大学英语四级翻译解题技巧.doc

大学英语四级翻译解题技巧大学英语四级翻译题型分析及解题技巧大学英语四级考试中翻译题主要考查语法、核心动词、动词短语和固定搭配。语言的学习是不断积累、循序渐进而不能一蹴而就。想要拿到高分，就要做到知己知彼。本章详细介绍了四级翻译题型分析及解题技巧，希望各位读者认真揣摩，巩固练习，做到考试时胸有成竹。一、题型揭秘在大学英语四级考试中，翻译题所占分值为5%。由5个句子组成，每句话都由一部分汉语和一部分英语构成，要求考生将其中的汉语部分翻译成英语，与所给英语部分构成一个完整的句子。它主要考查下列三方面的内容：（1）语法考点。侧重点是虚拟语气、倒装结构、从句、非谓语动词（动名词、过去分词、独立主格）等。（2）核心动词和动词短语的考查。（3）固定搭配。主要是名词与动词搭配、形容词与名词搭配、动词与副词修饰关系、名词与介词搭配、固定词组及固定表达等。汉译英部分有其详细的评分原则，了解这些评分原则对我们解答试题，取得高分有很大的帮助。 注:评分标准（1）整体内容和语言均正确，得1分。（2）结构正确，但整体意思不确切、信息不全或用词不当，得0.5分。（3）整体意思正确但语言有错误，得0.5分。（4）整体意思完全错误，即使结构正确也不得分。（5）大小写错误及标点符号忽略不计。例如：Since my childhood I have found that _ (没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力).（2006.12）1分 nothing attracts me so much as reading nothing but/other than/except reading can attract me so much nothing can/could be so fascinating/inviting as reading nothing is more appealing to me than reading books 0.5分 there is nothing but reading that can catch my attention (意思不确切)nothing was more attractive to me than reading (语言错误)there is no more attractive thing than reading (意思不确切)nothing is more interesting than reading (books) for/to me (意思不确切) 0分there is nothing than reading that is attracted me a lot (意思不确切、语言错误) nothing is more interesting than reading book for me (意思不确切、语言错误) nothing is more attracted to me than study/studying/studies (意思不确切、语言错误) nothing can contract me more than reading books (整体意思错误) 二、解题步骤1. 通读全句，确定语法成分 汉译英部分的考查形式决定了在做题时首先要通读全句，因为汉语和英语部分共同构成了一个完整的达意单位，不能将其割裂开来。同时， 由于两种语言之间的语法结构相去甚远，考生不应该将汉语部分直接翻译成英语，而是要首先阅读整个句子，确定要求翻译的部分在整个英语句子中的语法成分。 例如：_（她目不转睛地看着窗外），she told us that our friend Tom had died in the air crash.【解 析】虽然汉语部分是一个完整的主谓句，但我们不能想当然地将其翻译成一个英文的简单句。仔细研究逗号以后的英文部分我们就会发现，这一部分才是句子的主干。由于英文中的逗号没有连接两个分句的功能，而本句逗号后面没有连接词，因此划线部分不是一个句子，而是一个状语成分。由此可知，我们必须使用非谓语结构或独立主格结构。可接受的答案包括：Keeping her eyes fixed out of the window；Staring out of the window；With her eyes fixed out of the window；Her eyes fixed out of the window等。2. 审查时态，决定表达方式 确定语法成分以后，我们要有意识地审查时态，要特别注意句中的时间状语，并对照所给英语部分的时态。此外，还应该根据汉语意思推断出题人想考查的语法或词汇项目，避免将汉语词汇逐个机械地翻译成英语的情况。 例如：Since were here _(我们不如四处看看）.【解 析】首先通读全句，我们发现Since were here是一个条件状语从句，意思是“既然我们在这里”，因此划线部分应该是主句，有完整的主谓结构。随后我们开始分析汉语表达，“不如做”的英文表 达法是may/ might as well do sth.，与“四处看看”对应的英文短语是look around,而且全句使用的是一般现在时态。因此正确答案是we may as well look around。3. 付诸笔墨，保证拼写无误 经过仔细的斟酌以后，真正的翻译工作就变得简单得多，但对很多考生来说单词的拼写是一大难题，因此我们应该在确保关键结构无误的前提下尽量选用自己有把握的单词和短语。 例如：By contrast，American parents were more likely _(把孩子的成功归因于）natural talent.【解 析】通过分析可知，本题考查be likely to do sth.“很可能做”和attribute sth.to sb.another thing“将归因于”的用法，对这两点很熟悉的考生可以不费吹灰之力就做出完美的答案，但正确地写出attribute和success并不是 件容易的事。正确答案为to attribute their childrens success to。4. 重新审视，确认句法合理 在检查的时候，我们应该确认自己翻译的部分与题目给出的英文部分共同构成了一个语法正确、达意清晰的句子。在这一阶段，我们还应该重点检查句首字母的大写、冠词和代词的使用以及主谓一致的问题。 总之，做汉译英题目的时候，切忌盲目下笔，我们应该在平日的练习中严格遵循以上四个步骤， 有意识地培养良好的翻译习惯。 三、考点详解虚拟语气 虚拟语气是翻译部分的考查重点，因为虚拟语气的形式多样，因此也成为备考翻译题时的难点。