跨文化交际考试大纲.doc

跨文化交际考试大纲课程编码：跨文化交际 课程性质：专业必修 课 时：36 学 分：2 开课学期：第6学期 先修课程：英语国家概况，语言学，英美文学 适用专业：商务英语专业 一、考试目的 本课程的考试目的主要考核学生对理论知识的掌握与联系实际情况，即对课内教材和教师的授课内容的掌握与联系实际情况等。二、考试的内容及要求（一）绪论考试内容：1跨文化交际的概念、意义。2跨文化交际学的学科性质和发展历史。要求：掌握跨文化交际的概念，了解跨文化交际的意义、历史、学科发展史。（二）第一章 交际与文化 考试内容：1交际的概念和特性。2文化的定义与特征。 3文化与交际的关系。要求：掌握文化与交际的概念，了解交际的特性、文化的特征，理解文化与交际之间的关系。（三）第二章 文化的影响考试内容：1文化的多样性2文化的深层结构 要求：掌握文化模式的概念，了解交际的多样性，理解文化的深层结构。（四）第三章 语言与文化考试内容：1语言与交际的关系，其中包括语音、语义、句法、语用与跨文化交际的关系。2语言的翻译。要求：通过各种实例、练习了解语音、语义、句法、语用与跨文化交际的关系。（五）第四章 非言语交际考试内容：1非言语交际的概念、功能、特征。2非言语的词义和语用。3人体语、时间语、空间语。4其他非言语信息。要求：了解非言语交际的研究概况、功能、特征，了解并学会恰当使用一批常用的非言语，掌握一些常见的不同文化背景下的体态语。（六）第五章 文化对商业语境的影响考试内容：1文化与商业语境2国际商业语境3国内商业语境要求：了解文化价值观对商业语境的影响，并通过与中国传统交易方式的对比，掌握经济全球化形势下如何进行有效沟通，成功进行国际竞争的原则和技巧。（七）第六章 文化对教育语境的影响考试内容：1教育体制差异性2多元文化教育背景3多元文化背景下的教学方式要求：通过学习中外教育体制，了解不同文化中教育理念的差异，以及课堂中师生角色的期待差异所导致的不同课堂风格和教学方法。（八）第七章 文化对保健语境的影响考试内容：1疾病预防及治疗的文化差异性2性别文化体现在保健语境中的差异性要求：了解不同文化中保健理念的差异，了解性别文化差异性在保健语境中的体现，理解文化差异性可能导致的保健语境中的交际失误。（九）第八章 培养跨文化交际意识考试内容：影响跨文化交际的因素要求：进一步了解文化的差异性，多元性和发展性。 三、考试方法、考试时间及试题类型1考试方法： 笔试2. 计分方式： 3. 考试时间： 期末试卷考试时间为120分钟4. 试题类型： (1) 选择题 （10%)(2) 判断题 （10%)(3) 问答题 （20%) (4) 案例分析题 （20%)(5) 阅读理解题 （20%) (6) 综合写作 （20%)四、教材与主要参考资料1. 教材：2. 主要参考资料：Samovar, Larry A. Communication between Cultures. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社. 2000胡超跨文化交际实用教程北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2013 顾曰国跨文化交际 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2009许力生跨文化交际英语教程上海：外语教育出版社，2008五、样题Part One: True or False (15 points)Directions: Read the following statements and decide whether they are True or False. And write T or F on the answer sheet. 1.In countries with high uncertainty avoidance, people tend to ensure certainty and security through an extensive set of rules and regulations. 2.Culture is a static entity while communication is a dynamic process. 3.All cultures require and value politeness, but the way in which politeness is achieved may vary significantly. 4.Latin American, African, Arabic and most Asian cultures are M-Time cultures. 5.Much of our non-verbal behavior, like culture, tends to be elusive, spontaneous and frequently goes beyond our awareness. 6.Culture shocks are always frustrating, because they always bring negative effects to people in a foreign culture, so culture shocks do no good to people in intercultural communication. 7.People in past-oriented cultures respect old people and place high value on history and experiences. 8.The Japanese believe that socializing is integral to the negotiation process while the Americans do not think so. 9.Germans find humor out of place in business meetings while Americans think telling a joke will help light the atmosphere. 10.Encoding is the process of perceiving and interpreting, or making sense of incoming messages and stimuli from the environment. 11.Americans enjoy talking and interpret silence in a negative way. They appreciate a person who dominates a conversation. 12.In USA, slouching is considered a sign of rudeness and poor manners. 13.Like Japanese and Chinese negotiators, a detailed written agreement is not central to the negotiation process in the Middle East, France and Germany. 14.In China, friendship means a willingness to be indebted and to repay the debt more than owed. 15.Culture is such a comprehensive term that it may encompass everything, tangible or intangible, material or spiritual. Part II. Translation (20 points)Directions: Translate the following Chinese terms into English and English terms into Chinese. 1. stereotypes 2. paralanguage3. ethnocentrism 4. masculinity5. high-context culture 6. monochronic time7. speech act 8. conversation taboos9. vocal qualifiers 10. power distance11. 译码 12. 偏见13. 文化震惊 14. 不确定性回避15. 概念意义 16. 语用错误17. 礼貌原则 18. 归纳法19. 空间语言 20. 