2011高考英语 分项突破训练阅读理解精析精练08 科普知识类

20112011 高考英语分项突破训练高考英语分项突破训练 阅读理解精析精练科普知识类阅读理解精析精练科普知识类 精选试题精选试题 名校模拟题及其答案名校模拟题及其答案 Last week we explained that the planet Mars has passed opposition It passed a point opposite the Sun This week we tell about the planet s surprising motion 运动 among the stars For thousands of years people have recognized that planets travel among the stars The planets generally follow the path taken by the Sun through the sky The Sun s path is called the ecliptic The groups of stars along the ecliptic are called the Zodiac The motion of the planets can be confusing at times Everyone knows the Sun rises in the east and sets in the west But this is caused by the turning motion of the Earth Planets generally move from west to east However Mars will appear to move backward for about two months this year This happens because the Earth is overtaking Mars on its way around the Sun Mars began its backward or westward motion on May 11th It will start moving eastward again on July 19th Mars apparent motion has been a mystery to astronomers for hundreds of years Most early theories of the solar system argued that the Sun and planets turned around the Earth But the sudden westward motion of Mars presented a problem Why would Mars move west for two months when it nears opposition In 1543 a Polish church worker named Nicolas Copernicus published a different theory His theory said the Earth and planets moved around the Sun in perfectly circular orbits Copernicus theory was simpler But his Sun centered system still did not explain the observed motion of Mars very well Finally a German mathematician named Johannes Kepler published a complete theory of the motion of the planets in 1619 He had carefully studied the motion of Mars for many years Johannes Kepler discovered that the planets do not move in circular orbits around the sun Instead they travel in flattened orbits called ellipses Mars elliptical orbit is the cause of its unusual brightening this year and its apparent large size During the next several weeks you can see for yourself why the mysterious motion of Mars has caused so many people to wonder 1 From the passage we can learn that A the sun and planets generally travel westward B Kepler studied the orbit of the planets in 1619 C Copernicus theory well explained the motion of Mars D the Earth s turning motion causes the sun to rise in the east 2 On July 19th Mars A will pass the opposition B appears to change its direction again C will begin to move westward D appears to change its orbit again 3 Why does Mars appear to be bigger and brighter when it passes opposition A It is overtaking the earth B It follows the path of the sun C It moves in an elliptical orbit D It travels in a circular orbit 4 What is the best title for the passage A The Recent Research into Mars B The Surprising Motion of Mars C The Great Discovery on Mars D The Wonderful Mystery of Mars 文章大意 本文属于科普性质的文章 主要说了行星令人惊奇的运动 1 D 解析 细节推断题 根据第三段最后两句话 But this is caused by the turning motion of the Earth Planets generally move from west to east 可推断出答案选 D 2 B 解析 考查文章细节的问题 根据第四段 Mars began its backward or west ward motion on May 11th It will start moving eastward again on July 19th 可知道答案选 B 3 C 解析 文章细节问题 根据文章倒数第二段最后一句话 Mars elliptical orbit is the cause of its unusual brightening this year and its apparent large size 可知答案选 C 4 B 解析 考查文章主旨大意 文章第一段就点出了文章的主题 行星令人惊奇的运动 Every human being has a unique arrangement of the skin on his fingers and this arrangement is unchangeable Scientists and experts have proved the uniqueness of finger prints and discovered that no exactly similar pattern is passed on from parents to children though nobody knows why this is the case The ridge 指纹 structure on a person s fingers does not change with growth and is not affected by surface injuries Burns cuts and other damage to the outer part of the skin will be replaced in time by new one which bears a reproduction of the original pattern It is only when the inner skin is injured that the arrangement will be destroyed Some criminals make use of this fact to remove their own finger prints but this is a dangerous and rare step to take Finger prints can be made very easily with printer s ink They can be recorded easily With special methods identification can be achieved successfully within a short time Because of the simplicity and economy of this system finger prints have often been used as a method of solving criminal case A suspected man may deny a charge but this may be in vain His finger prints can prove who he is even if his appearance has been changed by age or accident When a suspect leaves finger prints behind at the scene of a crime they are difficult to detect with the naked eye Special techniques are used to develop them Some of the marks found are incomplete but identification is possible if a print of a quarter of an inch square can be obtained 1 Scientists and experts have proved that the pattern of a human being s finger skin A is similar to his mother s B is valuable to himself only C is like that of others with the same type of blood D is different from that of all others 2 If your fingers are wounded by knife fire or other means the structure of skin will A be changed partly B be replaced by a different one C be the same when the wound is recovered D become ugly 3 Some criminals remove their own finger prints by A using printer s ink B injuring the inner skin C damaging the outer skin D damaging the colour 4 Finger prints have often been used as a method of solving criminal case because it A is complicated but reliable B is simple and not expensive C is expensive but easy to do D can bring a lot of money 文章大意 指纹是每个人所特有的 没有任何两个人的指纹是一模一样的 指纹不会随 着成长而改 Remember how great exercise was when you were a little kid Back then racing around the playground or skipping rope for hours you weren t thinking fitness you were thinking entertainment But in this age of high tech home equipment and underused gym memberships the simple joy of jumping rope has