2025届上海市普陀区高三上学期一模考试英语试题【含答案解析】

普陀区2024学年第一学期高三英语质量调研英语试卷考生注意：1.考试时间105分钟,试卷满分115分。2.本次考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。所有答题必须涂(选择题)或写(非选择题)在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。3.答题前，务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上，在答题纸反面清楚地填写姓名。I.GrammarandvocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.WhyHastheGreatWallPreservedSoWell?TheGreatWall,asymbolofancientcivilization,stretchesacrossnorthernChina.Despiteitsgrandeur,____1____remainstodayisonlyapartofitsformerself,duetothewearanddamagecausedbytimeandnature.However,arecentdiscoveryrevealsthatnature____2____mightbeplayingacrucialroleinpreservingthishistoricalwonder.Thinlayersofbacteriaandotherorganisms,knownasbiocrusts,havebeenconsidered____3____(protect)sectionsoftheGreatWall,shelteringitfromwindandrain,andotherdestructiveelements.AstudypublishedinScienceAdvanceshighlightsthesignificantrolethese“livingskins”playinconservingthisancientarchitecturalmarvel.____4____advancesintechnologyandresearch,scientistsarenowexploringthepotentialofcultivatingnewbiocruststopreventfurtherdegradationoftheWall.NicholeBarger,anecologist,praisesthestudyas“innovativeandcreative”,notingthattheprotectiveeffectsofbiocrusts____5____(gain)increasingrecognitioninrecentyears.Itisacknowledgedthatdrylandecosystems____6____(stabilize)andsoilerosion(侵蚀)ispreventedbythesebiologicallayers.____7____themorefamoussectionsoftheGreatWallareconstructedfromstonesorbricks,otherpartswerebuiltusingpackedsoil.Yet,thesamepackedsoilscanalsohostbiocrusts,____8____coverabout12%oftheEarth’slandsurface,particularlyindryregionslikenorthernChina.Thesebiocrustsvaryinform,____9____(range)fromthinbacterialnetworkstothickerlayersoflichen(青苔).SoilscientistBoXiaofromtheChinaAgriculturalUniversity,alongwithhiscolleagues,conductedastudytoinvestigatetheroleofbiocrustsinpreservingtheGreatWall.Theirresearchrevealedthatbiocrusts,primarily_____10_____(compose)ofmossorbacteria,coveredmorethantwo-thirdsoftheWall’ssurfaceintheareastheyexamined.Bystudyingthephysicalproperties,theymadeasignificantdiscovery.【答案】1.what2.itself3.toprotect##tobeprotecting4.With5.havegained6.arestabilized7.While##Though##Although8.which9.ranging10.composed【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了长城为什么保存得这么好的原因。【1题详解】考查主语从句。句意：尽管它宏伟壮观，但由于时间和自然造成的磨损和破坏，今天剩下的只是它以前的一部分。该空引导主语从句（____1____remainstoday），从句中缺乏主语，意为“……的事物”，用连接代词what。故填what。【2题详解】考查反身代词。句意：然而，最近的一项发现表明，自然本身可能在保护这一历史奇迹方面发挥着至关重要的作用。强调“大自然本身”所扮演的角色，用反身代词itself。故填itself。【3题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：被称为生物结皮的薄层细菌和其他生物被认为可以保护长城的部分区域，使其免受风雨和其他破坏性因素的影响。beconsideredtodosth.(被认为做某事)，protect可用不定式的一般式形式（表示与谓语动词同时发生或紧随其后的动作），或用不定式的进行式形式（表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作）。故填toprotect/tobeprotecting。【4题详解】考查介词。句意：随着技术和研究的进步，科学家们现在正在探索培育新的生物结皮以防止长城进一步退化的潜力。结合句意可知，介词with(随着)符合，首字母大写。故填With。【5题详解】考查时态。句意：生态学家NicholeBarger称赞这项研究“具有创新性和创造性”，并指出近年来生物结皮的保护作用得到了越来越多的认可。由时间状语inrecentyears可知，从句谓语动词gain用现在完成时表过去动作对现在产生的影响，注意主谓一致。故填havegained。【6题详解】考查时态和系表结构。