石油钻井英语国际化人才口语测试复习资料.doc

1. What the drilling parameters we usually use on site? And what about mud parameters?Drilling parameters: WOB, hook load, SPP, RPM, flow rate, torque and so on.Mud parameters: mud weight, viscosity, water loss, solid content, sand content, oil content, mud cake and so on.2. Tell me something about fire fighting equipment we use on site. What are they?Before we spud in, we should prepare enough fire fighting eqiupment and make sure they are in good condition and in right place. The commonly used fire control equipment on site: all kinds of fire extinguishers like foam extinguisher, dry powder extinguisher, CO2(carbon dioxide) extinguisher. Besides we also prepare fire hose, fire pails, fire spades, fire sands,fire blanket and so on. All the equipments should be inspected regularly.3. Can you tell us the wellhead tools and hand tools we commonly used on the floor?Wellhead tools: elevators, slips, safety slips, mud box, bit breakers, lifting subs and so on.Handtools: ring spanner, open- ended spanner, pipe wrench, monkey wrench, box spanner, chain tong, handvice, hacksaw, screwdriver, wire brush, grease gun, hammer and so on. 4. Please give us a brief introduction about drilling procedure.Before moving we should inspect the road condition, makesure it is safe for heavy duty equipment to pass. Then we transefer all the drilling equipment to the wellsite and rig up. After that we spud in and drill the surface hole, set the surface casing and cementing. For the second spud we will drill the intermediate hole to the designed depth, then set the intermediate casing and cementing. For the third spud we will drill the production hole to the planned depth until we go through the pay zone. Then perform the wireline logging, set production casing according to the drilling program.5. What are the functions of drilling fluid? What are the effects when the mud density is too high or too low?A: 1).clean the bottom of the hole, carry and suspend the cuts；2).protect the wall of the hole；3).cool and lubricate the bit and drill string；4).balance the pressure of the formation；5).assist to break the stones of the formation；6).protect the oil reservoir. 7). Get the data from the formation.B: Reasonable density of the fluid can balance the pressure of the oil, gas and water from the formation and the side pressure of the stone. If the density is too low, the gas, oil and water of the formation will intrude into the well hole, eventually, there will be a kick or blowout. Sometimes, the wall of the hole will lose the stability and collapse at last. Of course, the density also can not be too high, because it will cause fractures on the formation, eventually, there will be a leakage. At the same time, the drilling rate is related to the mud density, when the density is high, the drilling rate will be high, vise verse.6. When the pump pressure decreases/increases, what do you think will be the reason? / What problems can be identified based on the changes of the pump pressure？Reasons of decrease: A. the surface line or standpipe leaksB. the drill-pipe washed outC. circulation lostD. kickE. pumping rate changed or pump broke downF. too many bubbles in the mud G. the mud density becomes lower H. Someone is weighting up the mud I. Mud level in the tank is too low J. bit nozzle fell Reasons of increase: A. pumping rate changed B. bit nozzle got blocked C. the down hole motor broke down D. mud density changed E. Formation caving F. cuttings accumulated too much in the hole G. drill-pipe filter got blocked H. The bit wore out I. bit balling J. formation shrinking7. What is the BHA that you commonly use? Give us a example and tell us what does it consist of? The longer the bottom-hole assembly is, the better, isnt it? 1) Rigid, packed hole assembly; pendulum drill-assembly; tapered drill-assembly; drifting drilling assembly; fishing assembly; turbo-drilling assembly.2) turbo-drilling assembly: bit, turbo-drilling tool, (bent sub), non-magnetic drill collar, drill collars; heavy wall drill pipes; drill pipes3) No. The reasonable length of the BHA depends on the weight on bit. Normally, the maximum weight on bit is roughly equal to 70% of the total weight of the BHA.8. How many kinds of down hole complicated conditions do you know? Choose one kind you have experienced, and tell me something about it?Collapse：thecollapseisthephenomenaofwellborelostthestabilization。Drillpipe stricking: drillpipesticking isthephenomenathatthedrillpipecannotmovefreely. Itcan be caused by accumulatedcuttings, sloughedformation, bit balling, shrinkedwellbore，keyseating，differentialpressure, junk falling, cement, dry drilling.Lostcirculation: lostcirculationisthephenomenathatthedrillingfluidsenterthegapoftheformation.Blowout：blowoutisthephenomenathatthefluidintheformationenterinto thewellboreandthemixturefluidsprayuptotherotarytable.Kick：whenkickoccurs，astimegoesbythedrillingfluidsprayoutofthewellbore。Iwouldlikesaysomethingaboutthekeyseatingdrillpipe. Key-seatingistheresultofseriousdoglegsandisusuallyformedattheshoulde. Inthiscase, thetooljointwillgoesintothegroove,andinthiswaythedrillpipewillstuck.Butyoucancirculation,whenithappenedyoushouldtryyourbesttopulldownthedrillstring,ofcourseifitdoesntworkyoucouldusethedownwarddrillingjar.9. How do you perform the blowout drill when the drilling operation is in progress?Do it as the following procedures:1)Driller should sound a 30 second long alarm2)Stop the rotary table, and pull out of the hole with the Kelly and Kelly sub to a certain point above the rotary table.3)Shut down the pump.4)Sound two 2 second long alarm with 1second stop between them5)Open the hydraulic valve to allow the mud to flow to the degasser.6)Clouse the annular BOP, then close the pipe ram BOP.7)Close the choke valve slowly. Dont exceed the maximum allowed casing pressure. Close the gate valve in front of the choke valve. 