安徽省马鞍山市2014高考英语阅读理解、动词短语精讲讲练.doc

马鞍山市2014高考英语阅读理解、动词短语精讲讲练（8）及答案“There are only four kinds of people in this world,” former first lady Rosalynn Carter once wrote. “Those who have been caregivers, those who currently are caregivers, those who will be caregivers, those who will need caregivers.” Her comment is true now more than ever before. This is a nation of caregivers. You can see it in the numbers: Approximately 50 million Americans provide the majority of the help needed by relatives or friends who are elderly, ill, or disabled. And those figures are only going to growthe number of people 65 and over is expected to double in the next 40 years, and the number of those over 85 will more than three times.But the reality of caregiving is best understood not with figures but through the following stories of spouses(配偶), children, siblings (兄弟姐妹), and friends who have stepped forward when a loved one needed them. Their experiences explain whats new about caregiving these days, and what never changes. Whats new: an economic climate that makes the cost of caregiving harder than ever to bear; an increasingly mobile society in which families may be separated by a continent when a crisis unfolds; and the effects of divorce（离婚） and the increasing numbers of people who are choosing to stay single, which mean that many people are reaching their middle years and beyond without a spouse or child at hand. What never changes: the fact that neither fame nor fortune nor physical gifts protects against sickness and old age. And the fact that no difficulty will keep family and friends from doing what they can to help. We will meet some of the caregivers who have risen to the challenge here. For all of them, the experience has been stressful. But it has also brought their lives new meaning and strengthened their power to love.63. The main idea of the first paragraph is that_.A. Former first lady Rosalynn was a wise womanB. People in the world can be divided into four types C. A large number of Americans are caregivers in a way D. America is a fast aging nation with 50 million in need of caregiving64. We can see from the third paragraph that_. A. more and more American people use mobile phones B. more and more American people work harder due to the climate change C. more and more middle aged American people do not want to get married D. more and more American families tend to live in different places in the world65. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means_. A. everyone can be rich or famous B. everyone needs to be taken care of C. everyone should protect the sick and the old D. everyone will fight against sickness and old age66. What is the writer most likely to write about after the last paragraph? A. The stories of some caregivers. B. The changes of American society. C. The reason why something has changed about caregiving. D. The reason why something has not changed about caregiving.参考答案63-66 CDDA *结束 In our deep mind, we all talk to ourselves an inner monologue(独白) that might seem rather pointless. But as a study shows, the act of giving ourselves mental messages can help us learn and perform at our best. Researchers have identified the most effective forms of self-talk, collected hereso that the next time you talk to yourself, you know exactly what you should say.Self-talk isnt just motivational messages like “You can do it!” or “Almost there,” although this inside cheering section can give us confidence. A review of more than two dozen studies, published last year