香玲核桃的丰产栽培技术.doc

/ / / / 香玲核桃的丰产栽培技术东平县盛产核桃,2001年被国家林业局命名为“中国核桃之乡”。笔者于20012008年进行了香玲核桃丰产栽培技术试验示范,同时进行了大面积推广,到2008年底,全县以香玲、元丰为主栽品种的核桃生产基地面积已达6500hm2,经济效益显着。现将丰产栽培技术总结如下。DongPingXian is rich in walnut, 2001 by the state forestry administration named as township of the Chinese walnuts. The author has carried on the sweet ling in 2001 2008 walnut cultivation technology experiment and demonstration, has carried on the widespread promotion at the same time, by the end of 2008, the county is given priority to with sweet ling, candidates.if your plant varieties of walnut production base area of 6500 hm2, economic benefit is significant. Now the cultivation will be summarized below. 1 试验园概况1 ShiYanYuan overview 试验示范园设在东平镇王村。该区年平均气温13.4,年日照时数2474.2小时,年均降水量640ram(多集中在78月份),无霜期199天。该园青石山地,砂壤土,土层厚度大于80cm,土壤有机质含量0.7%,面积19hm2,主栽品种香玲,授粉品种以元丰为主,配置比例为6:1,株行距3m5m,南北行向。2001年3月下旬定植。定植后第3年结果。为尽快扩大树冠,不留果,定植第13年间作豆类、薯类、蔬菜和浅根性中药材、草莓或绿肥等矮秆作物。第48年平均666.7 m2产量分别达73、139、161、192和213kg,5年平均666.7m2年产量155,6kg。Experimental demonstration garden is located in dongping town wang village. The annual average temperature 13.4 , the annual sunshine hours 2474.2 hours, annual average rainfall of 640 ram (more concentrated in July August), frost-free period 199 days. Birth stone mountain, sandy loam, thickness of soil layer is greater than 80 cm, 0.7% of soil organic matter content, area of 19 hm2, main variety sweet ling, give priority to with candidates.if your pollination varieties, allocation ratio of 6:1, plant spacing of 3 m x 5 m, the north-south line to. Engraftment in late March 2001. Engraftment after 3 years the results. To expand canopy as soon as possible, without fruit, engraftment 1 3 years, beans, potato, vegetables, and shallow root stem crops, such as Chinese herbal medicine, strawberries, or green manure. Volume 4 8 years an average of 666.7 m2, respectively, 73, 139, 161, 192 and 139 kg, five years an average of 666.7 m2 annual production of 155 kg. 2 栽培技术要点Cultivation techniques of two points 2.1定植2.1 engraftment 2001年早春,定植前1个月挖营养沟进行土壤改良。沟宽1m、深0.8m,将表土与心土分放两侧,每666.7m2施圈肥、厩肥、人粪尿沤肥及腐熟的鸡粪等有机肥30004000kg,并混施复合肥或果树专用肥50kg及铡碎的麦秸、玉米秸等秸草1000kg,与表土混匀后回填,最后回填心土,灌透水沉实。选根系发达、茎粗1cm以上、高1m左右、整形带内有45个饱满芽的壮苗进行定植。栽前根系浸水12小时以上,使苗木充分吸水。定植穴深、宽各40em,将苗木放人穴中央,舒展根系,回填土2/3深时,轻提苗木,踩实土壤,栽植深度高于根颈3cm左右。填满土踏实后,沿行整修出1.2m宽的灌水带,灌透水。土壤表面晾干后,每株覆盖1m2的地膜保墒,地膜四周用土压严。Early spring in 2001, one month before engraftment digging ditch was improved nutrition. Deep groove width 1 m, 0.8 m, topsoil and subsoil put on both sides of every 666.7 m2 barnyard manure, manure and human waste OuFei and rotten chicken manure and other organic fertilizer 3000 4000 kg, and blended compound fertilizer or fruit tree specific fertilizer 50 kg and chopped straw, corn stalk, straw grass is 1000 kg, and the surface soil backfill after blending, the backfill subsoil, irrigation water heavy fact. Select the root system developed, stem diameter more than 1 cm, height 1 m or so, plastic belt with 4 5 full bud seedling planting. Plant root soaking before 12 hours, make seedling sufficient water. Engraftment hole depth, width of each 40 em, put one central hole, the seedling stretch roots, two-thirds backfill soil deep, light seedling, on real soil, planting depth of about 3 cm higher than root collar. After fill soil steadfast, along the lines out of the 1.2 m wide water restored, irrigation water. Soil surface after drying, covered only 1 m2 of mulch keep moisture, mulch around earth pressure. 