定语从句语法归纳.doc

高中语法定语从句l 引导定语从句的词 关系代词：that which who whom whose as 关系副词：where when why 关系代词1）功能：引导一个定语从句，把它和主句连接起来，形成主从关系； 替代前面的先行词，有当其在从句中作宾语是可以省略；在定语从句中充当适当的句子成分。限制性和非限制性定语从句只用于限制性定从指人指物指人和物主语whowhichthat宾语whomwhichthat属格whose/of whichwhose/of which1.(05北京)Do you still remember the chicken farm_we visited three months ago?A.whereB.whenC.thatD.what2.(06福建)Look out!Dont get too close to the house_roof is under repair.A.whoseB.whichC.of whichD.that2)关系代词只能用thata.先行词是形容词最高级或者被形容词的最高级修饰时。eg.This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen.b.当先行词是序数词或者被序数词修饰时。eg.What is the first foreign film that you have ever seen?c.当先行词是不定代词，如：all,any,some,much,little,few,everything,nothing,something,anything,none,the one等词时。eg.Do you have anything that you dont understand?d.先行词被the very（正好）,the only,the last,any,few,little,just,next,no,all等词修饰时。eg.The only thing that we can do is to help you out.e.先行词既有表示人的词又有表示物的词。eg.Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?f.当主句的主语是疑问词who或者which时。eg.Who is the man that is standing by the tree?g.有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词用which，而另一个则用that。eg.They went to a shop which sells womens clothes that satisfied them.h.当先行词在主句中作be的表语,或关系代词本身作从句的表语时。eg.Wuhan is no longer the city that it used to be.i.关系副词why在the reason why结构中可以被that取代，that亦可省略。(这时that是关系副词)eg.That is the reason (that) he came.j. 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常用in which或that引导，也可以省略。eg.This is the way (that/which) he did that.3）关系代词只能用whicha.介词后指物。eg.This is the school in which I used to study.但要注意的是，在一些固定短语中，不能把介词置于关系代词之前。 eg.The boy who I am looking after is my son.(不能说The boy after whom I am looking after is my son.)b.非限制性定语从句中指物。3.(08全国)The road conditions there turned out to be very good,_was more than we could expect.A.itB.whatC.whichD.thatc.which可指代整个句子，而that不能。4)关系代词as和which的使用区别a.位置不同。as引导的定语从句可位于句首，也可以插在主句中，位于主句后，而which不能位于主句前。eg.As you know,Taiwan is an inseparable part of China. Taiwan,as you know,is an inseparable part of China. Taiwan is an inseparable part of China,as you know. Taiwan is an inseparable part of China,which we all know.b.意义不同。as（正如，就像）表示符合人们的认识和事物的习惯性等意义，即从句与主句语义一致。当从句与主句语义不一致时或从句与主句之间是因果关系时用which。eg.They remarried,as we had expected. They remarried,which we hadnt expected.As often happens,they won the match again.It rained heavily,which prevented us going out.c.结构不同。as可用于类似插入语的句式中，而which则不能。如，as anybody can see,as we all know,as we had expected,as is well know,as has been said before,as often happens,as it is,as is natural,as is the case等。which常用语which + 谓语 +宾语（宾补）结构。d.当先行词被the same,so,as,such等词修饰时，多用as引导。5）关系代词who和that的使用区别关系代词who与that都可指代人而且在从句中都既能作主语也能作宾语，但在下面几种情况下，只能用who作关系代词：a. 先行词是特定的人或指人的those,one(s),people。4.（06北京）Women_drink more than 2 cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those_dont.A.who;/B./;whoC.who;whoD./;/b.主句是there be结构且先行词指人。5.（05北京）-Why does she always ask you for help?-There is no one else_,is there?A.who to turn toB.she can turn toC.for whom to turnD.for her to turnc.先行词是I,you,he,they等（常用在谚语中）。d.先行词是人，后面有较长的修饰语。eg.I met a friend of mine in the park yesterday who had got the gold medals in the race.6)关系代词whose的使用whose既可以指人又可以指物，是所有格形式。指物时可以与of which结构互换，但要注意它与名词的位置关系。 介词 + 关系代词和关系副词1） 介词的选择引导定语从句时，that和主格who不能用于介词之后，能用于介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句的代词只有which和whom，其中介词的选择依据下面四点：a. 介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性的搭配。6.(06陕西)She was educated at Beijing University,_she went on to have her advanced study abroad.A.after thatB.from whichC.from thatD.after which7.（05天津）Last month,part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods,from_effects the people are still suffering.A.thatB.whoseC.thoseD.whatb.介词与从句中的动词是动词短语搭配。eg.The man to whom I turned for help is a lawyer.c.介词与定语从句中的形容词一起构成固定搭配。eg.Ours is beautiful country,of which we are greatly proud.d.表示“所有格”或者“整体与部分的关系”时，用介词of。8.(08湖南)The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors,_are beyond our control.A.most of themB.most of whichC.most of whatD.most of that当引导词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，介词可以提前放在which（指事物，不能用that）或者whom(指人，不能用who)之前，也可以放于原来的位置。但在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放于原来的位置。eg.This is the room which/that he used to live in. This is the room in which he used to live. The man who/whom/that I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing. The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing.但在下面一句中介词for不能提前，因为look for是短语动词。eg.This is the book which/that you are looking for.2)关系代词和关系副词的使用区别关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语，而关系副词在定语从句中作状语，关系副词when = 表示时间的介词（in,on,at,during等）+ which,where = 表示地点的介词（in,at,on,under等） + which,why = 表示原因的介词for + which,how = 表示方式的介词in + which,先行名词在定语从句中表方式时，常用in which,而不用how。因此在选择关系词时最重要的是分析一下定语从句中的成分，如果从句中缺少主、宾、表语或定语，就用关系代词，如果从句中缺少状语，就用关系副词。试比较下面两个句子：a. Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Qingdao?b. Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holiday in Qingdao?3)关系副词where的使用关系副词where在定语从句中作状语，相当于表示地点的in,on,under等 + which结构，它与所引导的状语从句的区别在于关系副词前有先行词，而连接副词前则没有先行词。9.（05辽宁）I walked in our garden,_Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees.A.whichB.whenC.whereD.that10.(08安徽)All the neighbors admire this family_the parents are treating their children like a friend.A.whyB.whereC.whichD.that先行词是stage,point,situation等词时，它们在定语从句中不作时间状语，而是在有些情况下它们表示“模糊的地点”，所以常用where来引导定语从句。eg.Ive come to the point where I cant stand her arguing any longer. Geneva(日内瓦)has been the stage where many such conferences are held. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing.11.(09重庆)Life is like a long race_we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.A.whyB.whatC.thatD.where【解析】此处where=in which. 定语从句的主谓一致及关系代词的省略关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致，应特别注意的是：one of + 复数名词后的定语从句