8)Record the casing pressure, standpipe pressure and mud fluid volume. Report them to the supervisor and manager.10. How to shut in the well while drilling operation?When kick or blow out occurs, the driller sounds alarm immediately, all the crew members should evacuate to the muster point where wind ward except the well control team, the safety man should count the amount of people. At the same time the driller stops drilling and raises the Kelly/ TDS, raises the drill string to a certain position where no tool joints are at the pipe rams or annual preventers. Then stops the pump and observes well for flow, meanwhile floormen should close the elevator and prepare the cock spanner. Then the driller shut in the well from closing the pipe ram preventer. At the same time the assistant driller should rush to the remote control console. While the driller is performing the shut-in procedures, the assistant driller should observe whether or not the switches of BOP are in correct position, and quickly contact with the driller. On hearing the alarm, the derrick man should rush to the chock manifold and check if all the valves are at the right position. After the driller shuts in the well, the derrick man should immediately record the casing pressure and the stand pipe pressure. Upon hearing the sound of the alarm, the roustabout should stop the shale shaker at once and rush to the choke manifold to help the derrick man operate the valves on the chock manifold. After that, roustabout records the pit gain, reports it to the toolpusher. Complete the applicable IWCF Surface BOP Kill sheet, and prepare to kill the well.11. How many well killing methods do you know? What are their differences?There are drillers method and engineer method.Drillers method needs two circles. During the first circulation, circulate out the contaminated mud by using the original mud, and mix the heavier mud at the same time. During the second circulation, circulate out the original mud by using the heavier mud. The Engineers method needs only one circle. It should mix the heavier mud first, and then circulate out the contaminated mud by using heavier mud directly.12. What preparations should we make before running in casings?Clean the hole; adjust the mud; replace the ram; test pressure; prepare hook rings and elevators; prepare slips; prepare circulate sub; make up the filling line; Prepare casing tongs and back-ups; sufficient tong dies and LCM.13. How many kinds of bit do you use? What are the main factors in selection an ideal bit? There are 3 kinds of bit used in work, including cone bit, PDC bit and core bit. The main factors in selection an ideal bit are: 1) the type of formation to be drilled; 2) the drilling fluid being used; 3) the type and strength of the drilling assembly; and 4) the capacity of the equipment (including pumps, rotary, draw works, etc) to supply the power needed to drill.14. How do you perform the pressure test? (And what is next?) And whats the meaning of both high and low pressure test? /Why do you test with high and low pressure separately?First we connect the air source and water supply line, and then test each valve on the chock manifold and killing manifold with high and low pressure respectively.Then pressure-test the BOP, the upper and lower cock, inside BOP tools, and the check valve, etc.The high pressure-test means testing each component to rated working pressure and holding for 10 minutes, while the low pressure-test means testing each component to 300psi and holding for 10 minutes.Sometimes, for the reasons of equipment itself, it can pass the high pressure test, but cant pass the low pressure test, and vise versa.15. How to perform the BOP pressure test?First connect the air source (the pressure requirement: 4.5 to 7.5 Mpa) and the water supply line ,and then test each valve on the choke manifold and killing manifold with high and low pressure respectively. Then pressure test the BOP, the upper and the lower cock, inside BOP tools, and the check valves, etc. the high pressure test means testing each component up to rated working pressure and holding for 10 min , while the low pressure test means testing each component up to 300 psi and holding for 10 min .16. Can you introduce some equipment used during well control?Equipment used in well control: BOP, kill manifold, choke manifold, cock, check valve, float valve, remote control house, and mud liquid separatorBop: when kick happen; it can shut in to prevent fluid flow out of hole Kill manifold is used to kill the well when the kick very seriouslyChoke manifold: when the bop has been closed, you can control the flow rate of the choke valve to maintain the bottom whole pressureCock and check valve: close the cock to prevent the mud flow backwardFloat valve is a kind of non-return valve and prevent mud flow backwardRemote control house and drillers console: remote control the bop Mud gas separator: when formation gas cut in the mud, the mud circulates through the mud gas separator to separate the gas from the mud.17. Give a brief introduction about HSE management.The HSE management is a system to manage health, safety and environment. The personnel who take part in the work shall accept HSE training. The purpose of training is to strengthen HSE consciousness of the personnel.In order to manage the personnels health during the operation, we have a Clinic and doctors in the well site, the responsibility of the doctors are that, they should investigate the common disease and infectious disease, in the operational area and taking relevant measures, and also, they must be familiar with their job. All of them, include the first aid team, should take part in the First Aid Training in