2.2土肥水管理2.2 disease-carrying insectharms management 幼树期及时中耕除草。间作绿肥作物的园片在春、夏、秋三季进行深耕压绿肥,春季施肥于萌芽前进行,夏秋两季可在雨后进行,并结合施肥深埋杂草。落叶前从定植穴处逐年向外进行深翻,深度在60cm左右,注意不损伤直径1 cm以上的粗根。Young period hoe weeding in a timely manner. Interplanting green manure crops in the garden in spring, summer, autumn three seasons deep pressure green manure and fertilizer was conducted in the bud before spring, can be carried out in the rain in summer and autumn, and connecting with the fertilizer deep weeds. Leaves from before engraftment point outward to the commune year by year, 60 cm in depth, pay attention to dont damage more than 1 cm thick root diameter. 香玲核桃8月下旬成熟,果实生长期较长。采果后至落叶前施基肥,每666.7m2施腐熟的圈肥、厩肥、饼肥、人粪尿沤肥、鸡粪等有机肥40005000kg,并混施磷钾肥或果树专用肥50kg,结合深翻施入。也可采用沟施,沟深3050cm、长1.21.5m,每年轮换开沟位置。Xiang ling walnuts in late August, the mature fruit growth period is longer than the other. Pick the fruit to basal dressing before leaves, every 666.7 m2 of rotten barnyard manure, manure, cake fertilizer, human excrement OuFei, chicken manure and other organic fertilizer 4000 5000 kg, and mixed under phosphorus or fruit tree specific fertilizer 50 kg, the combination of the commune. Also can be used by furrow, groove depth of 30 50 cm long, 1.2 1.5 m, rotation trenching position every year. 每年追肥4次。发芽前每666.7m2施尿素3040kg加人畜粪水1500kg;幼果膨大期和硬核期分别追施硫酸钾或果树专用肥4050kg加过磷酸钙15kg;采果后每666.7m2追施复合肥2025kg。为了提高叶片光合效能,可于生长季进行叶面喷肥。第1次在叶片长成后的4月中下旬,第2次在5月中旬,喷0.3%的尿素溶液;第3次在6月下旬,第4次在8月上旬,喷0.3%的尿素溶液加0.3%的磷酸二氢钾溶液。生长后期再喷1次4%7%的草木灰浸出液。According to 4 times a year. Sprout every 666.7 m2 applied urea before 30 40 kg and 1500 kg of human and animal manure; Young fruit stage) and hardcore topdressing potassium sulfate or fruit trees respectively 40 50 kg plus calcium superphosphate fertilizer 15 kg; Pick fruit every 666.7 m2 topdressing compound fertilizer after 20 to 25 kg. In order to improve the photosynthetic efficiency of foliar fertilizer on growth seasons. 1 time in the mid to late April after the blade, second in mid-may, the urea solution spray 0.3%; 3 times in late June, 4th in early August, the urea solution spray 0.3% and 0.3% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution. Spray at later growth stage 1 plant ash leaching liquid of 4% 7%. 每年灌水4次。土壤封冻前灌封冻水、早春顶凌灌水、芽萌动期灌水,果实硬核期灌水。封冻水和早春顶凌灌水对防止枝条抽干,充实枝芽有明显的效果。核桃不耐涝,雨季应注意及时挖排水沟排水,防止烂根或死树。Water 4 times a year. Soil freezing before freezing, spring ling water irrigation, buds MengDongQi irrigation, irrigation fruit hard. Freezing water and spring ling to infuse water to prevent dry branches, enrich the shoot has the obvious effect. Walnut waterlogging resistance, the rainy season should be paid attention to dig a drainage ditch drainage in time, prevent roots rotted or dead trees. 