句意：人们承认，旱地生态系统是稳定的，这些生物层可以防止水土流失。形容词stabilized(稳定的)，此处为系表结构bestabilized，结合下文谓语isprevented可知，用一般现在时，注意主谓一致。故填arestabilized。【7题详解】考查让步状语从句。句意：虽然长城的著名部分是用石头或砖块建造的，但其他部分是用压实的土壤建造的。前后句让步关系，结合句意，用从属连词while/though/although(尽管)引导让步状语从句，首字母大写。故填While/Though/Although。【8题详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意：然而，同样的堆积土壤也可能存在生物结皮，生物结皮覆盖了地球约12%的陆地表面，特别是在中国北方等干旱地区。该空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是biocrusts，指物，关系词替代先行词在从句中作主语，用关系代词which。故填which。【9题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这些生物结皮的形式各不相同，从薄的细菌网络到较厚的地衣层。逻辑主语Thesebiocrusts和非谓语动词range是主动关系，range用现在分词形式作状语。故填ranging。【10题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：他们的研究表明，在他们检查的区域，主要由苔藓或细菌组成的生物结皮覆盖了长城表面的三分之二以上。becomposedof(由……组成)，用过去分词短语composedof…作名词biocrusts的后置定语。故填composed。SectionBDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.accentsB.acquireC.boundariesD.fulfillE.guidelinesF.liberallyG.preciselyH.priorityI.prospectJ.scheduleK.suspectFindYourLife’sWorkEveryonehastheirownlifevalues.Youwonderwhatyourvocationisandwhereyoucouldsuccessfully___11___yourpotential?Herearesometips.●TurnPassionintoProfitDonot___12___thisstatement:findsomethingyoulikeandyouwon’thavetoworkaday.Thereisnobetter___13___thangettinggoodmoneyforyourhobby.So,thinkaboutwhatyoureallyliketodoevenforfree.Evenifyouonlylovetoplayonlinegamesandtastedeliciousfood,youcangoforcookingortasting,gamedevelopmentorgointoe-sports,startathematicblog—asyoucansee,therearealotofoptions.●ImagineanIdealWorldAnotherwaytounderstandwhatismostimportanttoyouistoreflectonwhatanidealworldshouldlooklike.Perhapsyourpurposeis___14___tobringtherealworldclosertothisidealimage.Don’tlimityourselfto___15___.Letgooffantasyandletyourselfjustdream.Writedownanythoughtsthatcometomind.Payattentiontoallthedetailsand___16___,andthenthinkabouthowtotranslatethemintoreality.●RecallYourBestMomentsTodetermineyourtop___17___,thinkaboutthemomentsinwhichyouexperiencedthegreatestjoy.Whathasgivenyouthemostsatisfactioninthepast?Takealittletimeandrememberallthetimeswhenyouweresincerelyglad.So,youwillunderstandwhatyourmain___18___areatthisstageoflife.●CreateaRoadmapYou’veidentifiedyourgoals.Now,developadetailedplan,likedrawingamapfromyourcurrentlifetoyourdesiredfuture.FindthebestroutefrompointAtopointB.Thinkaboutwhatskillsyouneedto___19___andwhatdailyhabitsareworthaddingtoyourlife.Themorespecificpointsyouputonthemap,theeasieritwillbeto____20____themandstartmovingtowardsyourgoal.【答案】11.D12.K13.I14.G15.C16.A17.H18.E19.B20.J【解析】【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了如何找到自己毕生的事业，并给出了一些实用的建议。【11题详解】考查动词。句意：你想知道你的职业是什么，以及你在哪里可以成功地发挥你的潜力？根据句意“发挥潜力”可知，空格处应填动词fulfill作谓语，意为“实现，发挥”，情态动词could后跟动词原形。故选D项。【12题详解】考查动词。句意：不要怀疑这句话：找到你喜欢的事情，你就一天都不用工作。根据句意“怀疑”可知，空格处应填动词suspect作谓语，在祈使句中用动词原形。故选K项。【13题详解】考查名词。句意：没有什么比从你的爱好中获得好报酬更好的前景了。根据句意“前景”可知，空格处应填名词prospect作主语，结合系词is可知，主语是单数名词或者不可数名词。故选I项。【14题详解】考查副词。句意：也许你的目的就是正是把现实世界带得更接近这个理想形象。根据句意“正是”可知，空格处应填副词precisely修饰动词bring，作状语。故选G项。【15题详解】考查名词。句意：不要把自己限制在界限内。根据句意“界限”可知，空格处应填名词boundary，且为可数名词，表“范围；界限”常用复数形式。