知识全解：第七专题 各种从句中常用的连接词.doc

知识全解一、各种从句中常见的连接词1)定语从句中常见的连接词关系代词that,which,who,whom,as,whose关系副词when,where,why2)名词性从句中常见的连接词连接词that,whether,if连接代词what,which,who,whom等。连接副词when,where,how,why等。3)状语从句中常见的连接词时间状语从句when,as,while,before,after,until,till,since,as soon as,immediately等。地点状语从句where,wherever。原因状语从句because,since,as,now that等。 目的状语从句so that或in order that等。结果状语从句so that,so.that.,such.that.等。条件状语从句if,unless,as(so) long as,in case等。方式状语从句as 或as if (as though) 等。比较状语从句than,as.as,not so (as).as等。让步状语从句though,although,as,even if,even though,no matter what (who,how,when.),whatever等。二、常用连接词的用法that【用法】 1)关系代词,引导限制性定语从句,在从句中作主语、宾语,既表示人,也表示物。 This is a book that is about space rocket technology.这是一本关于太空火箭技术的书。Is this the math teacher that you talked of just now?这就是你刚才谈起的老师吗？2）连词,引导名词性从句,that在从句中不作成分。That he returned home safe made his family very happy.=It made his family very happy that he returned home safe.他安全返回,这使得他的家人感到非常高兴。（作主语,可用形式主语it代替。）He said (that) he would leave for Paris tomorrow.他说明天他要动身到巴黎去。(作宾语,连接词that在口语中可以省略。)It seemed that it was going to rain.天似乎要下雨了。（作表语）They made the suggestion that the work (should) be finished by the end of this month.他们建议到本月底完成这项工作。（作同位语）3）连接词,和so搭配,构成so.that.结构,引导结果状语从句,意为“如此以至于”。He was so young a boy that he couldnt go to school alone.他年龄太小了以至于不能独自上学。4）构成It is . that. 强调句型,强调主语、宾语、状语,如被强调的是人,可用who换that。It is my brother that/who I like best.我最喜欢的是我的弟弟。Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out?第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗？【辨析】 that,which1）that 和which 均可用来引导定语从句,但在下列情况下的定语从句中只能用that,不能用which。当并列的两个先行词既有人又有物时。The people and manners that one sees there seem to be quite different from those of any other country.人们在那里见到的人和风俗似乎与其他国家的大不相同。先行词是all,everything,nothing,anything,little等不定代词,或被序数词first,second. 或被the last,the only修饰时。There is nothing that is too difficult for me.对我来说没有什么难到做不到的事情。Tell us all things that you know.把你知道的一切告诉我们。先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时。The town which I visited last summer is the most beautiful one that I know.我去年夏天访问的那个城市是我所知道得最美的一个。2)但在下列情况下要使用which,而不用that:当定语从句有由介词加上关系代词来引导,该关系代词代替的是物而不是人时。The book from which I got a lot of information was written by a famous scientist.我从中得到许多有用信息的那本书是一位著名科学家写的。非限制性定语从句所修饰的是物或是整个主句时。Now I live in a building,which was built last year.现在我住在一个大楼里,这大楼是去年建造的。The sun heats the earth,which makes it possible for plants to grow.太阳照热大地,这就是使庄稼有可能生长。when【用法】 1)连接副词,引导名词性从句或不定式短语时,意思为“什么时候”。I didnt know When the ship would leave here.我们不知道轮船什么时候开走。When they will start has not been decided.还没有决定他们什么时候出发。Ask them When to open the swimming pool.去问问他游泳池什么时候开放。2)关系副词,引导定语从句,在定语从句中作状语,意思是“在（那个）时候”。He came at a time when we needed help.他在我们需要帮忙的时候来到了。We will put off the meeting until next week,when we wont be so busy.我们把会议推迟到下周,届时我们就不那么忙了。3)从属连词,其后可以跟状语从句,或者分词、介词短语、形容词或名词等。当时When he came in,his mother was preparing their meal.当他进来时,他母亲正在做饭。He was fond of swimming when he was yet a child.他还是个孩子时就喜欢游泳。 一就相当于as soon asWe will start out when the team leader arrives.