中英文文献翻译-PIC系列单片机的特点

PIC series monolithic integrated circuit characteristicPIC 系列单片机的特点Along with the large scale integrated circuit (LSI) the manufacture technology rapid development, the computer is facing two obvious directions (namely two big branches) to develop: One is the microcomputer system performance enhances unceasingly, by satisfies the high velocity large capacity data processing; Two is the monolithic microcomputer function consummates day by day, by satisfies many domains each kind of intriguing scene control.随着大规模集成电路（LSI）制造技术的飞速发展，电脑正朝着两个明显的方向（即两大分支）发展：一是微型计算机系统的性能不断提高，以满足高速度大容量的 数据处理 ；二是单片微机的功能日益完善，以满足诸多领域各种错综复杂的 现场控制 。The Texas instrument company invented after 1975 in the world the first 4 monolithic integrated circuit TMS - 1,000 births, some large-scale micro electron companies competed to develop have developed each kind of monolithic integrated circuit series product. Divides from the word length aspect, the monolithic integrated circuit has 4, 8, 16, 32 four big kinds, first three kinds occupied the monolithic integrated circuit market main share, in the middle of these three kind of monolithic integrated circuits, 8 machine continuously primarily flows the product.在 1975 年德克萨斯仪器公司发明的世界上第一个 4 位单片机 TMS1000诞生后，一些大型微电子公司竞相研制开发了各种单片机系列产品。从字长方面划分，单片机有 4 位、8 位、16 位、32 位四大类，其中前三类占据了单片机市场的主要份额，在这三类单片机当中，8 位机又一直为主流产品。Has the representative 4 monolithic integrated circuits to have the American Texas instrument company TMS - 1,000, Nippon Electric Company (NEC) mu PD75 long neck hair series, American country semiconductor company (NS) COP400 series, American company (ROCKWELL) PPS/1 series, Japanese Panasonic companys MN1400 series, Japanese Fujitsu Corporations MB88 series as well as Japanese Sharp Corporations SM long neck hair series and so on.较具有代表性的 4 位单片机有美国德克萨斯仪器公司的 TMS1000，日本电气公司（NEC）的 PD75系列，美国国家半导体公司（ NS）的 COP400系列，美国洛克威尔公司（ROCKWELL）的 PPS/1 系列，日本松下公司的MN1400 系列，日本富士通公司的 MB88 系列以及日本夏普公司的 SM系列等等。Has the representative 8 monolithic integrated circuits to have the American micro chip company the PIC16C long neck hair series, the PIC17C long neck hair series, the PIC1400 series, American Intel Corporations MCS - 48 and the MCS - 51 series, the American Motorola Corporations MC68HC05 series and the MC68HC11 series, the American uneven speech companys Z8 series, the Nippon Electric Company mu the PD78 long neck hair series, American Moses the Turk company and young attendants to the immortals company cooperative production F8 (3,870) the series and so on. Has the representative 16 monolithic integrated circuits has American Moses Turk company MC68200, the American Intel Corporations MCS - 96 series, the Nippon Electric Company mu the PC14040 series, the American country semiconductor company (NS) 783 long neck hair series and so on.较具有代表性的 8 位单片机有美国微芯片公司的 PIC16C系列、PIC17C系列、PIC1400 系列，美国英特尔公司的 MCS48 和 MCS51 系列，美国摩托罗拉公司的 MC68HC05 系列和 MC68HC11 系列，美国齐洛格公司的Z8 系列，日本电气公司的 PD78系列，美国莫斯特克公司和仙童公司合作生产的 F8(3870)系列等。 较具有代表性的 16 位单片机有美国莫斯特克公司的MC68200，美国英特尔公司的 MCS96 系列，日本电气公司的 PC14040 系列，美国国家半导体公司（NS）的 783系列等。At present, the monolithic integrated circuit is facing internal memory RAM and the ROM capacity is big, I/The O port function many, the supply voltage scope width, the power dissipation are low, the operating speed quick direction develops.In the above each kind of monolithic integrated circuit, why does this course select the micro chip company PIC in the series PIC16F873 monolithic integrated circuit to take the model introduction?目前，单片机正朝着片内存储器 RAM 和 ROM 容量大、I/O 端口功能多、电源电压范围宽、功率消耗低、操作速度快的方向发展。