TOEFL写作笔记.doc

随意小筑 宋晶路 一、 独立写作1. 八大论证功能段落1) 对比观点引出When it refers to , peoples opinions are divergent on such a controversial issue. The overwhelming majority/commonly accepted would support that ; others, however , take the negative attitude .2) 个人观点表达From the personal perspective, I prefer A rather than B as my inclination.To choose A or B is sth of a dilemma to the public, because theyre always confused by the seemingly good qualities of A but neglect the profound aspects of B.3) 原因概述Among countless factors which directly or indirectly influence , there are several conspicuous factors at the following.4) 原因列举At the risk of sounding too simplistic, my main proposition can be summarized in the saying that .Another equally essential factor why I advocate relates to .Beyond all these obvious reasons mentioned above, however, lies a deeper one: .5) 利弊分析功能段落However serves as a double-edged sword, in other words, the inferiorities of coexist its superiorities.6) 例证History is replete with evidence to demonstrate the point. A case in point has an association with in the realm of .7) 趋势影响分析Undoubtedly will give rise to a multitude of positive/negative effects in in the foreseeable future.8) 结论引出From what I have discussed above; we may safely come to the conclusion that .2. 四大论证句型归纳1) 重要必要否定词+比较级Nothing +be+adjer+than toNothing can be more important than to receive education.We cannot+v+n+too muchWe cannot emphasis value of writing too much.It pays to be/do in the long termIt pays to be honesty in the long term.2) 大众观点引出It is conceivable thatIt goes without saying thatIt is self-evident thatIt is universally acknowledged thatIt is indisputable that3) 关联关系Sth has an association withSth has a bearing onSth be closely related to4) 建议措施spare no efforts to dodo ones utmost to pour more investment intobring home to sb sthWe should bring home to people the necessity of environment.3. 逻辑拓展方法1) 因果解释a) 现象引出b) 原因分析c) 结果分析逻辑拓展结构Currently, has loomed up wide public concern. What amaze us most is that. It is true that the trend of this is seemingly on the rise in all walks of life. We may cite a variety of reasons accounting for this. The major ones can be listed as follows. First and foremost, plays a pushing role. In addition, . Last but not least, . As a consequence, .段落举例Nowadays, Jd has become a focal point under discussion. What amazes us most is that the forms of Jd vary from stealing, robbing to murdering. It is true that the trend of this is on the rise. We may cite a variety of reasons accounting for this adolescent crime. First and foremost, the mass media plays a pushing role. In other words, children are frequently exposed to shows and reports about crime and violence. In addition, children in China are often pampered and spoiled by their parents. Last bus not least, nowadays children have to face a more tempting world than ever before. As a consequence, they are prone to commit crimes.2) 问题解决a) 描述现象b) 建议措施逻辑拓展结构With the advancement of modern society, has become a social problem of public concern. Meanwhile, it has given rise to a series of other matters, such as A and B. It is high time we put an immediate end to this “Pandoras Box”. It is true that awareness of the problem is the first step toward the solution. As is known to all, We have figured out several efficacious steps to tackle this problem. In the first place, . In the second place, . In the third place, . Therefore, only in this way can we .段落举例Recently, the income gap has become a social problem of public concern. Meanwhile, it has given rise to a series of other matters, such as delinquency and violence. So it is high time we put an immediate end to this “Pandoras Box”. It is true that awareness to the problem is the first step toward the solution. In the first place, we should appeal to government to improve the distribution mechanism, making it not only transparent but also reasonable. In the second place, during the economic development, more emphases should be placed on the underprivileged group of the society, especially in those backward areas, Therefore, only in this way can we build a more harmonious society.3) 观点论证a) 含义解释b) 含义解析逻辑拓展结构As a human being, one can hardly do without . Living in this society, no one can deny that it is that enables us to . Consequently in this modern society where , has been regarded as a necessity for . As to what means, my definitions/opinions are as follows. First of all, . What really counts in my mind is that . Lastly, .段落举例As a human being, one can hardly do without perseverance. Living in the society, no one can deny that it is perseverance that enable us to accomplish wonders and realize dreams. Consequently, in this modern society where competition is becoming increasingly fierce, perseverance has been regard as the necessity for a successful career. As to what perseverance means, my definitions/opinions are as follows. First of all, perseverance means to determine to hold to the end, even in the face of difficult and dangerous situation. What really counts, in my mind, is that a man with perseverance firmly believes what he has chosen is right and meaningful, so he is more than happy to fight for his ideal and will never ever give up. Lastly, no man was born with perseverance-only after lifes countless challenges can he understand the genuine meaning of perseverance.4. 