故选C项。【16题详解】考查名词。句意：注意所有的细节和口音，然后想想如何把它们变成现实。根据句意“口音”以及后文“translatethemintoreality”可知，用名词accent作宾语，考虑到在此语境下，accent在广义上也可以理解为某种“特点”或“特色”，且下文中有复数代词them，故此处用复数形式更为贴切。故选A项。【17题详解】考查名词。句意：要确定你的首要任务，想想你经历最大快乐的时刻。根据句意“首要任务”可知，空格处应填名词priority作宾语，此处指你的首要任务，应用单数形式。故选H项。【18题详解】考查名词。句意：所以，你会明白在这个阶段的生活中你的主要准则是什么。根据句意“准则”可知，空格处应填名词guideline作从句主语，可数名词，结合系动词are可知，主语复数名词。故选E项。【19题详解】考查动词。句意：想想你需要获得什么技能，以及什么日常习惯值得添加到你的生活中。根据句意“获得”可知，空格处应填动词acquire，且needtodosth.为固定短语，用原形构成不定式作宾语。故选B项。【20题详解】考查动词。句意：你在地图上标注的点越具体，就越容易把它们列入日程并开始朝着你的目标前进。根据句意“列入日程”可知，空格处应填动词schedule，用原形构成不定式短语。故选J项。II.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.InIndonesia,researchersrecentlycapturedaremarkablebehavioronvideo.AwildapenamedRakus,withadeepwoundonhischeek,wasseen___21___akindofleaves,chewingthemup,andapplyingthemtohisinjury.Surprisingly,thewoundhealedwithoutinfection.Studiesrevealthattheseplantshavemedicalproperties,whichlikely___22___hisrecovery.Rakus’sactionsdemonstrateadeepunderstandingofbotany—aknowledgeofplantsfewhumans___23___today.Althoughourcollectiveknowledgeofplantsciencegrows,individual___24___ofplantsisdeclining.Inmodernlife,whilewestilldependonplantsforsurvival,fewerpeoplefinditnecessarytoknowmuchaboutthem___25___.Mostofusrelyonbotaniststoidentifyandunderstandplants,trustingtheirexpertise(专门知识)toensureourwellbeing.However,thenumberofprofessionalbotanistsisshrinking,andthis___26___hasraisedconcernswithinthefield.TheNationalCenterforEducationStatisticssoundedanearlyalarmin2015,notingthatthenumberofbotanydegreesawardedintheUnitedStateshadfallenbelow400.Whilethatnumberhassince___27___slightly,with489degreesawardedin2023,thenumberofinstitutionsofferingbotanydegreescontinuestodecline,from76in2002to59in2023.“BotanyPhDsaredisappearing,”saysKathrynParsley,abiologistwhofocusesonplantsbutdidn’tpursueabotanydegreeduetolimited___28___.Fundingshiftsareaprimaryfactorleadingtobotany’sdecline.TheNationalScienceFoundation(NSF),___29___,hasmoveditsfundingprioritiesawayfromtraditionalbotany,____30____appliedscienceswitheconomicpotential.This____31____impactsuniversityfundingdecisions,leadingmanyschoolstoreduceoreliminatebotanyprograms.Thedeclining____32____inbotanyisfurtherdrivenby“plantblindness,”aphenomenonwherepeopleignoreplantsintheirenvironment,failingtorecognizetheirimportance.IntheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdom,asbotanyprofessorsretire,theyareoftennot____33____,leavingagapinplantexpertise.This____34____couldbecomeapressingissue,particularlyinsectorslikeecologicalrestoration,whereplantidentificationskillsarecrucial.Whilesomebotanistsbelievethefieldisevolvingratherthandisappearing,thedemandforplantknowledgeremainscritical.Proposedlegislation,suchastheBotanyBillintheU.S.,seekstopreserveplantexpertise.