在上述各种单片机中，本讲座为什么选用微芯片公司的 PIC 系列中的PIC16F873 单片机作为样板介绍呢 ?The PIC series monolithic integrated circuit hardware system design is succinct, command system design fining. In the middle of all monolithic integrated circuits variety, it is easiest to study, one of easiest application monolithic integrated circuit varieties. Said regarding the monolithic integrated circuit beginner, if chooses the PIC monolithic integrated circuit achievement to capture the monolithic integrated circuit kingdom the breach , will be a most relaxed shortcut, decides can obtain the twice the result with half the effort effect. At present had several famous semiconductors companies to imitate the PIC series monolithic integrated circuit, develops and it pin compatible series monolithic integrated circuit, for instance American SCENIX Corporations SX series, Taiwan EMC Corporations EM78P series, Taiwan MDT Corporations MDT series and so on. Below the PIC series monolithic integrated circuit has the characteristic: (1) uses the Harvard structure. In the home most common monolithic integrated circuit, the PIC series monolithic integrated circuit is the only 11 kinds uses the Harvard structure in the chip interior the type. Here said the Harvard structure is, in chip interior data bus and command line separation, and uses the different width. Does this the advantage is, is advantageous for the realization streamlined production , also is while carries out instruction to carry on to the next instruction takes refers to the operation, but in the common monolithic integrated circuit, the command line and the data bus is uses in common. PIC 系列单片机的硬件系统设计简洁，指令系统设计精炼。在所有的单片机品种当中，它是最容易学习、最容易应用的单片机品种之一。对于单片机的初学者来说，若选择 PIC 单片机作为攻入单片机王国的 突破口，将是一条最轻松的捷径，定会取得事半功倍的功效。目前已有好几家著名半导体公司仿照PIC 系列单片机，开发出与之引脚兼容的系列单片机，比如美国 SCENIX 公司的 SX 系列、台湾 EMC 公司的 EM78P 系列、台湾 MDT 公司的 MDT 系列等。 PIC 系列单片机具有以下特点：（1）采用哈佛结构。在国内最常见的单片机中，PIC 系列单片机是唯一一种在芯片内部采用哈佛结构的机型。这里所说的 哈佛结构 就是，在芯片内部将数据总线和指令总线分离，并且采用不同的宽度。这样做的好处是，便于实现 流水作业 ，也就是在执行一条指令的同时对下一条指令进行取指操作，而在一般的单片机中，指令总线和数据总线是共用的。(2) And has used the different width, therefore program memory ROM and the data-carrier storage RAM addressing space is mutually independent, moreover two kind of memories widths are also different. Like this designs not only may guarantee the data the security, but also can enhance the running rate and realize the complete instruction the single byte. Byte said which in this, refers in particular to the PIC monolithic integrated circuit the instruction byte, but is not 8 bits bytes which often said. For example, PIC12C50 / The PIC16C5 series monolithic integrated circuit instruction byte is 12 bits; PIC16C6 / PIC16C7 / The PIC16C8 series instruction byte is 14 bits; The PIC17C long neck hair series instruction byte is 16 bits. Their data-carrier storage all is 8 widths. But MCS - 51 series monolithic integrated circuits ROM and the RAM width all is 8, the command length from 1 byte (8) to 3 bytes lengths not one. PIC 系列单片机的硬件系统设计简洁，指令系统设计精炼。在所有的单片机品种当中，它是最容易学习、最容易应用的单片机品种之一。对于单片机的初学者来说，若选择 PIC 单片机作为攻入单片机王国的 突破口，将是一条最轻松的捷径，定会取得事半功倍的功效。目前已有好几家著名半导体公司仿照 PIC 系列单片机，开发出与之引脚兼容的系列单片机，比如美国 SCENIX 公司的 SX 系列、台湾 EMC 公司的 EM78P 系列、台湾 MDT 公司的 MDT 系列等。 PIC 系列单片机具有以下特点：（1）采用哈佛结构。在国内最常见的单片机中，PIC 系列单片机是唯一一种在芯片内部采用哈佛结构的机型。这里所说的哈佛结构就是，在芯片内部将数据总线和指令总线分离，并且采用不同的宽度。这样做的好处是，便于实现流水作业 ，也就是在执行一条指令的同时对下一条指令进行取指操作，而在一般的单片机中，指令总线和数据总线是共用的。