been forgotten Rediscovering it will give you a total body exercise you can find Although considered an excellent form of exercise jumping rope has never gained widespread acceptance because of two fundamental reasons First most people recognize jumping rope as an excellent form of cardiovascular 心血 管的 exercise but they also believe that it is simply too difficult In other words they don t think they ll be able to continue jumping for the near 20 minutes that it takes to achieve a beneficial physical outcome Second many view it as somewhat boring and overly repetitive not as something fun or enjoyable As a matter of fact jumping rope can be great fun if you find a proper way to practice it Instead of doing the usual two foot bounce over and over again people good at rope jumping often change their pattern every 10 or 20 jumps A single bounce a double bounce a skip a knee up side swings as well as a variety of other easy to learn free style rope jumping Now researchers are learning that jumping rope also prepares the brain for learning It is an exercise allowing both brain hemispheres to perform in parallel to each other In short jumping rope can be a life long activity requiring little equipment time and space yet leading to a much healthier life 1 From the first paragraph we learn that A jumping rope has faded from people s memories B people now have more advanced equipment C racing around the playground was preferred D people now like to have exercise in a gym 2 Rope jumping has not spread widely because A it benefits the cardiovascular system B it is neither easy nor enjoyable C it is considered boring and repetitive D it requires little equipment time and space 3 The first sentence in the 3rd paragraph implies A there is only one proper way to follow B the usual way should not be used C the easiest way is always the best D there are many ways to follow 4 According to the researchers jumping rope A only prepares the brain for learning B is suitable for students only C helps both brain hemispheres work together D can be dangerous for old people 5 What is the author s attitude towards rope jumping A He is arguing against it B He is in favor of it C He is sitting on the fence of it D He is not clear about it 文章大意 本文介绍了跳绳的许多好处 并分析了跳绳运动得不到推广的原因 1 A 解析 考查细节理解 由本文第一段倒数第二句 But in this age of high tech home equipment and underused gym memberships the simple joy of jumping rope has been forgotten 可知跳绳已经慢慢地从人们的记忆中淡去 2 B 解析 考查细节理解 从第二段中 it is simply too difficult 和 not as something fun or enjoyable 可知答案选 B 3 D 解析 考查细节理解 由第三段中可知跳绳的花样很多 你可以 two foot bounce A single bounce a double bounce a skip a knee up side swings 可知有许多方式 可以跳 4 C 解析 考查细节理解 由第四段中 It is an exercise allowing both brain hemispheres to perform in parallel to each other 可知 可以使两个大脑半球同 时工作 5 B 解析 考查主旨大意 从作者介绍跳绳的好处可以看出作者支持跳绳运动 Children become more generous as they get older learning the principles of equality by the age of eight That may not be too surprising to anyone who has kids Humans are born with a sense of fairness that most other animals seem not to share but it s not been clear exactly when this concept starts to develop Dr Alva Zhao and her colleagues conducted a series of tests to measure just how much children care about equality at different ages In three different versions of a game children were asked to choose between two ways of sharing a number of sweets with themselves and an unfamiliar partner They could choose for example between one for and one for you or just having one for themselves At the age of three children were almost completely selfish says Zhao They refused to give sweets away even if it made no difference to themselves But by the age of eight children generally preferred the fair option sharing a prize equally rather than keeping it all to themselves Several other factors influenced how fair the children were The team found that children without brothers or sisters were 28 more likely to share than children with brothers or sisters On the other hand the youngest children in a family were 17 less willing to share than children who had only younger brother or sister In addition if children knew that their partner was from the same playgroup or school they were more concerned about being fair This suggests that being nice to people you know is something that develops a sense of equality 1 The main idea of the first paragraph is A parents know clearly when their kids are more willing to share B the kid s willingness of sharing is learned from their family C the older the kids are the more selfish they will become D kids become more generous when they reach a certain age 2 The tests conducted by Dr Alva Zhao and her colleagues were aimed at A how kids develop a quality of fairness in games B children s awareness of equality at different ages C the reasons why children care about equality D children s attitudes towards other partners 3 Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage A Children under three know little about being fair B Children above eight years old become less selfish C Children with brothers or sisters tend to be more generous D The youngest child in a family tends to be less generous 4 We can learn that children care more about equality while with A unknown people B nice people C familiar people D fair people 文章大意 文章介绍人类天生的一种特性 力求公平 研究人员通过实验发现三岁时 小孩完全自私 到了一定年龄就逐步显露出与人分享的天性 1 D 解析 归纳段落大意题 第一句话即该段的主题句 孩子到了一定年龄 8 岁 后就变得 更加慷慨大方 2 B 解析 细节把握题 根据第三段第一句话 Dr Alva Zhao and her colleagues conducted a series of test to measure just how much children care about quality at different ages 可以推断 Alva 博士和她的助手进行测试的目的在于了解孩子在不同 年龄对平等意识的表现程度 3 C Malaria the world s most widespread parasitic 寄生虫引起的 disease kills as many as three million people every year almost all of whom are under five very poor and African In most years more than five hundred million cases of illness result from the disease although exact numbers are difficult to assess because many people don t or can t seek care It is not unusual for a family