____35____,thechallengeofmaintainingessentialplantskillspersists,highlightingtheurgentneedtorecognizeandaddressthevalueofbotany.21.A.covering B.absorbing C.harvesting D.skipping22.A.accountedfor B.putoff C.tookon D.resultedfrom23.A.revise B.enhance C.subscribe D.possess24.A.sampling B.understanding C.occupation D.organization25.A.personally B.originally C.naturally D.joyfully26.A.greed B.tradition C.impression D.trend27.A.endured B.stimulated C.recovered D.discounted28.A.edition B.availability C.research D.conservation29.A.forinstance B.forsure C.incase D.ontheotherhand30.A.channeling B.equipping C.favoring D.blocking31.A.entry B.combination C.comparison D.shift32.A.interest B.emergence C.intention D.evidence33.A.invited B.replaced C.registered D.involved34.A.launch B.shortage C.motive D.pattern35.A.Hence B.Moreover C.Meanwhile D.Nevertheless【答案】21.C22.A23.D24.B25.A26.D27.C28.B29.A30.C31.D32.A33.B34.B35.D【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了当今对植物学有深刻了解的人甚少，专业植物学家的数量正在减少并说明了原因，并且呼吁人们了解植物学并保持植物技能。【21题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：一只名叫Rakus的野生猿，脸颊上有一个很深的伤口，被看到正在收割一种叶子，咀嚼它们，然后把它们敷在他的伤口上。A.covering覆盖；B.absorbing吸收；C.harvesting收割，收获；D.skipping跳跃。根据后文“akindofleaves,chewingthemup,andapplyingthemtohisinjury”可知，先收割这种叶子，才能咀嚼叶子并敷到伤口上。故选C项。【22题详解】考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：研究表明这些植物有医疗特性，这可能是他康复的原因。A.accountedfor解释；B.putoff推迟；C.tookon呈现；D.resultedfrom由于；根据前文“Studiesrevealthattheseplantshavemedicalproperties”可知，研究表明这些植物有医疗特性，说明这可能是解释他康复的原因。故选A项。【23题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：Rakus的行为表明了他对植物学的深刻理解——一种当今很少有人拥有的植物知识。A.revise修订；B.enhance提高；C.subscribe订阅；D.possess拥有。根据后文“Althoughourcollectiveknowledgeofplantsciencegrows,individual___4___ofplantsisdeclining.”可知，尽管我们对植物科学的集体知识在增长，但个人对植物的了解却在下降。说明Rakus有一种当今很少有人拥有的植物知识。故选D项。24题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管我们对植物科学的集体知识在增长，但个人对植物的了解却在下降。A.sampling取样；B.understanding了解，理解；C.occupation职业；D.organization组织。根据后文“Inmodernlife,whilewestilldependonplantsforsurvival,fewerpeoplefinditnecessarytoknowmuchaboutthem”可知，在现代生活中，虽然我们仍然依赖植物生存，但很少有人觉得有必要了解它们很多，说明个人对植物的了解在下降。故选B项。【25题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：在现代生活中，虽然我们仍然依赖植物生存，但很少有人觉得有必要亲自了解它们。A.personally亲自；B.originally最初地；C.naturally自然地；D.joyfully高兴地。根据后文“Mostofusrelyonbotaniststoidentifyandunderstandplants,trustingtheirexpertise(专门知识)toensureourwellbeing.”可知，我们大多数人依靠植物学家来识别和了解植物，相信他们的专业知识可以确保我们的健康，说明很少有人觉得有必要亲自了解它们。故选A项。【26题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，专业植物学家的数量正在减少，这一趋势引起了该领域的关注。A.greed贪婪；B.tradition传统；C.impression印象；D.trend趋势。根据前文“thenumberofprofessionalbotanistsisshrinking”可知专业植物学家的数量正在减少，说明这是一种趋势。故选D项。【27题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然这个数字后来略有回升，到2023年授予了489个学位，但提供植物学学位的机构数量继续下降，从2002年的76个减少到2023年的59个。A.endured忍耐；B.stimulated刺激；C.recovered恢复；D.discounted打折。根据前文“thenumberofbotanydegreesawardedintheUnitedStateshadfallenbelow400”和后文“with489degreesawardedin2023”可知，美国授予植物学学位的人数已降至400人以下，到2023年授予了489个学位，说明授予植物学学位的人数后来略有回升。故选C项。【28题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：“植物学博士正在消失，”KathrynParsley说，她是一位专注于植物研究的生物学家，但由于机会有限，她没有攻读植物学学位。A.edition版本；B.availability可用性，可得性；C.research研究；D.conservation保护。根据前文“abiologistwhofocusesonplantsbutdidn’tpursueabotanydegree”可知，她是一位专注于植物研究的生物学家，没有攻读植物学学位是因为可得到的机会有限。