英语语法 现在分词和过去分词的用法.doc

现在分词和过去分词的用法 分词是一种非谓语动词,在句中不能单独作谓语,没有人称和数的变化,它可以带宾语、状语和表语构成分词短语。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示“主动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。分词在句中可作状语、定语、补足语和表语。 1.分词作状语 分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。1) Hearingthenews,theyalljumpedwithjoy.听到消息后,他们都欣喜若狂。 2)Usingwhatyouknowofwordstemsandwordformations,youcanmakeaguessatthemeaningofanewword. 利用你学的词干和构词法，你就能猜猜新单词的含义。 3）Thestudentswentoutoftheclassroom,laughingandtalking. 学生们边说边笑地走出了教室。 4）Accompaniedbyhisfriend,hemarketedhisproducts. 在朋友的陪同下，他去推销了。5）Givenbetterattention,yourorderswillbemoresuccessful. 如果好好地办理，你的定单会更有胜算。6)Notknowingthefinancialstandingofthecompany,theymadeanenquirytotheChineseembassyinTunis. 因为不知道那家公司的资信状况，他们便向中国驻突尼斯大使馆咨询。7)“while(when,once,until,if,though等连词)分词”结构作状语，如： Whenleavingthefactory,shewassatisfiedwiththequalityoftheproducts. 离开工厂时，她对产品的质量很满意。 8)Withthetestfinished,theybegantoorder.测试完了之后，他们开始订货。 9)Thegoodsdispatched,theyfaxedashippingadvicetothebuyer. 货物装运后，他们便向买家发出装运通知。 2.分词作定语 分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。 1) Wewillgoonwithourexperimentassoonaswegettheaddedfund. 一旦我们拿到追加的资金，我们就会继续实验。 2）Thisisreallyanexhaustingdaytoallofus! 对我们所有的人来说，这真是令人疲惫不堪的一天。 3）Wecanseethepartofthemoonlightedbysunlight. 我们能看到被太阳光照射到的月球的那部分。 4）Afteranightspentinexcitementandsleeplessness,Icontinuedtoexploremoreordersformycompany.经过一夜的激动和无眠之后，我继续为公司招徕更多的订单。 5)Moreandmoredevelopingcountriesestablishedstrategicpartnershipwithdevelopedcountries.越来越多的发展中国家与发达国家建立了战略伙伴关系。 3.分词作补足语 分词在see,watch,hear,observe,notice,feel,find,glimpse,glance等感官动词和lookat,listento等短语动词以及have,keep,get,catch,leave,set,start,send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。 1)Onthetopofthehill,wecouldseesmokerisingfromthechimneysinthevillage.站在山顶,我们可以看到炊烟从村子里面的烟窗里弥漫出来. 2)Thelittleboysatthereandwatchedthetrainsroaringby. 小男孩坐在那里,注视着火车呼啸而过. 3)Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforsuchalongtime. 对不起,让你等了很久了。 4）Ihadthegoodsstowed,butthestowagechargeswouldbeatyourcost. 我已经让人理仓了，但是理仓费由你们负担。 4.分词作表语 分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。 1) Thefilm“PearlHarbor”isreallyexciting.Iamexcitedaboutit. 电影珍珠港真刺激。我真是兴奋不已啊。 2) Hisresponsetotheenquirywasquitedisappointing.Ifeltdisappointedathisresponse. 他对询单的回复很令人失望。我对他的回复很失望。 3) Ourcustomerserviceissatisfying.Youwillbesatisfiedwithourcustomerservice.英语中的分词分两种：现在分词（the present participle）和过去分词（the past participle）。虽然它们在句子中都可作名词修饰语、接系动词补足语、宾语补足语等，但是它们形式不同，而且语义也有差别。 现在从四方面举例说明。 现在分词表示动作是主动的和正在进行的（例-）；过去分词的动作是被动的和完成的（例-）： The boiling water is hot. A sleeping baby is good to look at. She has a smiling face. You can use the boiled water to make tea. Where is my lost key? A broken mirror cannot be repaired. 有时，由于两个动词“异词同义”，其分词也跟着不同 ，如： a. Have you seen the man wearing a T-shirt? b. Who is the man dressed in a blue shirt? a. His new book consisting of useful data has been well received. b. Do you like the book made up of untrue stories? 在语义上，现在分词和过去分词反映的心理状态不同。前者有 “令人”的含义（见例）；过去分词则有“感到”的意思（见例）： The soccer match last night was thrilling.（令人紧张） The soccer fans were delighted.（感到高兴） 其他例子有： amazing: amazed; annoying: annoyed; boring: bored; confusing: confused; surprising: surprised; terrifying: terrified 试比较11a和b以及12a和b: 11a. This is the most confusing system I have ever seen. 11b. The children will get confused if asked to learn too much at a time. 12a. David came with some surprising news. 12b. All were surprised at Sams sudden resignation. 在作宾语补足语时，如果宾语是有关分词逻辑上的主语，就用现在分词，如: 13. The teacher found a student dozing off. 14. Dont keep the visitor waiting. 如果宾语和有关分词有“动词+宾语”关系，那么这个分词就要是过去分词了，如： 15. Where did you get your book printed? 16. You should have your office whitewashed. 在13里，正在打瞌睡的是宾语“a student”; 在14里，宾语是 “the visitor”。15里，“printed”的宾语是“books”; 16里， “whitewashed”的宾语是“his office”。 4.分词短语相当于副词从句，但现在式表示的是主动的行动，如例，过去式表示被动的行动，如： 17 Entering the room, she found the wall newly painted. 18 Written in haste, the essay had some errors. 历年真题：1. should not become a serious disadvantage in life and work.（2010-65）A. To be not tallB. Not being tallC. Being not tallD. Not to be tall2. What a nice day! How about the three of us a walk in the park nearby?（2009-51）A. to takeB. takeC. takingD. to be taking3. It is not uncommon for there problems of communication between the old and the young. （2007-63）A. beingB. would beC. beD. to be4. at in his way, the situation doesnt seem so desperate. （2007-64）A. LookingB. LookedC. Being lookedD. To look 5. There are only ten apples left in the baskets, the spoilt ones.（2006-63）A. not countingB. not to countC. dont countD. having not counted6. Whats the change of a general election this year?（2005-61）A. there beingB. there to beC. there be D. there going to be7. If not with the respect he feels due to him, Jack gets very ill-tempered and grumbles all the time.（2004-45）A. being treatedB. treatedC. be treatedD. having been treated8. The Minister of Finance is believed of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue.（2004-58）A. that he is thinkingB. to be thinkingC. that he is to thinkD. to think9. Agriculture is the countrys chief source of wealth, wheat by far the biggest cereal crop.（2003-41）A. is B. been C. be D. being10. Time , the celebration will be held as scheduled.（2003-48）A. permitB. permittingC. permittedD. permits11. AIDS is said the number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in that region.（2002-46）A. beingB. to beC. to have been D. having been12. is not a serious disadvantage in life.（2001-51）A. To be not tallB. Not to be tall C Being not tallD. Not being tall13. There nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier.（2000-45）A. to be B. to have been C. being D. be14. at in this way, the present economic situation doesnt seem so gloomy.（2000-51）A. Looking B. Looked C. Having lookedD. To look15. The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighboring country, by the police each time.（1999-42）A. had been captured B. being always captured C. only to be capturedD. unfortun