(3) Simplifies the set of instructions (RISC) the technology. PIC series monolithic integrated circuit command system only then 35 instructions. This for the instruction study, the memory, the understanding brings the very big advantage, also gives the procedure the compilation, reading, the debugging, the revision, the exchange brings the enormous convenience, really it may be said is easy to study easily to use. But the MCS - 51 monolithic integrated circuits command systems altogether have 111 instructions, the MC68HC05 monolithic integrated circuit command system altogether have 89 instructions. PIC series monolithic integrated circuit not only completes instruction for single byte instruction, moreover the overwhelming majority instruction for the single cyclical instruction, by favors the enhancement to carry out the speed.（3）精简指令集（RISC）技术。PIC 系列单片机的指令系统只有 35 条指令。这给指令的学习、记忆、理解带来很大的好处，也给程序的编写、阅读、调试、修改、交流带来极大的便利，真可谓易学好用 。而 MCS51 单片机的指令系统共有 111 条指令，MC68HC05 单片机的指令系统共有 89 条指令。PIC系列单片机不仅全部指令均为单字节指令，而且绝大多数指令为单周期指令，以利于提高执行速度。(4) The addressing way is simple. The addressing way is seeks the operand the method. The PIC series monolithic integrated circuit only then 4 addressing ways (namely register indirect addressing, immediately number addressing, direct addressing and position addressing, later will make detailed explanation), will be easy to grasp, but MCS - 51 monolithic integrated circuits then will have 7 addressing ways, the 68HC05 monolithic integrated circuit will have 6 kinds. （4）寻址方式简单。寻址方式就是寻找操作数的方法。PIC 系列单片机只有 4 种寻址方式（即寄存器间接寻址、立即数寻址、直接寻址和位寻址，以后将作详细解释） ，容易掌握，而 MCS51 单片机则有 7 种寻址方式，68HC05单片机有 6 种。(5)The code compression ratio is high. The 1K byte memory space, regarding likes the MCS - 51 such monolithic integrated circuits, only can deposit 600 instructions approximately, but regarding PIC series monolithic integrated circuit then can deposit reaches 1,024 instructions strip number. May see from chart 1, compares with several kinds of typical monolithic integrated circuits, PIC16C5 is one kind most saves the program memory space the monolithic integrated circuit. In other words, completes the space which the same function section of procedures takes, MC68HC05 is PIC16C5 2.24 times.（5）代码压缩率高。 1K 字节的存储器空间，对于像 MCS51 这样的单片机，大约只能存放 600 条指令，而对于 PIC 系列单片机则能够存放多达 1024条指令条数。从图 1 中可以看出，与几种典型的单片机相比，PIC16C5是一种最节省程序存储器空间的单片机。也就是说，完成相同功能的一段程序所占用的空间，MC68HC05 是 PIC16C5的 2.24 倍。(6) The running rate is high. Because has used the Harvard main line structure, also because instruction reading has selected the streamlined production method with the execution, the PIC series monolithic integrated circuit running rate enhances greatly. May see from chart 2, the PIC series monolithic integrated circuit running rate is higher than other same scales by far the monolithic integrated circuit. In all 8 machine center, PIC17C is in the present world one of speed quickest varieties.（6）运行速度高。由于采用了哈佛总线结构，又由于指令的读取和执行采用了流水作业方式，PIC 系列单片机的运行速度大大提高。从图 2 中可以看出，PIC 系列单片机的运行速度远远高于其它相同档次的单片机。在所有 8 位机中，PIC17C是目前世界上速度最快的品种之一。(7) The power loss is low. The PIC series monolithic integrated circuit power dissipation is extremely low, some models monolithic integrated circuit works when the 4MHz clock consumes the electricity not to surpass 2mA, lowers under the sleep pattern to 1 mu A below.(8) Driving force. I/The O port actuates the load the ability to be strong, each I/The O pin inspiration and the output current maximum value may respectively achieve 25mA and 20mA, can the direct drive light emitter diode, the photoelectric coupler or the miniature relay and so on.（7）功耗低。PIC 系列单片机的功率消耗极低，有些型号的单片机在4MHz 时钟下工作时耗电不超过 2mA，在睡眠模式下低到 1A 以下。（8）驱动能力强。I/O 端口驱动负载的能力较强，每个 I/O 引脚吸入和输出电流的最大值可分别达到 25mA 和 20mA，能够直接驱动发光二极管、光电耦合器或者微型继电器等。