故选B项。【29题详解】考查介词短语词义辨析。句意：例如，美国国家科学基金会已将其资助重点，从传统植物学移除出来，支持具有经济潜力的应用科学。A.forinstance例如；B.forsure肯定地；C.incase以防万一；D.ontheotherhand另一方面。根据前文“Fundingshiftsareaprimaryfactorleadingtobotany’sdecline.TheNationalScienceFoundation(NSF)”和后文“hasmoveditsfundingprioritiesawayfromtraditionalbotany,___10___appliedscienceswitheconomicpotential”可知资金转移是导致植物学衰落的主要因素，说明此处在举一个例子解释说明植物学衰落的原因，故选A项。【30题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A.channeling引导；B.equipping配备；C.favoring支持；D.blocking阻碍。根据前文“Fundingshiftsareaprimaryfactorleadingtobotany’sdecline.TheNationalScienceFoundation(NSF),___9___,hasmoveditsfundingprioritiesawayfromtraditionalbotany,”和后文“appliedscienceswitheconomicpotential”可知，美国国家科学基金会已将其资助重点从传统植物学转移到具有经济潜力的应用科学上，说明美国国家科学基金会支持具有经济潜力的应用科学。故选C项。【31题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种转变影响了大学的资金决策，导致许多学校减少或取消植物学课程。A.entry进入；B.combination结合；C.comparison比较；D.shift转变。根据前文“TheNationalScienceFoundation(NSF),___9___,hasmoveditsfundingprioritiesawayfromtraditionalbotany,___10___appliedscienceswitheconomicpotential.”可知，美国国家科学基金会已将其资助重点从传统植物学转移到具有经济潜力的应用科学上，由此推知，这是一种转变。故选D项。【32题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：人们对植物学兴趣的下降进一步受到“植物盲目性”的影响，这种现象是指人们忽视环境中的植物，未能认识到它们的重要性。A.interest兴趣；B.emergence紧急情况；C.intention目的，意图；D.evidence证据。根据前文“TheNationalCenterforEducationStatisticssoundedanearlyalarmin2015,notingthatthenumberofbotanydegreesawardedintheUnitedStateshadfallenbelow400.”可知美国国家教育统计中心早在2015年就敲响了警钟，指出美国授予植物学学位的人数已降至400人以下，由此推知，“植物盲”进一步推动了人们对植物学兴趣的下降。故选A项。【33题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：在美国和英国，当植物学教授退休时，他们往往没有人接替，留下了植物专业知识的空白。A.invited邀请；B.replaced取代，接替；C.registered注册；D.involved参与。根据后文“leavingagapinplantexpertise”可知没有人接替退休的植物学教授，留下了植物专业知识的空白。故选B项。【34题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种短缺可能成为一个紧迫的问题，特别是在生态恢复等领域，植物识别技能至关重要。A.launch发射，上市；B.shortage短缺；C.motive动机；D.pattern模式。根据前文“IntheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdom,asbotanyprofessorsretire,theyareoftennot___13___,leavingagapinplantexpertise.”可知在美国和英国，当植物学教授退休时，他们往往没有人接替，留下了植物专业知识的空白，由此推知，这是一种短缺。故选B项。【35题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，保持基本植物技能的挑战仍然存在，这突出了认识和解决植物学价值的迫切需要。A.Hence因此；B.Moreover此外；C.Meanwhile与此同时；D.Nevertheless然而。根据前文“Proposedlegislation,suchastheBotanyBillintheU.S.,seekstopreserveplantexpertise.”和后文“thechallengeofmaintainingessentialplantskillspersists,highlightingtheurgentneedtorecognizeandaddressthevalueofbotany.”构成转折关系可知，此处应用表示转折的副词nevertheless“然而”。故选D项。SectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)SummerhillThisisastoryofamodernschool—Summerhill.Summerhillbeganasanexperimentalschool.Itisnolongersuch;itisnowademonstrationschool,foritdemonstratesthatfreedomworks.WhenmywifeandIbegantheschool,wehadonemainphilosophy:tomaketheschoolfitthechild—insteadofmakingthechildfittheschool.Obviously,aschoolthatmakesactivechildrensitatdesksstudyingmostlyuselesssubjectsisabadschool.Itisagoodschoolonlyforthosewhobelieveinsuchaschool,forthoseuncreativecitizenswhowantobedient,uncreativechildrenwhowillfitintoacivilizationwhosestandardofsuccessisfameandfortune.Ihadtaughtinordinaryschoolsformanyyears.Iknewtheotherwaywell.Iknewitwasallwrong.Itwaswrongbecauseitwasbasedonanadultconceptionofwhatachildshouldbeandofhowachildshouldlearn.Well,wesetouttomakeaschoolinwhichweshouldallowchildrenfreedomtobethemselves.Inordertodothis,wehadtoabandonalldisciplines,alldirections,allsuggestions,allmoraltraining,andallreligiousinstructions.Wehavebeencalledbrave,butitdidnotrequirecourage.Allitrequiredwaswhatwehad—acompletebeliefinthechildasagood,notanevil,being.Myviewisthatachildisbornwiseandrealistic.Iflefttohimselfwithoutadultsuggestionsofanykind,hewilldevelopasfarasheiscapableofdeveloping.Logically,Summerhillisaplaceinwhichpeoplewhohavetheinherentabilityandwishtobescholarswillbescholars;whilethosewhoareonlyfittosweepthestreetswillsweepthestreets.Butwehavenotproducedastreetcleanersofar.NordoIwritethissnobbishly(势利的),forIwouldratherseeaschoolproduceahappystreetcleanerthanananxiousscholar.36.Accordingtothepassage,whatwastheprimaryideabehindstartingSummerhillSchool?A.Toensurestudentsbecomehappyscholars.B.Tofocusonmoralandreligiousinstructions.C.Tomaketheschooladapttotheneedsofeachchild.D.Tomakechildrensuitablefortheexistingsocialsystem.37.ThefoundersofSummerhillSchoolbelievethatchildren________.A.needstrictdisciplinetobesuccessful B.arenaturallywiseandrealisticC.shouldfocusprimarilyonreligiouseducation D.aremorecreativewithadultguidance38.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.SummerhillSchoolusesauniqueeducationalapproachcenteredongivingchildrenfreedom.BSummerhillSchoolbelieveseverychildhasthepotentialtobecomeasuccessfulscholar.C.SummerhillSchoolrejectsstrictdisciplineandfocusesonachild-centeredenvironment.D.SummerhillSchoolchallengesthetraditionalmodelbyemphasizingchildren'sindependence.39.Whydoestheauthormentionpreferringa“happystreetcleaner”toan“anxiousscholar”?AToencouragestudentstoavoidbecomingworriedscholars.B.Toemphasizethatstreetcleanersarehappierthanscholars.C.Tohighlighttheimportanceofastress-freeandenrichinglife.D.TodemonstratethatSummerhillcareslessaboutacademicachievements.【答案】36.C37.B38.A39.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了Summerhill(夏山学校)的办学理念和实践。【36题详解】细节理解题。由第一段中“WhenmywifeandIbegantheschool,wehadonemainphilosophy:tomaketheschoolfitthechild—insteadofmakingthechildfittheschool.(当我和妻子创办这所学校时，我们有一个主要的理念：让学校适合孩子——而不是让孩子适合学校)”可知，创办Summerhill的主要理念是让学校适应每个孩子的需求。故选C项。【37题详解】细节理解题。由最后一段中“Myviewisthatachildisbornwiseandrealistic.(我的观点是，孩子天生聪明、现实)”可知，Summerhill的创始人认为孩子们天生聪明而现实。故选B项。【38题详解】主旨大意题。由第一段“Thisisastoryofamodernschool—Summerhill.Summerhillbeganasanexperimentalschool.Itisnolongersuch;itisnowademonstrationschool,foritdemonstratesthatfreedomworks.WhenmywifeandIbegantheschool,wehadonemainphilosophy:tomaketheschoolfitthechild—insteadofmakingthechildfittheschool.(这是一个关于Summerhill现代学校的故事。Summerhill最初是一所实验学校。现在已经不是这样了；它现在是一所示范学校，因为它证明了自由是有效的。