队长一来我们就出发。如果Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.如果机器发生故障,就把电闸关上。虽然；然而；可是He usually walks to the school when he might take a ride.虽然有车可坐,但他通常步行到校。既然We will begin to have the meeting when you have come.既然你来了,我们就开会吧。这时（并列连词）They were about to leave when it began to rain.他们正要离开这时天开始下雨了。When leaving the airport,they waved again and again to us.离开机场时,他们向我们频频招手。When in trouble,let me know.遇到困难时,告诉我一声。4)在有疑问副词when的句子中，动词不能用现在完成时态。When did she come here?她什么时候来这儿的？不能说成：When has she come here?5）用于固定句式：be about to do.when.正要干某事,这时hardly/scarcely.when 一就We were about to start,when a strong wind came up and it began to rain.我们正要出发,这时刮起了大风,天开始下雨了。I had hardly(Hardly had I ) opened the door when I hit him.我刚刚打开门就撞到他身上。6）It is. when.句型中有两种含义：其一表示“当时候已是什么时间了”,when在此为连词,引导时间状语从句。It was evening when we came to the temple at the foot of the hill.当我们来到山脚下的那座庙时,已是晚上了。其二是表示“那是什么时刻”,when为关系副词,引导定语从句。It was the afternoon when the bridge was destroyed by the enemy.那是一个下午,敌人把那座桥给破坏了。where【用法】 1）连接副词,引导名词性从句或者不定式,意思为“什么地方,哪儿”。Where they have gone is not known yet.还不知道他们去哪儿了。Could you tell me Where the Summer Palace is?请问,到颐和园怎么走？This is Where his grandparents once lived.这就是他祖父曾经住过的地方。2）关系副词,引导定语从句,在从句中作状语。必须注意,在定语从句中,先行词为表示地点的名词时,其后定语从句中如果缺少的是主语和宾语,则要用that/which来引导。只有从句中缺少地点状语时,才用where。Everyone wants to visit the place where Premier Zhou once worked.大家都想参观周总理曾经工作过的地方。Last Sunday they reached Shanghai,where a meeting was to be held.他们上星期日到了上海高考,有一个会议将要在那里举行。This is the house where was built last year.是错误的表达形式,要改成：This is the house which was built last year.3）连接词,引导地点状语从句。Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者,事竟成。I found my suitcase where I had left it.我在曾经放衣箱的地方找到了它。as【用法】 1）关系代词,引导定语从句,在从句中作主语或宾语。此时,as一般是和such或者the same连用；也可单独使用,引导非限制性定语从句。My hometown is no longer the same as it was.我的家乡同过去不一样了。As is known to us all,he was a well-known scientist in the world.据大家所知,他是世界上著名的科学家。2）连接词,引导状语从句,表示时间、比较、原因、让步、方式等。像一样（引导比较状语从句）The work is not so easy as you imagine.这项工作不如你想像的那么简单。John is very healthy, as are his sisters.约翰很健康,他姐妹也很健康。当时候；随着（引导时间状语从句）,表示主句动作和从句动作同时发生,同时进行。As time went on,Einsteins theory proved to be correct.随着时间的推移,爱因斯坦的理论证明是正确的。He hurried home,looking behind as he went.他急忙向家走,边走边向后看。由于,鉴于（引导原因状语从句）,表示较明显的原因,从句通常放在主句之前。As the weather was fine,I opened all the windows.天气晴朗,所以我把所有的窗户都打开了。As he was not well,I decided to go without him.因为身体不好,我决定独自去。像,如,依照（引导方式状语从句）Please state the facts as they are.请如实陈述事实。Do as the teacher tells you.按照老师让你做的去做。虽然,尽管 （引导让步状语从句,从句用倒装形式）,要把从句中的状语、表语、或者动词原形提前。Child as he was,he knew a lot.=Though/Although he was a child,he knew a lot.尽管他是个孩子,但他懂得不少。Proud as these nobles are,they are afraid to see me.虽然这些贵族很骄傲,但他们害怕见到我。Much as he liked the bike,he couldnt afford to buy it.尽管他非常喜欢这辆自行车,但他买不起。【辨析】 as,though,although三者都可以表示“虽然”,但其用法有所不同。1)as要用倒装语序。2)though多用于正常语序,但也可以用于倒装语序。Though it was late,they went on working.尽管天已很晚,可是他们仍然继续工作。Bravely though/as they fought,they had no chance of winning.虽然他们打得很勇敢,但是没有可能获胜。