2.3花果管理2.3 flowers and management 核桃雄花量很大,为防止雄花序大量消耗树体营养,在雄花芽未萌动前710天进行疏雄,疏除雄花数量的90%95%,使雄花与雌花的比例达到1:2540,可节省大量的营养,用于雌花的发育和果实的生长,达到增产的目的。Walnut male flowers quantity is very big, in order to prevent the male much tree nutrition, 7 10 days before the male flower bud was not to be hydrophobic male, 90% 95% of the steam in addition to the number of male flowers, make the proportion of male flowers and female flowers reach 25 40, can save a lot of nutrition, for the development of female flowers and fruit growth, achieve the purpose of production. 人工授粉对提高坐果率有显着作用。采集将要散粉的雄花序,放在干燥的室内阴干,在2025C的条件下,经过2448小时即可散粉,然后将花粉收集备用。雌花柱头开裂并呈倒八字形、柱头突起、分泌大量粘液,并具有一定光泽时为最佳授粉时期。将花粉与面粉按1:10的比例混匀后用喷粉器授粉,或配成5000倍液后喷雾。授粉以没有露水的晴天上午911时,下午1517时效果最好。因核桃雌花对大量花粉敏感,故授粉量不宜过大。Artificial pollination to improve fruit-bearing rate has a significant role. Acquisition will loose powder of male flowers sequence, is put in the dry room in order, under the condition of 20 25 C, 24 48 hours after loose powder, and then collect pollen and set aside. Female flowers stigma cracking and eight-lane, stigma protrusions, secrete large amounts of mucus, and has a certain luster is the best period of pollination. According to the proportion of pollen and flour blending with duster after pollination, or after with 5000 times liquid spray. Pollination with no sunny days from 9 to 11 in the morning dew, 15 17 PM works best. Because the walnut pollen sensitive female flowers for large quantity of pollination shoulds not be too big. 2.4整形修剪2.4 plastic clip 核桃落叶即进入伤流期。为避免伤流,修剪在采果后到开始落叶前进行。Walnut leaves or enters the period of injury flow. To avoid injury flow, clip before to start leaves after picking fruit. 核桃树的顶端优势特别明显,顶芽发育比侧芽充实肥大,干性强,层性明显,树形宜采用主干疏层形。整形方法:栽后70100定干,当年不修剪,只将主干扶直,并保护好顶芽。待春季发芽后,顶芽将向上直立生长,将其作为中心干,顶芽下部的56个芽将萌发成枝,于56月选分布均匀、生长旺盛的34个新梢作为第1层主枝,其余新梢全部抹去。第2年按同样的方法培育第2层23个主枝,与第1层间距6080cm。第3年选第3层12个主枝,与第2层间距5070cm。定植后第14年主枝尽量不修剪,任其自然分生侧枝,以扩大树冠,一般34年即可成形。树高控制在34m左右。Trees at the top of the edge has been especially apparent, crown than the lateral bud development enrich hypertrophy, dry, strong layer obviously, tree appropriate USES thin layer of the trunk. Plastic methods: plant after dry, 70 100 year dont clip, only to straighten up the trunk, and protect the crown. After waiting for the spring sprout, crown will be upright growth, will do it as the center, a 5 6 at the bottom of the crown bud germination into branch, to choose 5 6 month uniform distribution, vigorous growth of 3 4 a new tip as a major branch in the first level, all the rest of the new tip. 2 years on the same terms and methods of cultivating layer 2 2 3 main branch, and 1 layer spacing of 60 80 cm. 3 years selected layer 3 1 2 major branch, and layer 2 span 50-70 cm. Engraftment after 1 4 years major branch as far as possible dont clip, let it have its swing meristematic collateral, to expand canopy, generally 3 4 years can be formed. Tree height control around 3 4 m. 