提高高速公路绿化植物成活率重要控制环节.doc

/ / / / 提高高速公路绿化植物成活率的重要控制环节创建绿色交通,美化行车环境,改善修建道路时被破坏的自然生态平衡,促进道路边坡稳定,增强行车视线诱导功能的改善等绿化工程占有很重要位置与作用。而怎样保证绿化工程的关键所在,即提高植树成活率问题,是摆在当前急需认真研究探讨的一项重要课题。Create green traffic, beautify the driving environment, improve the construction of road is destroyed when the natural ecological balance, promoting the road slope stability, enhance the greening projects, such as the traffic line of sight guidance function to improve occupies very important position and role. And the key to how to guarantee the greening projects, namely improve the planting survival rate problem, is the current need serious study to explore an important issue. 1绿化模式1 greening patterns 高速绿化带可以分为中央分隔带、边坡绿化、两侧护坡道绿化和两侧边沟外平台绿化四部分。High-speed green belts can be divided into the central separation zone, slope greening, slope protection on both sides of the road greening, and two side channel platform greening four parts. 1、中央分隔带1, the median 中央分隔带集隔离、防眩、景观等多种功能于一身,作为高速绿化的重要部分,直接着影响高速公路的形象。为了起到景观优化效果及防眩作用,同时缓解行车人员疲劳,满足驾驶员在自然柔和的光线下行驶的要求,中央隔离带须设计成一条稍高于防护板的绿色带。Median set isolation, anti-glare, landscape and other functions in one, as an important part of highway greening, directly affect the image of highway. In order to have landscape optimization effect and anti-dazzle effect, alleviate fatigue driving personnel, at the same time meet the driver at the request of the natural soft light driving, the central isolation belt protective plate shall be designed to a slightly higher than the green belt. 高速中央隔离带株距可以设计为4m,高度1.8m2.0m,防眩角度=7.1,则纵向防眩最小距离为4096m,起到了防眩效果。同时考虑到观赏性,在整体统一的基础上,采取多种搭配组合,依据不同季节交替栽种不同植物,形成不同景致的植物群落。The central isolation belt planting distance can design is 4 m, height 1.8 m 1.8 m, anti-dazzle Angle alpha = 7.1 , the longitudinal anti-dazzle minimum distance of 40 96 m, played the anti-dazzle effect. Considering the spectator at the same time, on the basis of the unified whole, take a variety of combinations, according to different seasons alternating plant different plants, forming different landscape plant community. 2、边坡及边沟外平台绿化2, outside platform edge slope greening 为了达到防止雨水冲刷,稳固路基,保护边坡的要求,边坡绿化应以草本植被为主,同时种植木本植物,美化高速公路、改善行车环境。京福高速公路跨越农田,两侧土质较好,离路面较远的边沟外平台,视觉角度适中,是绿化的重点部位,因此选择多种观赏性较好的植物,配合中央分隔带的绿化模式变化,交替搭配,形成整体而不拘束,分层而不散乱的景观效果。To prevent the rains washed out, roadbed, protect slope, slope greening should give priority to with herbaceous vegetation, cultivation of woody plants at the same time, the highway beautification, improve the traffic environment. Beijing-fuzhou expressway across farmland, on both sides of the soil is better, far away from the pavement outside the edge of platform, the visual Angle is moderate, is the key parts of greening, so choose better variety of ornamental plant, with median greening patterns change, collocation, alternately formed whole without constraint, hierarchical and not messy landscape effect. 2绿化植物搭配2 greening plant collocation 1、中央隔离带土层较浅且通透性差,加之汽车尾气污染严重,因此对植物的耐旱性、抗污染性、适应性要求较高。根据京福高速地质特点,选定蜀桧为中央分隔带主要植物,按照上述尺寸栽植,修剪冠幅约50-60cm,两株蜀桧中间以紫叶李、木槿、月季等多种抗性强、易管理的花灌木彼此交替种植,达到四季常青,季相变化丰富的特点。1, the central isolation belt, a shallow soil layer and poor permeability, combined with the automobile exhaust pollution is serious, so on plant drought resistance, stain resistance, adaptability to demand higher. According to beijing-fuzhou highway geology characteristic, selection of serotonin to median main plant, according to the size of planting, pruning crown breadth of about 50 to 60 cm, the middle of the two strains of serotonin purple Ye Li, hibiscus, rose and so on the many kinds of resistance is strong, easy to manage each other alternate planting flower shrubs, evergreen, the seasonal changes in the characteristics of the rich. 2、对于边坡土壤松散,保水性差的高速,可以选择耐盐碱、耐干旱,根系发达易成活的蔷薇、小叶女贞等多年生藤本及灌木绿化。