虚拟语气的用法主要有以下几点：1）虚拟条件句中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类：条件从句主句与现在事实相反的假定一般过去时would/could /should/might + 动词原形与过去事实相反的假定过去完成时would/could/should/might + 动词的现在完成时推测未来不可能实现或实现可能性很小的假定should + 动词原形were to + 动词原形 would/could /should/might + 动词原形2）一些能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词的用法，如：lest，in case等。in case，lest后面的句子使用虚拟语气，意思为“以防，以免”，虚拟语气的形式为should+动词原形，should不可以省略，但可以不用虚拟语气而改用陈述语气。3）一部分表示建议、主张、命令、紧要等概念的词语，由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望，其后的主语从句、宾语或同位语从句往往采用“（should)动词原形”的虚拟形式，如：suggest, propose, command, order, request, require等。4）一些形容词后面的主语从句中往往采用“（should）动词原形”，这些形容词包括important，essential，necessary，urgent，vital等。88.If she had returned an hour earlier, Mary _ (就不会被大雨淋了).（2009.6）【答 案】would not have been caught in the heavy rain。本句考查的是一个与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。从句使用的是过去完成时had returned，因此主句也必须是情态助动词加上完成时。另外“被雨淋到”要使用be caught in the rain这一说法。 89.Youd better take a sweater with you（以防天气变冷）.（2008.12）【答案】in case /lest it should turn cold。本题考查的是in case和lest后面的句子要使用虚拟语气，其形式是should加动词原形。四、翻译重点句型1）It is+形容词+that【例句】It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.【翻译】可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演着重要的角色。2）It is+形容词+to do/ doing【例句】She had said what it was necessary to say.【翻译】她已经说了一切有必要说的话。3）祈使句/名词+and/ or【例句】Work hard, and you will finally be able to reach your destination.【翻译】努力工作，你就能实现自己的目标。4）as+ many/much+名词+as【例句】It is said that visitors spend only half as much money in a day in Leeds as in London.【翻译】据说，游客每天在利兹的花销仅为在伦敦的一半。5）倍数词+as+形容词+as【例句】The reservoir is three times as big as it was ten years ago.【翻译】这个水库的面积是十年前三倍。 考生应该注意以下几种虚拟语气的形式：SvY大学英语四级考试网第一种：由 “ if ”引导的虚拟句子SvY大学英语四级考试网(1). 与现在的事实相反：If - + were/did-, - + would do-SvY大学英语四级考试网If I were you, I would marry him. SvY大学英语四级考试网如果我是你,就会嫁给他。SvY大学英语四级考试网(2). 与过去的事实相反：If - + had done-, - +would have done-SvY大学英语四级考试网If you had worked hard , you would have passed the exam.SvY大学英语四级考试网如果你用功学习,就会通过考试了。SvY大学英语四级考试网(3). 与将来的事实可能相反：If -+ should do-, -+ would do-SvY大学英语四级考试网If it should rain tomorrow, what would you do?SvY大学英语四级考试网 如果明天下雨,你怎么办? SvY大学英语四级考试网第二种：用在表示要求、建议、命令等的名词从句中SvY大学英语四级考试网从句谓语形式为：“-(should ) + do sth” (在美语中should常省去) 。SvY大学英语四级考试网类似用法的动词有：SvY大学英语四级考试网insist (坚持) , suggest (建议) , order(命令) , propose (建议) , demand (要求) , command (命令) , advise (建议) , desire (要求、请求) , request (请求) , require (需要、要求) , ask (要求) , prefer (宁愿), recommend(推荐) , arrange ( 安排) , advocate ( 拥护、提倡) ,maintain(坚决主张)等后面的宾语从句中。SvY大学英语四级考试网第三种：在 “It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that .” 句型中，that从句中的谓语动词用should + 动词原形 其他类似的词还有“It + be + important (necessary , natural , essential , strange , absurd , amazing , annoying , desirable, surprising , vital , advisable , anxious , compulsory , crucial , imperative , eager , fitting , possible , impossible , improper , obligatory , probable , preferable , strange , urgent 等, 以及insisted , suggested , ordered , requested , arranged , recommended 等) + that -” SvY大学英语四级考试网第四种：用在It is time that - 结构中, 从句的动词必须用过去时以表示实际上还未做到，意思则指现在或将来，that一词可以省略，意思是“早该”或“该”。