当我和妻子创办这所学校时，我们有一个主要的理念：让学校适合孩子——而不是让孩子适合学校)”，第四段中“Well,wesetouttomakeaschoolinwhichweshouldallowchildrenfreedomtobethemselves.(好吧，我们着手建立一所学校，让孩子们自由地做自己)”及全文内容可知，这篇文章介绍了Summerhill(夏山学校)的办学理念和实践，夏山学校采用一种独特的教育方法，以给孩子们自由为中心，培养孩子。故选A项。【39题详解】推理判断题。由最后一段中“Logically,Summerhillisaplaceinwhichpeoplewhohavetheinherentabilityandwishtobescholarswillbescholars;whilethosewhoareonlyfittosweepthestreetswillsweepthestreets.Butwehavenotproducedastreetcleanersofar.NordoIwritethissnobbishly(势利的),forIwouldratherseeaschoolproduceahappystreetcleanerthanananxiousscholar.(逻辑上讲，Summerhill是一个这样的地方：那些具有成为学者的内在能力和愿望的人会成为学者；而那些只适合清扫街道的人则会去清扫街道。但迄今为止，我们还没有培养出一个街道清洁工。我写这些并不是出于势利，因为我宁愿看到学校培养出一个快乐的街道清洁工，也不愿看到它造就一个焦虑的学者)”和结合Summerhill以自由为中心的办学理念可知，作者提到更喜欢一个“快乐的街道清洁工”而不是一个“焦虑的学者”，是为了强调无压力和丰富生活的重要性，而不是单纯的学术成就。故选C项。(B)Thefollowingtextsexploredifferentperspectivesonthetopicofreducingworkhours.Asyouread,considertheargumentsandevidencepresentedtounderstandthecomplexitiesofthisissue.“Reducingworkhourscanactuallyboostproductivity.Studiesshowthatemployeeswitha4-dayworkweekaremorefocusedandefficient.Withfewerhours,workersspendlesstimeonnon-productiveactivities,experiencinglessburnoutandhigherjobsatisfaction.Thetraditional40-hourworkweekisoutdated;itdoesn’tfitwithtoday’sfast-pacedworkenvironmentsormentalhealthneeds.Companiesimplementingshorterweekshaveseenuptoa20%increaseinproductivity,indicatingthatqualityoftensurpassesquantity.”Dr.MariaThompson,BehavioralEconomist“Cuttingworkhourssoundsappealing,butit’snotfeasibleacrossallindustries.Somesectors,likehealthcareandmanufacturing,requireconstantcoverage.Reducinghourscouldleadtostaffshortages,increasedcosts,andaheavierworkloadforremainingemployees.Noteveryjoborpersonfitsintoareduced-hoursmodel.Whiletheremaybeproductivitygainsinspecificcases,generalizingthisapproachcouldharmoverallworkforcestabilityandprofitability.Wemustconsiderbotheconomicrealitiesandthevaryingneedsacrossindustries.”ProfessorJohnBaker,LaborRelationsExpert“Thedebateovershorterworkweekshasbecomeahottopic,withadvocatespointingtomentalhealthandproductivitybenefits,whileopponentswarnofpracticalandeconomicchallenges.Whilethe4-dayworkweekworksforsome,itmaynotbeaone-size-fits-allsolution.Abalancebetweenflexibleschedulesandorganizationalneedsmayultimatelyofferthebestpathforward.”CommentaryfromIndustryJournalWorkforceWeekly40.WhatisthemainargumentpresentedbyDr.MariaThompson?A.Employeeswithshorterworkweeksarelessproductive.B.Thetraditional40-hourworkweekisstillhighlyeffective.C.Reducingworkhourscanincreaseefficiencyandjobsatisfaction.D.Shorterworkhourscanleadtoincreasedburnoutandinefficiency.41.WhatconcerndoesProfessorJohnBakerraiseaboutreducingworkhours?A.Itwilldecreaseproductivityacrossallindustries.B.Itmayleadtohigherexpensesandstaffshortage.C.Employeeswillbegrantedtoomuchfreetime.D.Thementalhealthofemployeeswillworsen.42.Basedonthetexts,whymightsomecompaniesresistadoptinga4-dayworkweek?A.Theyareconcerneditcouldreduceoverallproductivity.B.Theybelieveallemployeespreferatraditionalschedule.C.Theyfeelitunnecessarygivencurrentmentalhealthtrends.D.Theyworryitwon’tworkforindustriesrequiringconstantstaffing.