独立写作论证方法1) 论证方法a) 举例Paragons, such as A and B respectively, come immediately to my mindWhile such cases are rare, they do occur occasionally, a case in point relates to sb in the field onb) 引用As a saying goes, “ “, which is to say .According to a well-known scientist (and I paraphrase) . In other words, . .Such is remark of sb, one of the best known scientist.c) 数据调查According to the statistical result of a recent survey, A and B have soared, respectively, by and . In contrast C declined at an accelerating rate, and it is also the case with D. The statistical result illustrate that .d) 反证法With A .Without A .e) 类比对比SimilarlyBy the same tokenIn like mannerLikewiseIn contrastOn the contrary2) 开头段a) A or BWhen it refers to , peoples opinion are divergent on such a controversial issue, A or B. It is commonly accepted that ; others, however take the negative attitude. In my point of view, I prefer A rather than B as my inclination.b) Agree or disagree ?The discussion of this issue among individuals and in society as a whole has come into vogue during the last decade. The statement declares that . However, I disagree with the statement and there are several reasons and instances as follows supporting view.c) 列举Nowadays, has loomed up wide public concern. What amazes us most is that . Among countless factors which directly or indirectly influences , there are several conspicuous aspects as follows.3) 正文段The main reason for my propensity to is that . What is more, . Moving on to wider themes. I agree with the statement that without reservations for the reason that .Naturally, .Lets bring our discussion here to a more present and practical context. It can be given a concrete example that .Another equally essential factor why I advocate involves . No one can deny that . Obviously, it is imperatively that . History is replete with evidence to demonstrate this. A case in point has an association with . Meanwhile, a recent survey will make this point clear and acceptable. .However, we should concede that despite the merits of mentioned above, overextended will be indeed counterproductive even harmful. The harm it produces is , in my view, both palpable and profound. For individual, it has an debasing impact on ; for the society, it may promote a negative tendency toward .4) 结尾段Weighing the pros and cons of . I strongly commit to the notion that , not only because , but also because .5) 范围拓展举例参考历史有无意义（80页 183）When it refers to the value of history, the discussion of this issue among individuals and in society as a whole has come into vogue during the last decade. The statement declares that . However, I disagree with the statement of the reasons that mankinds progress is that of constantly building upon and adding to the past and existing base of knowledge and experience/The main reason that history helps us understand ourselves, especially our weakness. In the business world, there is one saying that “you have to know where you have been and where you are, in order to know where you are going”. Whats more, I agree with the statement that business operations find it critical to have regular views of the past business performance without reservations for the reason that each cooperation has to see what mistakes were made in order to avoid repeating them. Moving on to wider themes, in the high-tech industries, one company has to examine the efficacy and efficiency of decisions made in the past to see what result were produced. Naturally, they learn from their past mistakes, which better prepares them for the future. Lets bring our discussion here to a more present and practical context. It can be given a concrete example that Microsoft has regular views of its past sales and marketing information in the form of quarterly or annual review.Naturally, equally essential factor why I advocate the value of history involves the realm of politics and society. No one can deny that in the international arena, one must possess a thorough knowledge of history in order to understand the current dynamics and complex relationships among countries. Meanwhile, only through studying history can we grasp how things change. Obviously, it is imperative to politicians to learn from the past because a countrys history has a greatest impact upon its current national character and its people and leadership. History is replete with evidence to demonstrate this. A case in point has an association with WW-the world community learned the great lesson from WW that there must not be another world war, thus we entered the 40 plus years of the “Cold War”.However, we should concede that despite the merit of referring to the past mentioned above, overextended referring to the history will be indeed counterproductive, even harmful. The harm it produces is, in my view, both palpable and profound. For the individual, it has a debasing impact on peoples originality; for the society, it may promote a negative tendency toward ossification.Weighing the pros and cons of learning about the past. I strongly come to the notion that learning the past is critical and charting a suc