(9) Has I2C and the SPI serial main line port: PIC series monolithic integrated circuit some models has I2C and the SPI serial main line port. I2C and SPI respectively are invents by PHILIPS and MOTOROLA Corporation realizes the synchronization serial data transmission SDT two kind of serial main lines technology between the chip. May facilitate using the monolithic integrated circuit serial main line port nimbly expands some essential periphery components. Serial interface and serial main line establishment, not only simplified the monolithic integrated circuit application system structure greatly, moreover extremely is also easy to form the product electric circuit the modular structure. At present, company and so on Panasonic, Hitachi, Sony, Sharp, rainbow all in product and so on its large screen in color television has introduced the I2C technology.（9）具备 I2C 和 SPI 串行总线端口：PIC 系列单片机的一些型号具备 I2C 和 SPI 串行总线端口。I2C 和 SPI 分别是由 PHILIPS 和 MOTOROLA 公司发明的在芯片之间实现同步串行数据传输的两种串行总线技术。利用单片机串行总线端口可以方便灵活地扩展一些必要的外围器件。串行接口和串行总线的设置，不仅大大地简化了单片机应用系统的结构，而且还极易形成产品电路的模块化结构。目前，松下、日立、索尼、夏普、长虹等公司都在其大屏幕彩电等产品中引入了 I2C 技术。(10) The addressing space design is succinct. The PIC series monolithic integrated circuit procedure, the storehouse, the data three use mutually the independent addressing respectively (or address code) the space, moreover the first two addresses arrangement does not need the user to worry, this can receive beginners welcome. But MC68HC05 and MC68HC11 monolithic integrated circuit addressing space when, programming needs the user to the procedure area, the storehouse area, the data area and I/The O port takes the address space makes the careful arrangement, like this can give in masters design to bring the flexibility, but also can bring some troubles to the beginner.（10）寻址空间设计简洁。PIC 系列单片机的程序、堆栈、数据三者各自采用互相独立的寻址（或地址编码）空间，而且前两者的地址安排不需要用户操心，这会受到初学者的欢迎。而 MC68HC05 和 MC68HC11 单片机的寻址空间只有一个，编程时需要用户对程序区、堆栈区、数据区和 I/O 端口所占用的地址空间作精心安排，这样会给高手的设计上带来灵活性，但是也会给初学者带来一些麻烦。(11) The periphery electric circuit is succinct. The PIC series monolithic integrated circuit internal integrated on the electricity replacement electric circuit, I/On the O pin pulls the electric circuit, the watch-dog timer and so on, may the greatest degree reduction or exempts with the periphery component, in order to realizes the pure monolithic application. Thus, not only is advantageous for the development, moreover also may save the user the electric circuit board space and the production cost.（11）外围电路简洁。PIC 系列单片机片内集成了上电复位电路、I/O 引脚上拉电路、看门狗定时器等，可以最大程度地减少或免用外围器件，以便实现 纯单片 应用。这样，不仅便于开发，而且还可节省用户的电路板空间和制造成本。(12) Develops conveniently. Usually, under the extra-curricular condition the study and the application monolithic integrated circuit, the biggest barrier is the experiment develops the equipment to be expensive, causes many beginners to shrink back at the sight. The micro chip company and its domestic many business agents have provided the richly colorful hardware and the software support for users application development. Has each kind of scale fever recording (or called programming) and the hardware simulator sells, its selling price is probably different from 500 Yuan to 2,000 Yuan. In addition, the micro chip company has also developed the many kinds of editions software simulator and the software comprehensive development environment (MPLAB - IDE), for the amateur study and the practice, the application and the development actual drill has provided enormous convenient. Regarding PIC series in no matter what a section monolithic integrated circuit development, all may draw support a set of free software comprehensive