in the journal Perspectives on Psychological Science, found that theres another kind of mental message that is even more useful, called “instructional self-talk.” This is the kind of running description we engage in when were carrying out a difficult task, especially one thats unfamiliar to us. Think about when you were first learning to drive. Your self-talk might have gone something like this: “Foot on the gas pedal(踏板), hands on the wheel, slow down for the bend here, now put your blinker on”Over time, of course, giving yourself instructions becomes unnecessary but while youre learning, it does three important things. First, it promotes our attention, focusing us on the important part of the task and keeping out distractions. Second, it helps us manage our effort and make decisions about what to do, how to do it, and when. And third, self-talk allows us to control our cognitive(认知)and reactions, making us stay on tasks.In a recentstudy of students learning to throw darts(飞镖) in a gym class, Athanasios Kolovelonis and his colleagues at the University of Thessaly in Greece found that self-talk is most effective when involved in a cycle of thought and action. First comes forethought, when you set a goal for yourself and make a plan for how to get there. Thats followed by performance, when you enact the plan to the best of your ability. Last comes self-reflection, when you carefully evaluate what youve done and adjust your plan for the next time.Self-talk can play a key part in this cycle. During the forethought stage, consider carefully what youll say to yourself. You can even write them down. Repeat these self-instructions during the performance stage. With practice, you may find that your self-instructions become shorter; research has found that these words can become powerful signals. After the action is over, consider how you might change your self-talk to improve your performance next time so that at the moment it matters, the right words are ringing in your ears.67. The main idea of the third paragraph is_ while you are learning.A. that self-talk has three stages B. in what ways self-talk will benefit youC. that self -talk promotes your attentionD. that it is not necessary to give yourself instructions 68. According to the passage, what are you supposed to say to yourself first if you are learning to ride a horse for the first time?A. How can I speed up?B. No problem! I can make it!C. What a big horse! I am scared!D. Hold the rein(缰绳) and get on the horse！69. According to the author, being able to use self-talks is_.A. a key part of the forethought stageB. a skill to deal with difficult problems C. a final result of carrying out a difficult taskD a useful method to help us improve our performance70. The author explains the self-talk by_.A. setting down general theories onlyB. presenting research findingsC. using examples D. Both B and C参考答案 67-70 BDDD 动词及动词短语精讲教案解题过程 1、及物动词后面必须接宾语的动词叫做及物动词。有的动词必须接一个宾语，有的必须接两个宾语。 单宾语 He is sreading amagazine. 他正在读一本杂志。 双宾语 MrZhang teaches us English. 张老师教我们英语。 复合宾语必须接一个宾语同时接一个补语 We often hear him sing in the park. 我们经常听到他在公园里唱歌。 2、不及物动词本身意义完整，后面不需要接宾语。 例如： The rain stopped. 雨停了。 What happened yesterday? 昨天发生了什么？ 注意：不及物动词没有被动语态。 3、实际上很多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。我举一个例子，就说write。如I am writing.和I am writing aletter.在前一个句子write是不及物动词，在后一个句子write是及物动词。 又如，see是及物动词，但在特殊情况下如seeing is believing。及物动词有被动形式（因为被动形式的本质就是把宾语作为主语，所以能加宾语才可能会有被动式）。与之相对，不及物动词不能直接跟宾语，如果要跟宾语必须在病愈之前加上介词。因此，不及物动词没有被动形式。举个例子：give给，要说give sb sth sb sth.