the supply base, and have the certificates, once an accident happens, they must know how to protect, aid and treat the endangered personnel. Every month, the doctor and the first aid team should do the First Aid Drill, from the drill, all of them can familiar with their responsibility when emergencies happen. During the daily life, all crew members should pay more attention to personnel habits, diet and hygienic habit, and also, we need to take the medicine in accordance with the doctors instructions. There are several occupational diseases in the well site, for example, the occupational deafness, you know, we use the diesel engines in the well site, there are lots of noise in them, although we use the ear plugs to protect our hearing, the engine man have probable change to suffer the occupational deafness. In order to protect them, all of them should have the occupational disease medical every year. There are lots of risks during the operation, for example, the common personnel accidents at the well site are electric shock, burn, drowning, food poisoning, body injury and so on. In order to protect the staffs safety, all the members in the well site should follow our HSE policy, for example, every one who working the well site should use full PPE. Especially for the visitors, as they are not familiar with the well site, they may injury themselves during the visiting. So, before they entering the well site, the safety man will give them a HSE introduction, during the visiting, they must follow the HSE mans instructions strictly. Before the high risk operation, we should have a PTW from the supervisor and then we hold the tool box meeting, and analyze the high risk, after that, we will find the way to control those risks. There are several kinds of pollution during the drilling operation, they are mostly waste cuttings, used fluid, nosy and so on. We must pay more attention to those pollutions, and manage them carefully, otherwise they will pollute the environment. As we all know, to protect the environment is to protect ourselves.18. How to prevent differential pressure sticking from happening? If unfortunately it happens, how to release the sticking?Differential pressure sticking involves the sticking of the drillpipe in the mud cake on the wall of the hole. The mechanism of this process basically involves the pressure forces from the hole into the formation, which causes the drillcollars to contact the mud cake and the friction that between the pipe and the clay of the mud cake. Some certain conditions can lead this problem：1)Oversize round drillcollars.2)Long strings of drillcollars.3)High borehole deviation angle.4)High weight, high water loss, high-solids mud.5)Any interruption of pipe movement and long interruptions of circulation when mud quality is poor and annular velocity is high.So as for the preventive measures, fist you should avoid these five conditions mentioned before, next you should reduce collar-cake contact surfaces by using stabilizers, buttons, noncircular collars, etc. Third you should reduce the friction between steel and clay by coating, oil mud, special mud additives, etc.Generally speaking, this problem is not serious and can be remedied without too much effort. A remedial program has proved effective in many cases.1)Stop circulation and apply maximum tension to the drillstring as soon as possible.2)If suitable, reduce the differential pressure by prolonged circulation of clear water or oil.3)Spot oil and circulate in batches for prolonged intervals.4)If all fail, back off drillpipe and reduce pressure to atmospheric pressure by connecting a formation tester to the collars.19. What are the factors that cause loss of circulation? (p238)There are four factors that cause loss of circulation, they are:First is the case of natural formation fractures which can occur in essentially any type of rock.Second is the case of induced fractures due to excessive mud weight or surging effect or too fast a downward movement of the drillstring.A third case of lost circulation is that of cavernous formations, normally limestones.The fourth case of loss circulation is that of unconsolidated formations with high permeability.20. Please give us a brief introduction about directional well, the tools, the BHA and so on.We need to drill directional wells in the following situations: First, the surface condition is limited by some factors, such as the river, mountain, and marsh and so on. In this situation, drilling rig can not be installed on the earth above oil reservoir. So directional well is needed. Second, when the oil layer is very thin, so we can drill a directional well. Because directional can enlarge the drainage area, so this can increase recovery ratio apparently. Another reason is that when the drill string is stuck in the hole and can be fished out, so we need sidetrack. Therefore, directional well need to be drilled. When we drill a directional well, we need proper BHA, drill tools and related equipments. During the drilling operation, turbo-drilling assembly should be used. This kind of BHA consists of drilling bit , downhole motor , bent sub , non-magnetic drilling collar , locate sub , stabilizer , drill pipes and so on. MWD is necessary equipment for directional well. We can obtain some data such as deviation angle, azimuth angle by using MWD. Sometimes, even formation parameters also can be obtained. These parameters can be sent to the sensor; finally parameters can be showed on the screen of the surface equipment. By analyzing these data, we can know the direction of the well, and we can also determine the well will be drilled to which direction according to the drilling program. During drilling operation, we should make the well bore trace change regularly for further operation. When the deviat