礼仪与礼节Part Three: Reading Comprehension: （30 points）Directions: For each of the following three passages, there are 5 questions. Read the passage and choose the best answer for each question, than write the corresponding letter on the answer sheet.Passage 1In the United States, you can feel free to visit in peoples homes, share their holidays, enjoy their children and their lives without feeling obliged to continue a lifetime relationship. Do not hesitate therefore to accept invitations from Americans simply because you cannot invite them to your home in return. No one will expect you to do so; they realize that you have traveled a great distance. Americans will enjoy welcoming you and will be pleased if you accept their friendship easily.Visitors may notice that although Americans include them easily in their personal daily lives, they do not show visitors a great amount of special courtesy if doing so requires much time. This is frequently the opposite of what occurs in some countries, where people are especially generous in giving their time to visitors, but do not necessarily welcome them as guests in their homes. In some places, hosts will go to airports late at night to meet a visitor they do not even know well; they spend much time acting as a guide all evidence of great generosity. Yet they may never invite the guest to meet their families or join in their family life. It is important to note that in both cases the feeling is equally warm and friendly; only the way of expressing courtesies is different.Americans warmly welcome visitors into their homes, and try to do as many special things for a guest as time permits. If possible, they will meet you at the airport but if not, you can take public transportation from the airport to your hotel; and taxi or bus from your hotel to their home. Upon arrival, a warm welcome will await you. Indeed, visitors are readily invited into homes during the time they are in the country. Although it may be considered more proper to entertain a guest at a restaurant in some countries, this is not the case in the United States. Generally, however, Americans consider it more friendly to invite a person to ones home than to take him to a restaurant. For purely business purposes, you are more likely to be invited to a restaurant. Questions 1-5 are based on the passage you have just read.1.What can you feel free to do when you stay in the U.S.?ATake their children out for dinnerBTake your family to a friends home CTravel with your friend in holidaysD Call in a friends home after work2.When Americans welcome you, they dont care whether you will show your courtesy in return. Why?A.Because they are very considerate and understanding.B.Because they know you are not good at showing the courtesy.C.Because they know you are too tired to return their friendship.D.Because they know you are not pleased with their invitations.3.Which of the following is likely for an American to do?A.Accompany the guest to visit different places.B.Pick up the guest late at night from the airport.C.Invite you to meet their families and have dinner.DSpend much time chatting with a new friend 4. Which of the following is true?A.Your American friend will surely meet you at the airport.B.You can take the public transportation to your hotel.C.Dont expect Americans to do special things for you.D.You will be invited to stay at their home for the night.5.Which is the common way Americans use to entertain a guest?A.They will invite a friend to a first-class restaurant.B.They will entertain a friend with home-made dinner.C.They will invite a business partner to their homes.D.They will take the business partner to a MacDonald. Passage 2Linguistically speaking, people are not born free. We inherit a language; even more importantly, we inherit certain fixed ways of expression that may shackle our thoughts. Language becomes our shaper of ideas rather than simply our tool for reporting ideas.The way in which culture affects language becomes clear by comparing how the English and Hopi languages refer to H2O in its liquid state. English, like most other European languages, has only one word “water” and it pays no attention to what the substance is used for or its quality. The Hopi of Arizona, on the other hand, use pahe to mean the large amounts of water present in natural lakes or rivers, and keyi for the small amounts in domestic jugs and canteens. English, though, makes other distinctions that Hopi does not. The speaker of English is careful to distinguish between a lake and stream, between a waterfall and a geyer; but pahe makes no distinction among lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, waterfalls, and springs.A Hopi speaker, of course, knows that there is a difference between a geyer, which spurts upward, and a waterfall, which plunges downward, even though his or her