earning less than two hundred dollars a year to spend a quarter of its income on malaria treatment and what they often get no longer works In countries like Tanzania Mozambique and the Gambia no family village hospital or workplace can remain unaffected for long Malaria starts suddenly with violent chills which are soon followed by an intense fever and often headaches As the parasites multiply they take over the entire body Malaria parasites live by eating the red blood cells they infect 感染 They can also attach themselves to blood vessels in the brain If it doesn t kill you malaria can happen again and again for years The disease is passed on to humans by female mosquitoes infected with one of four species of a parasite Together the mosquito and the parasite are the most deadly couple in the history of the earth and one of the most successful Malaria has five thousand genes and its ability to change rapidly to defend itself and resist new drugs has made it nearly impossible to control Studies show that mosquitoes are passing on the virus more frequently and there are more outbreaks in cities with large populations Some of the disease s spread is due to global warming For decades the first choice treatment for malaria parasites in Africa has been chloroquine a chemical which is very cheap and easy to make Unfortunately in most parts of the world malaria parasites have become resistant to it Successful alternatives that help prevent resistance are already available but they have been in short supply and are very expensive If these drugs should fail nobody knows what would come next 1 According to paragraph I many people don t seek care because A they are too poor B it is unusual to seek care C they can remain unaffected for long D there are too many people suffering from the disease 2 People suffering from malaria A have to kill female mosquitoes B have ability to defend parasites C have their red blood cells infected D have sudden fever followed by chills 3 Which of the following may be the reason for the wide spread of the disease A Its resistance to global warming B Its ability to pass on the virus frequently C Its outbreaks in cities with large populations D Its ability to defend itself and resist new drugs 4 It can be inferred from the passage that A no drugs have been found to treat the disease B the alternative treatment is not easily available to most people C malaria has developed its ability to resist parasites D nobody knows what will be the drug to treat the disease 5 Which of the following questions has NOT been discussed in the passage A How can we know one is suffering from malaria B How many people are killed by malaria each year C Why are there so many people suffering from malaria D What has been done to keep people unaffected for long 导读 这是一篇介绍医学科普常识的说明文 本文主要介绍疟疾病的起因 传播 危害与 治疗 疟疾 Malaria 是世界上传播最广泛的寄生虫引起的病 每年都要使三百万人致命 几乎全是 5 岁以下的孩子 并且是贫穷的非洲人 疟疾病本身有很多基因 对于各种 新药物具有抵抗性 所以目前还没有找到根治疟疾病的最佳治疗方法和药物 Keys Keys ACDBDACDBD 1 A 细节事实理解题 见第 1 段第 2 3 句 because many people don t or can t seek care It is not unusual for a family earning less than two hundred dollars a year to spend a quarter of its income on malaria available but they have been in short supply and are very expensive 一些成 功的可供选择的化学药品在阻止疟疾的这种抵抗力方面已经出现效用 但是这些可供选 择的化学药品非常短缺 并且昂贵 因此大多数人不容易得到可供选择的治疗 5 D 细节事实理解题 A 项见第 2 段第 1 句 Malaria starts suddenly with violent chills which are soon followed by an intense fever and often headaches B 项 见第 1 段第 1 句 kills as many as three million people every year almost all of whom are under five very poor and African C 项见第 2 段第 3 句 Malaria has five thousand genes and its ability to change rapidly to defend itself and resist new drugs has made it nearly impossible to control 又见第 1 段第 2 句 because many people don t or can t seek care D 项没有提到 Clay is found almost everywhere in the world It is formed by the action of wind and water on rocks over thousands of years Clay is important because it is used around the world to make containers of all kinds Potters 陶工 add water to soften the clay making it easier to form into shapes by hand or by ma Clay is found almost everywhere in the world It is formed by the action of wind and water on rocks over thousands of years The rocks change in both chemical and physical ways Chemically elements like potassium and aluminum are added and taken away Physically the rocks break down into smaller and smaller pieces After a long time some of the rock changes to clay Clay is important because it is used around the world to make containers of all kinds Potters add water to soften the clay This makes it easier to form into shapes by hand or by machine Then it is fired in an extremely hot stove The result is a container with a hard surface that will last for many years In many countries clay was formed from volcanoes This kind of clay usually contains many minerals So the fires to make containers from volcanic clay must be hotter than those used for non volcanic clay The fires may be as hot as one thousand four hundred degrees Celsius It is also important to dry the clay containers slowly This means that the highest temperature should not be reached too fast You can add materials to clay to gain desired results For example you can add sand to prevent tiny breaks or lines from forming in the finished product But you should not use sand from the coasts of oceans Instead you should use sand from rivers or from other areas of land that are not near the sea You can usually find good clay in low areas of islands or land especially if volcanoes helped form the land Clay often exists in fields covered with some water The clay will be found about one meter below the ground River banks often also have clay about one meter or less under the surface You can recognize clay because it is very shiny when it is wet You can also perform a test Take some of the material and add enough water to it to make it seem like you are making bread Then press it in your hand until it is about the size of an egg It i