SvY大学英语四级考试网It is time (that) we went to bed .SvY大学英语四级考试网咱们该睡觉了。SvY大学英语四级考试网注意: 1. time 前可加about (表示“大约”) 或high(表示“强调”) 等。2. it is time to do sth.表示“应该做某事了”、“是做某事的时候了”，例如：Its time for you to get a bath.大学英语四级真题翻译常见考察点：1. 考查主语从句的用法：90. What many people havent realized is that Simon is a lover of sports, and football in particular.88. What most parents are concerned about is providing the best education possible for their children.2. 考查 Be likely to 的用法：89. It is said that those who are stressed or working overtime are more likely to put on/gain weight.88. In my sixties, one change I notice is that I am more likely to get tired than before/ I get tired more easily than before3. 考查no matter what /whatever it is的用法：89 Leaving ones job, no matter what job it is/whatever job it is , is a difficult change , even for those who look forward to retiring .89. I am going to pursue this course, no matter what/whatever sacrifices I have to make .4. 考查定语从句的用法：87. Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems to which they havent found answers so far/that they havent found answers to so far.88. The prevention and treatment of AIDS is the field where/in which we can cooperate.5. 考查decide to 的用法：90. Through the project, many people have received training and decided to start their own business.89. Because of the leg injury, the athlete decided/determined/made a decision to quit/give up/drop out of the match.6. 考查虚拟语气的用法：88. If she had returned an hour earlier, Mary wouldnt have been caught in the heavy rain.89. The victim would have had a chance to survive if he had been taken to hospital in time.7. 考查must ，might 等的推测用法：88. I cant boot my computer now. Something must be wrong with its operation system.90. Some psychologists claim that people might feel lonely when they are far from home.8. 考查 in 的用法：87. Soon after he transferred to the new school, Ali found that he had what many people havent realized in math and English.87. Having spend some time in the city , he and no trouble (in) finding the way to the history museum.四、翻译重点句型1）It is+形容词+that【例句】It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.【翻译】可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演着重要的角色。2）It is+形容词+to do/ doing【例句】She had said what it was necessary to say.【翻译】她已经说了一切有必要说的话。3）祈使句/名词+and/ or【例句】Work hard, and you will finally be able to reach your destination.【翻译】努力工作，你就能实现自己的目标。4）as+many/much+名词+as【例句】It is said that visitors spend only half as much money in a day in Leeds as in London.【翻译】据说，游客每天在利兹的花销仅为在伦敦的一半。5）倍数词+as+形容词+as【例句】The reservoir is three times as big as it was ten years ago.【翻译】这个水库的面积是十年前三倍。 三解题步骤： 根据对四级翻译题型的分析，我们提出了四级翻译解题的三步法，同学们可以参照这一步骤来进行解题。第一步：首先快速浏览句子，先看英语不看汉语，从而判断划线处所填句子的形式、时态。所谓形式包括以下三种：1.词组固定搭配(不定式短语、分词短语、动名词、句子等)2.虚拟3.被动所谓时态是指：根据前后已经给出的英语句子判断所填英语句子的时态，如一般现在时，过去时，现在完成时等。