都是give 的宾语，因此give在这里是及物动词rise升起The sun rises.后面不加宾语的，所以rise是不及物动词raise提升She raised the gun.她举起枪。枪是宾语，使举的对象，所以raise在这里是及物动词。另外有一点，英语中有不少单词既可以做及物动词也可以作不及物动词的。比如sing等，既可以说sing a song,也可以直接说sb sing一、过去分词用在被动语态时1、把握的关键（1）有些动词既是及物(vt.)又是不及物(vi.)，但表达形式不同其含义也就不同。（2）只有用作及物动词的过去分词才可以构成被动语态。（3）用作不及物动词(vi.)的过去分词不适用于被动语态，通常只能用主动形式表被动的含义，说明主语的性质、状态、特征等。常见的有下列动词：sell, wash , write, read, tear, wear, open, close, shut, lock, begin, start, stop, last, translate, , belong to, iron, smoke, eat, smell, taste, look, fell, sound, appear, turn out, prove, 等。2、示例 a. This shirt has to be washed (vt.)and ironed (vt.) every day. But luckily it washes (vi.) well and irons (vi.) easily. 这件衬衫每天都得洗熨，但幸运的是它好洗易熨。 b. The breakfast this morning wan cooked (vt.) enough but eaten (vt.) only a little because it didnt cooked (vi.) very well and not eaten (vi.) deliciously. 今天的早饭做得多但吃得少是因为做得不好，吃起来不香。c. The story was written (vt.) by Tom .It writes well and reads easily.(vi.) 这个故事是汤姆写的。故事写得好，容易读懂。二、过去分词用作非谓语动词时 （一）先用表格呈现总轮廓过去分词vt.vi.说 明一般式1.表被动 2.动作已经完成1.表主动 2.动作已经完成只有一种时态和语态形式否定形式not + 过去分词要否定分词所表示的动作，在其前加not 过去分词 短语过去分词+宾语或状语过去分词可以和自己的宾语或状语构成分词短语 独立主格 结构名词/人称代词主格 + 过去分词只用作状语，即：过去分词作状语时，如果其逻辑主语和句子的主语不相一致，就要在前加名词或人称代词主格句法功能作定语、宾语补足语、表语、状语过去分词用作非谓语动词，其作用相当于形容词或副词（二）根据句法作用理清用法1、作定语 1) 把握的关键： a. 单个的过去分词作前置定语（个别几个过去分词习惯上后置）。 b. 过去分词短语作后置定语。 c. 及物动词的过去分词和逻辑主语（即它所修饰的名词）之间是被动关系，强调动作已完成，可以扩展为一个谓语动词是被动语态的定语从句。 d. 不及物动词的过去分词和逻辑主语之间是主动关系（即：只说明逻辑主语所处的状态、特点、特征等），强调动作已完成，可以扩展为一个谓语动词是主动语态的定语从句。2) 示例 a. a repaired car (vt. /前置，动作已完成)= a car which has been repaired 一辆修好了的车子 b. a question discussed yesterday (vt. /后置，动作已完成) = a question which was discussed yesterday 一个昨天讨论过的问题c. the risen sun (vi. /前置，动作已完成) = the sun which has risen 升起的太阳d. the fallen leaves on the ground (vi. /后置，动作已完成) = the leaves which have fallen on the ground 落在地面上的树叶3) 还应注意：某些过去分词脱离了动词特征当作形容词使用作定语时，表示人的心里状态、情感变化等，即：人对事物所产生的心理反应或看法，“人感到” 。例如：a. the excited boys 这些激动的孩子（= the boys who feel excited 即：孩子们感到激动）b. the surprised look on her face 她脸上吃惊的表情（= people feel surprised when seeing the look on her face 即：人看了感到吃惊的表情）c. an interested man 一个有趣之人（= people think that the man is interesting 即：人们觉得此人很有趣。）2、做宾语补足语1) 把握的关键a. 过去分词作宾语补足语时，其逻辑主语就是它的宾语。b. 及物动词的过去分词和逻辑主语之间是被动关系，动作已完成。c. 不及物动词只有gone, come, arrived, risen, fallen, left等少数几个动词可以用来作宾语补足语, 并且和逻辑主语之间是主动关系，动作已完成。 2) 示例a. I heard him hit by his father yesterday. （vt./被动）我听说他昨天挨父亲的打了。 b. He had his car repaired. (vt. /被动) 他把车子修好了。c. She fell asleep, without the light turned off. (vt. /被动)她没关灯就睡着了。 d. When I got to the station, I found the train gone/left. （vi./主动） 到车站时，我发现火车已开走。3、作表语1) 把握的关键a. 只限于单个过去分词作表语（过去分词短语不作表语）。b. 只有 come, gone, left 等少数几个不及物动词的过去分词可以用来作表语。c. 能用作表语的过去分词已脱离了动词的特征，只当作形容词使用，说明主语的状态，即人对事物的看法以及心理反应等。2) 示例a. The glass is broken. 这个杯子破了。b. He is very excited at the news. 听到这个消息他很激动。c. Hearing the bad news, she felt very disappointed. 听到这个坏消息，她很失望。d. Spring is come, and the weather is getting warmer. 春天来了，天气也暖和了起来。e. My hope is gone. 我的希望破灭了。4、作状语1) 把握的关键a. 过去分词（短语）作状语时，和逻辑主语（句子的主语）之间存在被动关系，所表示的动作在句子谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生或完成。b. 用作状语的过去分词（短语）的逻辑主语要和句子的主语相一致（即：同一个人或物），否则，就要用独立主格结构，或相应的状语从句表达。2) 示例a. Not written interestingly, the book doesnt sell well.这本书写得没意思，因而销售不畅。（作原因状语。written 的逻辑主语是the story, 存在逻辑上的被动关系；动作在sell之前完成。） 又如： b. Repaired, the car runs very well. （作时间状语）车子修过之后，运行很正常。c. He came into the room, followed by his students. (作伴随状语) 他走进了教室，学生跟随其后。d. Given more time, I can do it better. (作条件状语)如果多给些的时间，我会把此事做得更好一些。e. Warned many times, he d