humane, fair, unfair, help, assist, freedom, freely越来越：be increasingly + adj., be on the rise, the growing number of第三部分 实例范文点评我们从评分标准上可以看到，只要你做到内容切题，文字连贯，条理清楚，只要达到这三点，我们说及格分应当是没有问题的。 注意：1.不要妄图以情动人；2.不要妄图在构思上出奇制胜。结构上牢记总分总：先写主题句(Topic Sentence)，再写分论点，最后写总结句(Conclusion)。语言最重要，往往使评分产生重大差异，语言要模仿和包装。实例一BicyclesAn Important Means of Transport in ChinaOutline:（1）为什么自行车在中国这样普及（2）和汽车的比较（3）自行车在中国的前途Score: 8 Bicycle is an important means of transport in China. The important reason of it is the economy of Chinese. The use of bicycle in China is widely because people in China have not high wage. They can only afford a bicycle, and they have no money to buy a car which is too expensive. So Chinese usually buy a bicycle, and use it to go to work, or go to travel and so on. The other reason is the large population of China. All these made the bicycle become the important means of transport. The bicycle, compared to the car, is not too expensive and it is easy to learn and to use and it can save the surface of putting it. It doesnt ask to build the garage like car. This point is very important to China, because of the lack of land. It isnt too expensive, so Chinese can afford it. It doesnt need any oil, and it cant cause the pollution. All of these are the good needs compared to the car.In the future, bicycle will be widely used. And it will be in good demand. People will produce much more modern bicycles.Score: 14Bicycles are very popular in China. Almost every family in the city has two or three bicycles. During the rush hour, you can see that thousands of people - man and woman, old and young - ride their bicycles to work and study. That is why China is called “the kingdom of bicycles”.注：1. 第一句总写，第二句和第三句分写，最后总写。 2. During the rush hour 分词结构开头。 3. 破折号内容为同位语,句式多变化。Compared with cars, bicycles are superior in many ways. First, they are cheap, convenient and easy to ride. Second, riding bicycle is good for health. Third, they bring no noise nor air pollution. Though cars are faster and more comfortable, they are too expensive. They consume plenty of oil and they pollute the air. Sometimes, it is difficult for a driver to park his car. Moreover they often cause traffic jams and accidents.注：1. Compared with cars 分词结构开头。 2. be superior to/ be inferior to 优于/ 低于 3. thirst, second, third 英语语言有层次感，信号词 4. cheap 便宜，最好用inexpensive 5. be good for health 对健康有好处（万能理由） 6. Moreover 表示递进In my opinion, the future of bicycle is very promising. Since China is a developing country and has a large population, I think, riding bicycle is appropriate to Chinese present conditions. It will be an important means of transportation for quite a long time.注：promising 有前途的 a promising young manI、 对比观点选择题：1.有人认为； 2.另外一些人认为； 3.谈谈你的观点和看法。实例二 99年6月真题Reading Selectively Or Extensively?Outline: 1. 有人认为读书要有选择2. 有人认为应当博览群书 3. 我的想法典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：（启）Paragraph I：（1）引出将要评论的事物或者是观点； （2）简明扼要的提出人们在这个问题上的两种不同看法。Score: 14分How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.（启）注：第一句提出问题，第二句提出两种见解典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：（承）Paragraph II：（1）提出一种观点或优点；（2）本段的支持性分论点；（3）本段总结（可以省略）。Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. Whats more, there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldnt read them. Since we cant read all the books and we shouldnt read bad books, we must read selectively.（承）注：1. 本段总分总结构 2. they argue that = they think that 3. with the development of. 随着的发展 4. whats more 递进关系，moreover 5. bad = pornographic 色情的 & violent 暴力的典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：（转）Paragraph III：（1）承上启下的过渡句； （2）提出另一种观点或缺点；（3）本段的支持性分论点（4）本段总（可以省略）。But others may not agree, they emphasize that todays society is not what it was. If one man has many kinds of knowledge, he will have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively.（转）注：1. But 转折词（信号词） 2. they emphasize that = they think that 3. todays society is not what it was 现代社会今昔非比 4. 许多知识 a wide range of knowledge/ a large scope of knowledge/ much knowledge； 获取知识 acquire/ get knowledge 5. knows nothinglittle；he may be uselesshe may not be of great use to the society 后者比前者更委婉典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：（合）Paragraph IV：（1）平衡两种看法；（2）给出自己的观点。Whos right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensively first. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.（合）实例三. Is Television a Blessing or a Curse?Now, it is generally accepted that television plays an important part in peoples lives. But, there is an ongoing heated discussion as to whether television is a blessing or a curse. 注：it is generally accepted that 人们通常认为As is often pointed out by some people, television keeps one better informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in politics and science, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and stimulating. The most distant countries, the strangest customs and the most attractive scenes of nature are brought right into ones room.注：1. As is often pointed out by some people = Some people think that 2. “使”不用make，而用keep, allow, offerHowever, other people insist that television is a curse rather than a blessing. They argue that it has brought about many serious problems. The major one is its effects on young people. They are now so used to getting their information, education and entertainment from television that their literacy as well as physical ability has been greatly weakened. Even worse than that, vulgar commercials and indecent programs may cultivate their bad tastes, distort their viewpoints towards human life to such a degree that their minds might be corrupted.In summary, television has both advantages and disadvantages. Whatever effects it has, one thing is certain, television in itself is neither good nor bad. It is the uses to which it is put that determines its value to society.实例四. Travelling People who like travelling have their reasons. They maintain that travelling can help them expand their scope of knowledge, especially geographical and historical learning. They go on to point out that touring will provide more chance for them to enjoy food and try on clothes that they otherwise cannot possible have.注：geographical and historical 押尾韵，如：押头韵 clear & clean Those who dislike travelling have their reasons. They would argue that travelling means a considerable amount of money and energy. For example, traffic and accommodation require money and walking while seeing sights often tires you.In practice, travelling does more good than harm. If your finance and health permit, you might as well do some travelling from time to time. It will at least enable you to get familiar with people and things that you will probably grow to like and love.注：1. in practice = I think 2. does more good than harm 好处比坏处多，其他表达方法：be superior to/ inferior to 比如：the advantages are superior to the disadvantages 3. enable 使实例五. Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test (CET). Some people argue that it is absolutely necessary to hold a test of spoken English in China because we have been informed frequently that a Chinese student who has been learning English for over ten years cannot even communicate with a native speaker. Sometimes even those top students who excel in grammar and writing skills find their English inadequate to express their thoughts freely. A test of English will bring the college students an awareness of the importance of oral English, and will thus help them with their communicating skills.使句子具有表现力的手段：1、