第二步：看括号里面的汉语句子，以核心谓语动词为切入点，找准主谓宾、分清定状补。第三步：先翻译主谓宾、后翻译定状补，分割对应翻译，重新组合。动词注意时态，名词注意单复数。 四真题示例：根据以上给出的解题步骤，我们以历年四级翻译真题为例来讲解翻译这一题型的解题方法。1. Specialists in intercultural studies say that it is not easy to_(适应不同文化中的生活).解题步骤: 第一步：由it is not easy to可以推出，划线处应该接动词原形。 第二步：划分成分“适应不同文化的生活”，核心谓语动词是“适应”，“不同文化的”作定语，“生活”作宾语。第三步：(1)分割对应：“适应”=adapt; adapt to; adapt oneself to；“生活”=life；“不同文化的”=different cultures(2)重新组合：adapt oneself to the life in different cultures正确答案：adapt oneself to the life / living in different cultures 翻 译：跨文化研究专家说，适应不同文化的生活不是一件容易的事情。2. Since my childhood I have found that _(没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力).解题步骤: 第一步：由Since my childhood I have found that可以推出，划线处应该填写一个句子，时态需要根据后面的汉语意思作进一步的确定。第二步：划分成分“没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力”，核心谓语动词是“比.更有吸引力”， “没有什么”作主语，“读书”作宾语，“对我”作状语。第三步：1)分割对应：“比.更有吸引力”= be more attractive to sb，“没有什么”=nothing，“读书”=reading，“对我”=for / to me。(2)重新组合：nothing is more attractive to me than reading正确答案：nothing is more attractive to me than reading 翻 译：从儿时起我就发现，没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力。3. The victim_(本来会有机会活下来) if he had been taken to hospital in time. 解题步骤: 第一步：由The victim和 if he had been taken to hospital in time可以发现，划线处应该填写谓语动词和宾语从而使得主句完整，并且主句形式、时态根据后面的if he had been taken to hospital in time，确定应该采取虚拟语气，是对过去情况的虚拟。第二步：划分成分“本来会有机会活下来”，核心谓语动词是“本来有机会.”，“活下来”作宾语。第三步：(1)分割对应：“本来有机会.”= would have a chance to do sth，“活下来”=survive(2)重新组合：would have a chance to survive正确答案：would have / stand a chance to survive / of survival翻 译：如果遇难者被及时送往医院的话，他本来会有机会活下来的。4. Some psychologists claim that people_ (出门在外时可能会感到孤独).解题步骤: 第一步：由Some psychologists claim that people可以推出，划线处应该填写宾语从句的谓语动词和宾语使得句子完整，并且句子时态用一般现在时。第二步：划分成分，核心谓语动词是“可能会感到”，“孤独”作宾语，“出门在外时”作时间状语。第三步：(1)分割对应：“可能会感到”= may feel，“孤独”=lonely，“出门在外时”be away from home.(2)重新组合：may feel lonely when they are away from home.正确答案：may feel lonely when they are away from home翻 译：一些心理学家认为人们出门在外时，可能会感到孤独。5. The nations population continues to rise_ (以每年1200万人的速度).解题步骤: 第一步：由The nations population continues to rise可以推出，划线处应该填写状语或补语。第二步：划分成分“以每年1200万人的速度”，其中，“每年”作状语，“1200万人”作定语。第三步：(1)分割对应：“以.的速度”= at a speed of.，“每年”=per year，“1200万人”12 million.(2)重新组合：at a speed of 12 million per year正确答案：at a speed of 12 million per year翻 译：这个国家的人口继续以每年1200万人的速度增长6. Having spent some time in the city, he had no trouble _(找到去历史博物馆的路).解题步骤: 第一步：由he had no trouble 我们可以推出，划线处应该填写in doing sth.第二步：划分成分“找到去历史博物馆的路”核心谓语动词为“找到”；“路”作宾语，“去历史博古馆”作定语。第三步：(1)分割对应：“找到”= find，“路”=road /way，“历史博古馆”the History Museum(2)重新组合：in finding the road / way to the History Museum.正确答案：finding his way to the History Museum翻 译：他在这个城市已经呆了一段时间，因此毫不费力就找到了去历史博物馆的路。此外我们还要注意专有名词首字母要大写, 例如：the History Museum7. _(为了挣钱供我上学), mother often takes on more work than is good for her.解题步骤: 第一步：由 mother often takes on more work than is good for her 可以推出，划线处应该填写状语成分，整个句子时态是一般现在时态。第二步：划分成分“为了挣钱供我上学”，核