蔷薇株距为1m,根据地形种植;小叶女贞株距间隔2m,逐株栽种,从而保证在短时间内护满坡面。2, for the slope soil loose, poor water retention of the high speed, can choose the resistance to salt, drought, developed root system easy to survival of rose, lobules privet shrub and perennial vine and greening. Rose planting distance of 1 m, according to the topography and planting; Lobular privet planting distance interval of 2 m, by plant, so as to ensure full protection slope in a short time. 3、边沟外平台作为绿化的重点部位,以木槿、野蔷薇、紫叶李、月季等观赏性好、花期长的灌木类为主,同时为了配合隔离栅等防护设施,可种植部分带刺藤本植物,使高速公路呈现出层次美、观赏美和生态美的效果。在路堤较高、边坡较陡的路段,边沟外侧栽种杨树、白蜡、五角枫等乔木,在垂直方向上形象良好的景观效果。3, side ditch outside the platform as the key parts of greening, with hibiscus, wild rose, purple Ye Li, good appreciation of the Chinese rose, long flowering shrubs class is given priority to, at the same time in order to coordinate the isolation gate and other protective facilities, can be planted some thorny lianas, highway brings out the beauty, beauty and ecological beauty effect. In high embankment, slope steep sections, ditches outside plant poplar, white wax, such as the pentagon maple trees, good image in the vertical direction of landscape effect. 3苗木移栽成活率的重要管理环节3 seedling transplantation survival rate management important link (1)提高全员质量意识。(1) improve the quality of full consciousness. 质量意识是影响工程施工质量的重要因素,在高速公路绿化施工中更显重要。植物是有生命的东西施工工人的质量意识牵制着个植树施工过程它直接影响成活率的高低。做好质量宣传及技术交底是搞好质量管理的重要手段。由于施工工人的文化程度较低要提高他们的质量意识就要耐心地不断重复地把质量宣传工作做好使他们在开挖种植穴、移苗、植栽、填土、施肥、浇水等每个环节都能按照技术规范进行施工。Quality consciousness is the important factor affecting the quality of project construction, in the construction of highway greening is more important. Plants are living things construction workers quality consciousness in the tree construction process it directly affects the survival rate of high and low. Quality promotion and technical disclosure is an important means to improve quality management. Due to construction workers cultural level is low to improve their quality consciousness will patiently repeatedly put quality propaganda work in digging the hole, the bed out, planting, soil, fertilization, watering and so on each link can be in accordance with the technical specifications for construction. (2)熟悉栽植苗木的生长习性。组织施工单位项目部全体人员深入学习栽植苗木的生长习性,掌握不同苗木的栽植要点、难点,并将这方面的知识通过通俗易懂的语言传授给施工工人,落实到实际施工过程中。(2) familiar with plant nursery stock growth habit. Organization construction unit projects department all the staff learn more planting seedling growth habit, grasp the different seedling planting key points and difficulties, and this knowledge through a comprehensible language teach construction workers, implementing to the actual construction process. (3)做好施工示范及现场跟踪工作。施工示范是让工人掌握技术规范的最有效方法,在会议上的技术交底可以事先让工人了解植栽技术要求,但重点应将苗木栽植技术放在现场示范讲解。通过技术人员对种植示范要点的讲述,让施工工人掌握栽植的要领。每个施工环节的控制都是提高成活率的重要保证。(3) demonstration work in the construction and field tracking work. Construction demonstration is to allow workers to master the technical specification, the most effective method in the meeting of the technical disclosure can let the workers know planting technology requirements in advance, but the emphasis should be put seedling planting technology in the live demonstration. By technical personnel in planting demonstration points, construction workers to master the main point to plant. Every construction link of control is a important guarantee to improve survival rate. 工程质量的许多问题都是通过现场跟踪检查来发现的,现场技术人员一定要腿勤、眼勤、手勤。腿勤就是要勤跑工地,眼勤就是要勤观察,手勤就是要勤记录。