development environment realization programming and the simulation. Again uses any kind of inexpensive fever recording to complete the procedure fever to write, then forms a set of economical practical developments system. It suits these not to want specially the excessively many investments purchase expensive development kit beginner and the amateur. With the aid of in this set of inexpensive system, the user may complete some small electronic products the development. Thus it can be seen, said to primary level studying independently that, the PIC monolithic integrated circuit is one kind most suit, the easiest close monolithic integrated circuit.（12）开发方便。通常，业余条件下学习和应用单片机，最大的障碍是实验开发设备昂贵，使许多初学者望而却步。微芯片公司及其国内多家代理商，为用户的应用开发提供了丰富多彩的硬件和软件支持。有各种档次的烧录器（或称编程器）和硬件仿真器出售，其售价大约从 500 元到 2000 元不等。此外，微芯片公司还研制了多种版本的软件仿真器和软件综合开发环境（MPLABIDE） ，为爱好者学习与实践、应用与开发的实际操练提供了极大的方便。对于 PIC 系列中任一款单片机的开发，都可以借助于一套免费的软件综合开发环境实现程序编写和模拟仿真，再用任何一种廉价的烧录器完成程序烧写，便形成一套经济实用的开发系统。它特别适合那些不想过多投资购置昂贵开发工具的初学者和业余爱好者。借助于这套廉价的开发系统，用户可以完成一些小型电子产品的研制开发。由此可见，对初级水平的自学者来说，PIC单片机是一种最为适合、最容易接近的单片机。(13) C language programming. Regarding has grasped the C language user, the micro chip company has also provided the C language compiler for it , such user if uses the C language this kind of higher order language to carry on the programming, but also may enhance the working efficiency greatly.(14) The variety is rich. The PIC series monolithic integrated circuit has formed three levels, more than 50 models at present. The internal function from to is simply complex, the seal form from 8 feet to 68 feet, may meet each kind of different application need. The user always can find section in among to suit oneself develops the goal the monolithic integrated circuit. In the seal form diversification aspect, does not like MCS - 51 series monolithic integrated circuits such, uses 40 feet seals mostly, the application flexibility receives the enormous limit. In addition, the micro chip company develops the monolithic integrated circuit first which in the world the first smallest 8 foot seals.（13）C 语言编程。对于掌握了 C 语言的用户，微芯片公司还为其提供了C 语言编译程序，这样的用户如果使用 C 语言这种高级语言进行程序设计的话，还可以大大提高工作效率。（14）品种丰富。PIC 系列单片机目前已形成三个层次、50 多个型号。片内功能从简单到复杂，封装形式从 8 脚到 68 脚，可以满足各种不同的应用需求。用户总能在其中找到一款适合自己开发目标的单片机。在封装形式多样化方面，不像 MCS51 系列单片机那样，大都采用 40 脚封装，应用灵活性受到极大的限制。此外，微芯片公司最先开发出世界上第一个最小的 8 脚封装的单片机。(15) The specification is complete. The micro chip company may provide the many kinds of seals craft to its monolithic integrated circuit some kind of model the product: The belt window EPROM chip, suits the phase of exploitation which the procedure revises repeatedly; A programming (OTP) the EPROM chip, suits the need which and fast goes on the market in the trial production; ROM covers the model chip, suits the big enterprise mass stereotype product the production; The individual model has EEPROM or the Flash program memory, suits the beginner on-line to scratch repeatedly specially writes, the practice programming.（15）规格齐全。微芯片公司对其单片机的某一种型号又可提供多种封装工艺的产品：带窗口的 EPROM 型芯片，适合程序反复修改的开发阶段；一次编程（OTP）的 EPROM 芯片，适合于小批量试生产和快速上市的需要；ROM掩模型芯片，适合大企业大批量定型产品的规模化生产；个别型号具有EEPROM 或 Flash 程序存储器，特别适合初学者 在线反复擦写、练习编程。(16) Procedure secret. At present still did not have the means to carry on the decipher copy directly to the PIC series monolithic integrated circuit procedure, might maximum limit protect the user the procedure copyright.In the PIC series monolithic integrated circuit, PIC16F873 is the micro chip company a section characteristic bright new product which promoted in 1998 years end, it besides had the above characteristic, but also some m