3)although总是置于句首,它较正式,而且语气较重,不能用于倒装。Although I am tired,I must go on working.我虽然累了,但必须继续工作。【辨析】 as,when,while三者都可以引导时间状语从句,表示“当时候”；但用法不同：1)when既可表示“时间点”,也可表示“时间段”。从句动词可为中止性的,也可为持续性的。When he came in,I was watching TV.当他进来时,我在看电视。When I was young,I liked reading very much.我年轻时,非常喜欢读书。2)as强调两个动作同时发生,意为“一边一边”或者“与同时”。They talked as they walked.他们边走边谈。3)while只指“时间段”,不指“时间点”,从句只用持续性动词。Someone knocked at the door while I was cooking.当我在做饭时,有人敲门。【辨析】 as,which1)两者都可以引导非限制性定语从句,用来修饰整个主句,常可换用,但下列情况不能：as 引导的定语从句可置于主句之后、之前或中间,而which引导的定语从句只能置于主句之后。2)主从句语意一致,只用as,否则用which。She has married again,as was expected.如人所料,她又结婚了。3)从句为否定句时,常用which。4)as作从句主语,且从句为被动语态,此时不用which替换,若从句为主动语态,一般用which。Their team won the game again,as was reported.Tome has made great progress,which delighted us.while连词【用法】1)当时候；和同时While Mary was reading,I was watching TV.玛丽在读书,我在看电视。Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。2)虽然；尽管While I admit his good points,I can see his shortcomings.尽管我承认他的优点,我还是能看到他的缺点。3)只要While we lived,we would struggle forever.只要我们活着,我们就会斗争到底。4)而,然而 （并列连词）I like playing basketball while he likes playing football.我喜欢打篮球,而他喜欢踢足球。until/till 直到【用法】 1)（肯定句式,主语谓语动词是延续性的）I waited for him until (till) he came back.我一直等到他回来。2)（否定句式,主句谓语动词是非延续性的。）I didnt go to bed until (till ) I had finished my work.直到做完作业,我才上床睡觉。Not until (till) he came back did his mother go to bed.直到他回来,他母亲才上床睡觉。（否定副词位于句首,主句用倒装句。）3)not. until. 的强调句式和倒装句式,这是高考的热点。句式为：It+be+not until+时间状语从句+that+.4)Not until+时间状语从句+did(will)+主语+It was not until the train had left that I reached the station.知道火车离站我才赶到车站。Not until the game had begun did they come.他们直到比赛开始才来。since连词,引导状语从句【用法】 1)自从以来 （引导时间状语从句）They have seen each other often since they met.他们自从相识后经常见面。It is ( has been) five years since he joined the army.他参军已经五年了。2)由于；既然 （引导原因状语从句）He didnt come to the party,since he was busy.他因为忙,所以没来参加晚会。Since this method doesnt work,lets try another.既然这方法不行,我们就试用另一种吧。注意：1）在现在完成时中,since后接时间点或从句,而for只接时间段。可以说since 1999,since six oclock,since we came here last year;for two days,for a long time,for a week等,但是不能说：since two years,for last week等。2）在It is+some time+since clause(过去时)结构中,It is.比It has been.更为常用,而且在该结构中,since从句不能用否定式。Its a long time since you didnt come to see me.是错误的表达形式,要说：Its a long time since you came to see me.你好久没来看我了。3）since短语通常不能同一般现在时连用。He is here since five oclock.是错误的表达形式。要说：He has been here since five oclock.但当句子主语为it时,或句子所表示的是一种客观事实时,含since短语的句子谓语也可以用一般现在时。Its a long time since breakfast.早饭后已隔多时了。Ever since then,the bat comes out only at night.从那时起,蝙蝠只是在晚间出来。【辨析】 because,since,as,for这几个词都表示“原因”,在语气上有所不同。1)because“因为”,表达直接而明确的原因和理由,语气最强。He didnt come, because his mother was ill.我没有来是因为他母亲病了。2)since表示原因时,语气比because弱,表示的原因是对方已知的,所说明的有时不是根本的或直接的原因,是附带的原因,一般把它译成“既然,鉴于”。since引导的从句多方在句首。The fisherman said,“ Since I must die,I must.”渔夫说：“既然我非死不可,那我就”3)as用来表示原因时,语气不如because重,只说明一般的因果关系。as引导的状语从句,可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,as 译成“由于”。You neednt go with me,as you are busy.你忙,就不用跟着我去。As I was afraid,I hid myself.