对于施工的重要技术环节应随机抽查,如卸苗、挖种植穴、种植、浇定根水等环节,发现问题应及时解决。如果工人还没掌握技术要领的,应耐心地反复示范、讲解。Many of the problems in the engineering quality are found by field tracing test, on-site technical personnel must be diligent, diligent, hardworking, legs. Legs frequently is to frequently run site, eyes is frequently observed, hardworking is to attendance record. For construction of important technical link should be random inspection, such as unloading seedlings, planting, watering, digging hole set root water, found that the problem should be resolved in a timely manner. If the workers havent master the technical main point, should be repeated demonstration, explanation patiently. 4苗木移栽成活率的重要技术控制环节4 seedling transplantation survival rate of important control links 4.1苗木质量的验收4.1 acceptance of seedling quality 苗木本身质量的好坏直接影响着高速公路绿化美化效果。苗木质量应符合苗木出圃质量标准和设计对苗木质量的要求。高速公路绿化苗木数量较大,苗木通常采用供苗商及苗圃场直接按设计规格要求向工地供苗,苗木的验收是保证苗木质量及栽植成活率的重要措施。验收的主要内容包括苗木规格、土球包装、苗木长势等,对于不符合质量要求的苗木应及时更换。Nursery stock itself quality directly affects the highway greening beautification effect. Seedling quality should comply with the sizes of seedling quality standards and design requirement for the quality of nursery stock. Highway greening seedlings number is larger, usually adopt for seedlings seedlings and nursery field directly to site in accordance with the requirements of design specifications for the seedlings, seedling of acceptance is one of the important measures to ensure the quality of seedling and planting survival rate. Main contents include nursery stock specifications and acceptance, soil ball packaging, nursery stock growing, etc., for they do not conform to the requirements of the quality of nursery stock, it should be replaced in a timely manner. (1)乔木的质量标准。(1) tree quality standards. 树干挺直,不应有明显弯曲,无蛀干害虫和未愈合的机械损伤。枝条分布均匀、无病虫害,常绿树叶叶色正常,根系发育良好,高度、胸径、土球符合设计规格及质量要求。Trunk straight, there should be no obvious bending, no decay stem pests and mechanical damage that havent healed. Branches distributed evenly, no plant diseases and insect pests, evergreen leaves, leaf color is normal, good root system development, height, diameter at breast height, soil ball conform to design specifications and quality requirements. (2)灌木的质量标准。(2) shrubs quality standards. 根系发达,生长茁壮,无病虫害,灌丛匀称,枝条分布合理,高度、冠幅、土球符合设计规格及质量要求。Root system developed, grow healthy and strong, no plant diseases and insect pests, thickets well-balanced, rational distribution of branches, height, crown amplitude, soil ball conform to design specifications and quality requirements. 4.2挖种植穴、种植槽4.2 dig the hole, planting groove 种植穴的规格应视土质情况和苗木土球大小而定,青临高速公路沿线的土质多以贫瘠的砂性土为主,需进行客土更换,所以种植穴的规格比常规要求要大。施工中挖树穴的直径和深度较根系和土球直径加大2030cm。挖种植穴、槽上下口径大小要一致,挖出的表土和底土、好土、坏土分开置放。Of the specifications of the hole should be depending on soil conditions and nursery soil ball size, QingLin along the highway soil with barren sand soil is given priority to, more need for replace with out-soil replacement, so the hole is bigger than conventional requirement of specifications. Construction of digging net-poles ball diameter and depth of the root systems and soil increased 20-30 cm in diameter. Dig a hole, groove diameter size is consistent from top to bottom, excavated topsoil and subsoil, good soil and bad soil placed separately. 4.3客土及施放基肥4.3 replace cast and basal 树木的生长、发育都离不开土壤,土壤好坏直接影响树木的成活。青临高速公路沿线的砂性土土壤贫瘠、保水保肥能力差,不利于植物的生长,因此换填客土及施放基肥是保证成活率的关键。我们采取就近取好土的方法来满足种植穴内客土的要求。对于就近没有好土的路段则采取借运耕植土来满足。该项工作操作烦琐,容易被施工单位忽视,在青临高速公路施工过程中,这项工作是重要的控制环节。由于公路沿线土壤中的有机质及矿化养分极端缺乏,施放基肥是保证以后植物生长的基础,基肥选用堆沤蘑菇肥。施肥方法是将蘑菇肥与更换的种植土拌匀,平铺坑底,上面覆1.cm种植土。