核桃进入结果期后,树冠继续扩大,结果部位不断增加,容易出现生长与结果之间的矛盾,保证高产稳产是这一时期修剪的主要目的。从结果初期开始,就应有计划地培养健壮的结果枝组,不断增加结果部位,扩大结果面积,防止树冠内膛空虚和结果部位外移。太阳能代理进入盛果期后,应加强枝组的培养和复壮。注意及时疏除背后枝,利用斜生枝和背上枝,先放后缩,培养结果枝组。徒长枝在结果初期一般不留,以免扰乱树形,在盛果期可利用其培养枝组。利用背上枝培养枝组时要及时控制,以免影响骨干枝和结果母枝的生长结果。下垂枝多不充实,结果能力差,消耗养分多,应疏除。Walnut into the results, canopy continues to expand, the site increases, prone to the contradiction between the growth and as a result, to ensure high and stable yield is the main purpose of the trim during this period. Early from the results, you should have a plan to develop robust fruit set, increase as a result, expand the area as a result, to prevent the canopy bore emptiness and offshoring results part. After entering provinces, should strengthen the cultivation of the branch group and rejuvenation. Note timely dredging except behind branches, using inclined back branches and twigs, shrinkage after put first, cultivating fruit group. Turion generally leave at the beginning of the results, so as not to disrupt the tree, in the provinces available training group. Use back to timely control the branch groups, so as not to affect the results backbone branches and branch growth results. Drooping branches more than thin, as a result, ability is poor, nutrient consumption, more should be thin. 2.5病虫害防治2.5 prevention and cure of plant diseases and insect pests 危害核桃的病虫害主要有黑斑病、炭疽病、腐烂病、核桃举肢蛾、云斑天牛、桃蛀螟、核桃小吉丁虫、草履蚧等,应进行综合防治。Harm walnut main plant diseases and insect pests have melasma, anthracnose, rot, walnut for limb and peach borer moth, cloud spot longicorn moth, small walnut JiDing and fulfillment of grass pest insect, etc., should be comprehensive prevention and control. 物理防治:冬季刮除枝干上的翘皮、老粗皮,剪除病虫枝、细弱枝、枯死枝及越冬虫茧,清除病僵果,清扫落叶,一并集中烧毁。泰安物流生长季节及时摘除病虫果集中深埋。秋末枝干涂白,取生石灰5kg、食盐2kg、动物油0.1kg、豆面0.1kg和水20kg,先用少量水化开生石灰,配成石灰水,再加入食盐、动物油、豆面,搅拌均匀,制成白涂剂涂抹枝干,注意涂抹要均匀一致。Physical prevention and treatment: winter shave their branches become warped, redneck leather, cut off the branches, thin branches, dying of diseases and pests and winter survival worm cocoon, remove disease frozen fruit, cleaning the fallen leaves, along with all the focus fire. Growing season remove disease and insect fruit concentrated buried deep in a timely manner. Take quick lime of autumn branches with white, 5 kg, 2 kg of salt, fat 0.1 kg, miso, 20 kg, 0.1 kg and water with a small amount of hydrated lime, first with the limewater, add in salt, fat, miso, and made white coated onto branches, attention to uniform. 药物防治:萌芽前喷35Be石硫合剂,防治黑斑病、炭疽病、举肢蛾、草履蚧等。锅炉配件6月中旬至9月上旬,每间隔1520天交替喷布1次1:2:200倍波尔多液、50%甲基托布津1500倍液、80%大生M-45可湿性粉剂800倍液,并及时喷布1.8%阿维菌素30004000倍液、25%灭幼脲3号2000倍液、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂4000倍液、20%灭扫利乳油3000倍液,防治炭疽病、黑斑病、溃疡病、举肢蛾、桃蛀螟、核桃小吉丁虫、刺蛾、草履蚧等。Drug prevention and treatment: spray before 3 5 Be lime sulfur mixture, prevention and treatment of melasma, anthracnose, limb and fulfillment of grass pest moth, etc. In mid June through early September, alternating injection cloth every interval of 15