由于害怕,我把自己藏起来。4)for是并列连词,只是根据前一句的内容作此推测或解释。It must be morning,for the birds are singing.鸟在唱歌,该是早晨了。注意：1)because可以用在强调句型中引导一个被强调的状语从句,而as,since,for不能。It is because he studies hard that he can make good progress.2)在回答why问句时,必须用because,不能用as,since,for。Why did you hide yourself?Because I was afraid.3）because引导表语从句,而as,since,for不能。because引导表语从句时,主语一般是it,this,that。It is chiefly because he is too lazy.这主要是因为他太懒了。4）since可用于省略句中,而because,as,for 都不可。Since so,theres no more to be said.既然如此,就再也没有什么好说的了。now that连词短语,引导原因状语从句,意思为“既然,由于”。【用法】 Now (that) you have finished the work,you are free to do what you like.既然你已经完成了工作,你愿意做什么就做什么吧。so that 【用法】 1）以便 （引导目的状语从句,相当于in order that。）You must speak louder so that you can be heard by all.你必须大一点声,以便让大家都能听到你说的话。We sat nearer so that we could hear better.我们坐得更近一些,以便能听得更清楚。2）结果是,以致 （引导结果状语从句）,和前面的主句要有逗号隔开。Everyone lent a hand, so that the work was finished ahead of time.人人动手,结果提前完成了任务。if【用法】 1)连词,引导条件状语从句,意思为“如果,假如”。 主句时态为一般将来时,从句谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将来,时间状语从句也有类似的用法。If it is fine tomorrow,we shall go outing.假如明天天气好的话,我们就去郊游。2）连接词,引导宾语从句,相当于whether,意思为“是否”。He asked me if (whether) I could help him.他问我是否能帮助他。I dont know if (whether) he will come to the meeting,because I havent seen him.我不知道他是不是来参加这个会议,因为我没见过他。注意：1)在条件句中,只有在表示“愿意”或“不愿意”时,if后才可跟will 或wont。2）if从句用虚拟语气时,如谓语中有were,had,should,可将if省去,并把这三个词提到句首。If I were you,I would help him.假如我是你,我就帮他了。（与现在时相反）=Were I you,I would help him.If I had left a little earlier,I would have caught the train.我要是早点动身就赶上火车了。=Had I left a little earlier,I would have caught the train.(与过去事实相反)If any one should call,please let me know.万一有人打电话来,请告诉我一声。（与将来事实相反）=Should any one call,please let me know.【辨析】 if not,unless1）if not表示惊讶或憎恶等情绪,“如果不是”。If it had not been for the doctors care,I should not be speaking to you now.如果不是医生的照顾,我现在就不会和你说话了。2）unless是连词,“除非,除非在时候；如果不；若不”。Unless you study harder,you will never pass the exam.如果你不更加努力学习,你将永远不能考及格。【辨析】 if only,only if1）if only意思是“但愿；要就好了（=how I wish）”,用虚拟语气。If only you were my sister!要是你是我的姐姐就好了。2）only if意思是“只有才”,强调惟一的条件。You will succeed only if you give it up.只有你把它放弃了才会成功。【辨析】 if,whetherif和whether都用作连接词,极易混淆。1）相同点：if和whether作连接词,“是否”,引导宾语从句,可互换使用。I dont know whether/if you will tell him the truth.我不知道你是否会告诉他真相。2）不同点：if不能替换whether的情况：引导宾语从句时,如果从句前置或者从句作介词的宾语,只能用whether。Whether he will go or not,I dont know.他去不去,我不知道。It depends on whether he is at home.这件事要看他在不在家。引导主语从句时,只能用whether。Whether it is true remains a question.到底是真是假还是个问题。引导表语从句,只能用whether。The question is whether he will come.问题是他是否回来。引导同位语从句,只能用whether。The question whether he will go or not hasnt been decided.他是否去的问题尚未定下来。与不定式连用时,只能用whether。She doesnt know whether to get married or wait.她不知道是现在就结婚还是等等再说。引导的从句跟在not sure/certain等后面,只能用whether。He isnt sure whether he should go.他不知道自己该不该去。在动词discuss后,只能用whether。We discussed whether we should close the shop.我们讨论了是否应该把店关掉。引导让步状语从句,表示“不管是否；不管是还是”时,只能用whether。Whether you agree or not,Ill do that.不管你同意与否,我都要做。如果句子可能引起歧义,要用whether。Please tell m