vocabulary makes no such distinction. Similarly, a speaker of English knows that a canteen of water differs from a river of water. But the real point of this comparison is that neither the Hopi nor the American uses anywhere near the possible number of words that could be applied to water in all of its states, quantities, forms, and functions. Each culture defines the categories in terms of the similarities it detects; it channels a multitude of ideas into the few categories that it considers important. The culture of every speaker of English tells him or her that it is important to distinguish between oceans, lakes, rivers, fountains, and waterfalls but relatively unimportant to make the distinction between the water in a canteen in his or her canoe and the water underneath the same canoe. Each culture has categorized experience through language in a quite unconscious way.The possibility of such a relationship between language and culture has been formulated into a hypothesis by two American linguists, Sapir and Whorf. According to them, we do not live in the midst of the whole world, but only in a part of it, the part that our language lets us know. To Sapir and Whorf, language provides a different network of tracks for each society, which, as a result, concentrates on only certain aspects of reality. Questions 6-10 are based on the passage you have just read.6. According to the passage, people are not born free because _. A. our perception of the world is confined by our language. B. our expression of ideas is confined by our language. C. our linguistic capability is confined by our physical limitations. D. our linguistic capability is confined by our culture.7. The difference between the Hopi words “pahe” and “keyi” is probably _. A. between the large amount and the small amount of water. B. between the water in the lakes and water in the rivers.C. between the water in a waterfall and in a spring. D. between the water of natural and that of domestic existence.8. In which way is Hopi language similar to English? A. Both languages classify the meaning of words according to similarities. B. Both languages can tell the difference between geyser and waterfall. C. Both languages have words to describe water in all of its states and forms. D. Both languages can describe the states, quantities, forms and functions of water.9. According to Sapir and Whorf, which of the following statement is right? A. Language is used only as a tool to report our thoughts and ideas. B. Language will influence culture, but culture will not influence language. C. Our world view is built up purposely on the language habit of the group. D. The differences between languages are much more than mere obstacles to communication.10. What might the following paragraphs be mainly about? A. More differences in Hopi and English language. B. The different network of tracks for each society. C. Examples to illustrate Sapir and Whorfs theory. D. The various aspects that language allows us to concentrate.Passage 3Human beings build not only to provide shelter but also to provide structures for ordering relationships and activities. Our cultures are built into the layout of cities, villages and farmland, and in the design of building. These physical forms both reflect and are reflected in social patterns and in the languages we speak.Most of the cities and towns of the United States are arranged in a grid pattern of right-angled streets. A map of New York City shows that the streets running east and west are numbered in sequence. Thirty-fourth Street (famous for its large department stores) is south of Forty-second Street (famous for it movie theatres). The north-south streets are also numbered in sequence but are called avenues. Fifth Avenue with its fashionable shops is east of Seventh Avenue, home of the fashion industry. On the southern tip of Manhattan Island streets do not follow this pattern but continue to reveal the decisions made by the earliest Western settlers. Here we find the origin of the one street that breaks the overall pattern, Broadway. It runs diagonally across the grid, causing trouble for taxi drivers, visitors and residents who have come to expect that they can easily find any point on the logical grid of the city. The naming and numbering system varies from city