英语写作怎样列提纲.doc

英语写作怎样列提纲在学写英语文章过程中，很多人的作文条理不清，内容混乱，得分率低，究其原因，多半无提纲指引所致。列提纲有什么好处呢?它能组织思想，帮你构思内容，理清思路。虽然比不列提纲动手行文晚了些时间，但磨刀不误砍柴工。有了提纲，就能收到事半功倍的效果。怎样编列提纲呢?1.首先要理解题目和主题句。找出主题句或提示句的关键词，掌握一段的主题，根据主题思想来确定要有哪几个论点来阐述本段主题，然后构思全段内容，这是编列提纲前的准备过程。2.段落只有一个论点的提纲列法：有的段落其主题句所含的主题思想简单，只需要一个论点来阐述，其主题句或主题句的关键词就是该段之提纲，这样的段落叫主题句段落。例如某次统考作文My Ideal Jobs第一段主题句为：People have different ideal jobs，关键词是ideal jobs。该关键词就是该段之提纲，行文时开门见山，直接写出主题句，接着举例说明，该段可以这样扩展：People have different ideal jobs.Some may want to be adoctor，a teacher or ascientist.Some may want to be aworker，a peasant farmer or asolider and so on.3.多层次提纲列法：有的主题句需要几个论点来阐述，有的大论点包含小论点，这种段落的提纲是多层次的，需要进行层次安排。根据主题思想，可考虑分哪几个论点来阐述，各论点用什么材料或例子，哪个论点在先，哪个在后，哪个大论点还要包括哪些小论点。大小论点分别用不同层次的标题列出，同一层次标题的语法结构相同，并用同类型的标号依次标出。例如My Ideal Job为题，第二段My job is(for example，teaching)其提纲可以是：(1)Teaching is very important in spreading human knowledge and pushingthe society forward.(2)Teaching is my interest and pleasure.A teacher has long vacations.a.I can travel during the vacation.b.I can write articles.c.I can arrange my own time.Living among the young people makes me young forever.4.含有众多材料的段落提纲列法：有些段落根据主题思想要用很多材料或例子来叙述。在列提纲时，要选择有代表性的材料和例子予以归类，按其类别列纲，如Topic Sentence为Imake preparations for atrip to the United States的提纲如下：(1)Getting the necessary documentsPassportVisa(2)Making financial arrangements(3)Buying clothes(4)Taking care of medical requirements(5)PackingSuitcaseBags 5.记叙文、描写文提纲列法：议论文遵循逻辑顺序(如上所述)，而记叙文应按事物发生的先后顺序即时序列纲，描写文则按所处空间位置关系(如前后左右上下等关系)列纲，如记叙文A Spring Outing的提纲如下：(1)Starting on Sunday，the 20th of April A.Setting out early on bikes across the fields B.Seeing the beautiful scenes(2)At 10 a.m.arriving at the foot of Yun Long Hill A.Climbing the hill and having apicnic near the top B.Enjoying the landscape on the top(3)At 4p.m.returning描写文My Native Town的提纲如下：(1)Geographic location.Location.Surroundings a.Circled by mountains b.Passed by ariver in front c.Covered with trees at back(2)The towns layout.Buildings a.Low houses b.A few high buildings.The streets a.The main cement street b.The other stone roads(3)An early morning scene of my native town.Women washing by the river.Farmers working in the fields因为段落具有单一性(只有一个主题)、连贯性、统一性的特点，所以，所列提纲均为阐述主题这一目标，任何与主题无关的都不得列入。列提纲才能扣准主题，不列提纲容易跑题，列不列提纲文章成色大不一样。如文题目为What would happen if there were no power的作文。有人没列提纲在第一段主题句Ever since early this century electricity has become an essentialpart of our modern life后写道：we could not work，live and study without elec-tricity。该段的扩展与该段主题不符，这样的内容该放在第二段，这样写，使第一段不切题，使第二段无话可说。第三段仅有一提示词Therefore。虽只有一个词，根据前两段的内容，这段应进行总结，得出结论，显然应该这样来扩展：Therefore，we should make good use of electricity and never waste power.但有人却写成Therefore，we could not leave power.There were no power therewere no modern life。根据前两段内容，这段话应放在第二段，所以写成这样，显然是因没有能通篇考虑，构思和周密安排。如果先列个提纲，第一段用什么素材来阐述主题句，第二段怎样写才能切题，各自分哪几个小论点来写，根据前两段内容，第三段应得出什么结论，就不会犯上述跑题的错误了。相反，列了提纲，文章就容易写得切题。有人对该题第二段主题句Ifthere were no electric power列提纲如下：(1)Stopping wheels and ceasing of many industries(2)Falling apart of world transportation system(3)The worst effect on world communication system(4)The impossibility of our modern world根据提纲，该段可这样扩展：If there were no electricity，our modern world would be in trouble.For onething，all wheels would stop because the motors that power the machines would fail；for another，many，if not all，of our industries would cease production.All w