【答案】40.C41.B42.D【解析】【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章探讨了减少工作时间这一主题的各种不同观点。【40题详解】细节理解题。根据第一部分Dr.MariaThompson,BehavioralEconomist的观点中“Reducingworkhourscanactuallyboostproductivity.Studiesshowthatemployeeswitha4-dayworkweekaremorefocusedandefficient.Withfewerhours,workersspendlesstimeonnon-productiveactivities,experiencinglessburnoutandhigherjobsatisfaction.(减少工作时间实际上可以提高工作效率。研究表明，每周工作4天的员工更专注，效率更高。工作时间越少，员工花在非生产性活动上的时间就越少，工作倦怠感就越少，工作满意度也就越高)”可知，玛丽亚·汤普森博士提出的主要论点是减少工作时间可以提高效率和工作满意度。故选C项。【41题详解】细节理解题。根据第二部分ProfessorJohnBaker,LaborRelationsExpert的观点中“Somesectors,likehealthcareandmanufacturing,requireconstantcoverage.Reducinghourscouldleadtostaffshortages,increasedcosts,andaheavierworkloadforremainingemployees.(一些行业，如医疗保健和制造业，需要持续的工作方式。减少工作时间可能会导致员工短缺，增加成本，并增加剩余员工的工作量)”及“Whiletheremaybeproductivitygainsinspecificcases,generalizingthisapproachcouldharmoverallworkforcestabilityandprofitability.Wemustconsiderbotheconomicrealitiesandthevaryingneedsacrossindustries.(虽然在特定情况下可能会有生产力的提升，但将这种方法普遍化可能会损害整体劳动力的稳定性和盈利能力。我们必须考虑到经济现实以及各行业不同的需求)”可知，约翰·贝克教授认为减少工作时间可能会导致更高的费用和人员短缺。故选B项。【42题详解】推理判断题。根据第二部分ProfessorJohnBaker,LaborRelationsExpert的观点中“Cuttingworkhourssoundsappealing,butit'snotfeasibleacrossallindustries.Somesectors,likehealthcareandmanufacturing,requireconstantcoverage.(减少工作时间听起来很有吸引力，但并不是在所有行业都可行。一些行业，如医疗保健和制造业，需要持续的工作方式)”和“Noteveryjoborpersonfitsintoareduced-hoursmodel.Whiletheremaybeproductivitygainsinspecificcases,generalizingthisapproachcouldharmoverallworkforcestabilityandprofitability.(不是每个工作或每个人都适合减少工作时间的模式。虽然在特定情况下可能会有生产力的提升，但将这种方法普遍化可能会损害整体劳动力的稳定性和盈利能力)”可知，有些公司会拒绝采用一周工作4天(减少工作时间的模式)，因为他们担心这种方法不适合需要持续人员配置的行业。故选D项。(C)Arthasalwaysoccupiedaspecialplaceinsociety.Manypeopleconsiderartiststobetheultimateauthoritiesonthenatureandexpressionofbeauty.Formuchofhistory,thepracticeofartwasmysterious,andartistswereviewedasbeingsomewhatoddandoftenmad.Eventhewordmostcommonlyassociatedwithartists—inspiration—hasitsownmagicalqualities.Literally,“inspiration”isthebreathinginofaspirit.Artistswerethoughtofaspeoplewhowereuniquelyinspiredtocreate.Ofcourse,artistscontributedtothismythology(神话).Manyartistscreditedtheirtalentstothepresenceofsomesupernaturalpower.Wholemovementsofarthavecenteredonthesupposedlyotherworldlynatureofart.Forexample,theRomanticpoetsbelievedthatartwasatermthatmeantanultimateexpressionofbeautyandtruth.Thesearchforthisidealledthemtoexplorebothnaturalandsupernaturalthemesintheirworks.Anotherpersistentviewofartregardeditsdivorcefromlogic.Reasonandlogicweretheprovinceofscientistsandphilosophers,whereascreativityandinsightweretheareaoftheartists.Thetwoseparateaspectsofthemindweresupposedtoremaindistinct.Butin1704,amajorbreakthroughoccurred.SirIsaacNewton,mathematicianandphysicist,publishedhisstudyoflight,Opticks.OneofNewton’smajordiscoverieswasonthenatureofcolor.Usingaprism(棱镜),Newtonfoundthatwhitelightisactuallycomposedofallthecolorsoftherainbow.Heevenprovidedascientificexplanationforthepresenceofrainbows.Thearti