to city, but the basic grid pattern is the same. The grid pattern has many advantages, but for a wonderful holiday trip, I would choose to go France. If you look at a map of France that shows the highway system, the radiating star is clearly visible. The star pattern is also visible in the social and political life the country.In France people live in towns and villages where the church and town hall are at the center. In a French office the leaders office is at the center, and you can tell how important anyone in the organization is by how far his or her office is from the leaders office. French leaders follow the tradition of remodeling a section of the city or building a new monument to ensure that the city is as wondrous in the future as it was in the past. The most important buildings, events and organizations are in the center of Paris and the poorer, less important people live in the suburbs.Questions 11-15 are based on the passage you have just read.11. Which of the following is NOT a function of buildings of human beings? A. To shelter us from all kinds of weathers. B. To reflect the idea of ordering social life. C. To show patterns the patterns of the society.D. To show the creativity of the specific culture12. What does the phrase “a grid pattern” possibly mean? A. A pattern consisting of numbers. B. A pattern consisting of squares. C. A strange pattern. D. A regular pattern.13. What can we infer about the streets in New York City from the 2nd paragraph? A. All the names of streets were decided long ago by the earliest settlers of the city. B. The names of streets are given according to the main attractions of the streets. C. Broadway is a street in which people will often have trouble finding their way. D. Broadway is so different because it was intended to be made to be famous.14. If the names of streets are arranged in alphabetical order, most probably the place is a _. A. village near Paris B. suburban area in France C. town in United States D. farm in Midwest of America15. According to what you have inferred from the passage, which of the following word would you like to use to describe the educational system of France? A. centralized B. presidential C. peripheral D. democraticPart Four: Multiple Choice Questions: (20 points)Directions: Study the following mini-cases and choose the right answer to the question asked after each case, and write the corresponding letter on the answer sheet.1.Jared, an American, now lives in Morocco(摩洛哥). He decides to invite a Moroccan friend to a picnic at the beach on Saturday. When Jared asks if he will come, “Perhaps” the Moroccan friend says in English, translating from the Arabic expression “Insha Allah”, which literally means “If it is Gods will”. Jared feels hurt. What does the Moroccan friend mean? A.He does want to go, but he is not sure whether he will be available then.B.He doesnt want to go and “Insha Allah” is the Muslims way to say “no” indirectly.C.He wants to wait for Allah to decide for him whether to go or not like other Muslims.D.He doesnt want to go with Jared. In Muslim culture, it is considered inappropriate for two people of the same sex to walk together in public. 2.Kitty, an American student, studied and lived in India. Once her host family and Kitty were invited to a special dinner at a relatives house. During the long preparation of the dinner, she read and highlighted her textbook. To make herself comfortable, she placed her feet on the chair. Several visitors stared at her with anguished looks. What did she do wrong?A.In India, it is rude to read alone while other visitors are talking to each other.B. In India, books are considered sacred, and writing in it is improper.C.In India, putting your feet on a chair is a rude behavior youll make the chair unclean.D.In India, it is a rude behavior directing your feet or the soles of your shoes toward others.3.George wants to set up a branch of his consulting firm in Seoul, South Korea. He is interested in hiring a local accountant. He offers a great salary with excellent working conditions. But after meeting with some people who are put forward through contacts, George is surprised to find all of them turn down his offer. Why?A.George should not have approached them directly without getting through a third party.B.Koreans,