Tree growth and development is inseparable from the soil, the soil quality directly affect the survival of the trees. QingLin highway along the sandy soil is poor soil, fertilizer retention ability is poor, is not conducive to the growth of plants, so in filling soil dressing and basal casting is the key to ensure the survival rate. We take take good ground to the nearest approach to meet the requirements of hole inside replace. For no good soil nearby the borrow ship the planting soil sections were taken to meet. The work tedious operation, easily ignored by construction unit, in QingLin highway construction process, the work is an important control links. Because the organic matter mineralization and nutrient in soil along highway, extreme lack of casting after basal is to ensure that the basis of plant growth, basal choose heap retting mushroom fat. Fertilization method is mix will mushroom fat and replacement of planting soil, flat bottom, above by 1 cm planting soil. 4.4现场卸苗的控制4.4 the discharge control seedlings 卸苗工作是保护好苗木的重要环节,因此现场卸苗工作应由专人专管。卸苗时应按照顺序有条不紊地进行,整个环节都应轻拿、轻放,必须保证根系和土球的完好,严禁摔坨。专管人员在这个环节应做到眼勤,发现摔坨等现象应及时制止。Discharge is an important link in protect the seedlings seedlings in work, so the unloading work seedlings should be charge by designated persons. Unloading seedlings should be carried out in accordance with the order methodically, when the whole link to should take put down, light, must ensure that the root and soil ball in good condition, it is strictly prohibited and tuo. Charge of personnel in the link should be eye frequently, find it broke tuo wait for a phenomenon should be stopped in time. 4.5苗木种植时的修剪4.5 clip of seedling planting 修剪是苗木种植的一个重要环节。苗木种植时,为平衡树势,提高植树成活率,需进行适度的修剪。修剪时应在保证树木成活的前提下,满足不同品种树木自然生长规律和树形,修剪的剪口必须平滑,不得劈裂,并注意留芽的方位。对于不同品种、不同规格的树种,修剪的程度及时间都不同。乔木树冠的修剪应在卸苗后、种植前进行,一般剪去折、裂的断枝。灌木球、花灌木的修剪,除根部修剪在种植前进行,树冠部分应在种植、浇二遍水及扶直之后进行。An important link in the process of pruning is tree planting. Tree planting, for balanced tree, improve the survival rate of planting trees, require moderate pruning. Pruning should be under the premise that ensure the survival of the trees, meet different varieties of trees natural growth regularity and tree, pruning shears mouth must be smooth, and may not be split, and pay attention to the orientation of the bud. For different varieties, different specifications of the tree, pruning degree and the time is different. Tree canopy of the trim should be performed before the discharge after seedling, planting, general shear fold, crack snags. Pruning of shrubs, bushes, in addition to the roots before planting, pruning crown part should be planted and watered twice and straighten up. 4.6种植4.6 planting (1)种植时间的选择及控制。(1) selection of planting time and control. 由于绿化种植季节受高速公路建设工期的影响难以作很好的选择,但在一天之中的种植时间应较好地控制。一般选择在蒸发量少和有利于根系及时恢复的早上、晚上进行,尽量避免在炎热的中午植树。苗木应做到随挖、随运、随种、随浇水,各工序必须紧凑,尽量减少暴露时间,从而有效提高移栽成活率。Due to the green planting season under the influence of highway construction period is difficult to make good choice, but in one day planting time should be well controlled. General selection in the evaporation capacity and less conducive to root system to recover in time for morning and evening, avoid to plant trees in hot at noon. Nursery stock should be cut, along with the shipment, with the kind of, along with the water, each working procedure must be compact, try to reduce the exposure time, so as to improve the survival rate of transplanting. (2)种植技术要点控制。(2) cultivation technical key points of control. 1、种植苗木深浅应适合。一般乔灌木应与原土痕持平如白蜡、柳树等,个别生长快易成活的树种可较原土痕栽深510cm,如杨树等。1, planting seedlings depth should be suitable. General mark should