英语构词法基础归纳与提升.doc

构词法基础归纳与提升英语词的构成有一定的规律，这种规律称为构词法。掌握构词法知识对我们更好地理解词义、认识新词和扩大词汇量都有重大意义。在测试中，能够提高我们的阅读理解能力。英语主要有三种构词法：派生法、合成法和转换法。一、派生法在一个词的词根（base）的前面或后面加上词缀（affix）, 产生新词，这种构词法称为派生法（derivation）。（派生词在阅读理解中不作为生词）。加在前面的词缀叫前缀(prefix), 加在后面的词缀叫后缀(suffix).（1）前缀（前缀一般不造成词类的转变，而只是引起词义上的变化）【自测】前缀中有相当一部分可构成反义词，如：un- dis- in- im- ir- il- non- de- 等un- ：unimportant, unhappy, unexpected, undo 解开, unlock, unlikedis- : dislike, dishonestin- : informal, inconvenient, indirectim- : impossible, impolite, immoral (p, m前)ir- ： irregular, irresponsibleil- : illegal, illogicnon- : nonsense(废话), non-existde-: decode（解码）, demerit (缺点)另有一些词缀表示其它意思re- 重新：rewrite, reform rereadmis- 错误地： mistake, misspell, misunderstandco- 共同： cooperate, co-existanti- 反，防：anti-fascist, anti-clockwise(逆时针的), counter-clockwise, anti-Japanese warex- 前： ex-president, ex-husbandpre- 预先：pre-school, precaution, prehistorypost- 之后的：post-graduate(研究生), post-warfore- 预先，前： forecast（预测）, forehead, forenoonself- 自我的： self-service, self-control, self-studysuper- 超级，上层：superman(women), supermarket sub- 下面的： subway, subconscious( 下意识的)inter- 之间的，互相：interact, international, interchangetrans- 跨越，移： transport, transmit, translatesemi- 一半：semi-final (半决赛), semi-circlevice- 副：vice-chairman, vice-president uni- 单: uniform(一致的), unicyclebi- 双： bicycle, bimonthly (双月的)tri- 三： triangle, tricyclemulti- 多：multinational, multi-lateral (多边的)auto- 自己的，自动的： automation, autobiography (自传)mid- 中间： midday, midnight, mid-eastover- 上： overpass (天桥)en- 使得：enlarge, enable 【归纳与提高】 表示否定意义的前缀：a. 纯否定前缀：un-: unable, unemployment（失业）, unload（卸载）, uncover（揭开）, unhappy, untrue, unlike（不像）, unrest（不安的，动荡的）, unfair, unknown, unhealthy, unusual, uncertain, unclear（不清楚的）, unequal, unlucky, unreal, unkind, uncomfortable, uneasy（心情不安的）, uninteresting, unimportant, unnecessary, unpleasant, undivided, unreserved（无保留的）dis-: dislike（不喜欢）, disarm, disconnect, disagree, disappear, disadvantage, dishonest, disability, discover（发现）, disobeyin-, im-, il-, ir-: incapable, inability, incomplete, incorrect, inconvenient, inexpensive, impossible, immoral（不道德的）, illegal（非法的）, illogical（不合乎逻辑的）, irregular, irrelativenon-: non-smoker, non-stop, non-violent（非暴力的）, nonwhite, non-member, nonparty（无党派）, nonsense（无意义）b. 表示错误的意义：mis-: mistake, mislead（误导）, misunderstanding, misuse, mis-spell, mistrust, mistreatc. 表示“反、防、抗”的意义：anti-: antiknock（防震）, antiforeign（排外的）, anti-war, antitank（反战车的）, anti-pollution 表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀：a- 表示“在之上”，“向”：aboard, asidede- 表示“在下，向下”：decrease（下降）, degradeen- 表示“在内，进入”：encage（入笼）, enbed（上床）ex- 表示“外部，外”：exit, expand（扩张）, exportfore- 表示“在前面”：forehead, foreground, foreleg, forefootin-, im- 表示“向内，在内，背于”：inland, inside, indoor(s), importinter- 表示“在间，相互”：international, interaction, internet, interviewmid- 表示“中，中间”： midpositionout- 表示“在外部，在外”：outline, outside, outward(s), outdoor(s), outlookover- 表示“在上面，在外部，向上”：overlook, overhead, overboard, overcoat, overdress, oversea(s)(海外)post- 表示“向后，在后边，次”：postscript（附言）pre- 表示“在前，在前面，提前”：prefix（前缀）, preface（前言）, preposition（介词）super- 表示“在.之上，超级”：superstructure, supernatural, superpower, supermantrans- 表示“移上，转上，在那一边”：translate, transform（转移）, transplant（移植）, transportation（交通）under- 表示“在.下面，下的”：underline, underground, underwater, undershirt, undermineup- 表示“向上，向上面，在上”：upward(s), uphold, uphill（上坡）auto- 表示“自己，独立，自动”：automobile（自动车）, autobiography（自传）tele- 表示“远离”：television, telephone , telegram（电报）, telegraph（电报，抽象名词）, telescope（望远镜） 表示时间，序列关系的前缀：fore- 表示“在前面，先前，前面”：foreword（前言）, forecast（预报）, foretell（预言）, foresee（预见）, foreknow（先知）, foreknowledge（先知）mid- 表示“中，中间”：midnight, midsummer, mid-day, mid-autumnpost- 表示“在后，后”：postwar, postgraduate（研究生）, postdatepre- 表示“在前，事先，预先”：preheat, prewar, prehistory（史前）, preview（预习）, prebattle, prepayre- 表示“再一次，重新”： retell（复述）, rewrite, renew（续借）, reconsider, reuse, remarry, recycle（回收利用）, rebuild 表示比较程度差别关系的前缀：by- 表示“副，次要的”：byproduct（副产品）, bywork（副业）extra- 表示“超越，额外”：extraordinaryover- 表示“超过，过度，太”：overeat（吃过多）, oversleep（睡过头）, overpraise（过奖）, overwork, overact（行为过分）, overdounder- 表示“低劣，低下”：undersize, undergrown, underproduction（生产不足）vice- 表示“副，次”：vice-president, vice -chairman 表示共同，相等意思的前缀：co- 表示“共同，一起”：coexist（共存）, co-operate, co-worker, coactions（合作行动）, coauthor（合作作者） 表示某种状态，构成形容词、副词或动词：a- afraid, alive, alone, asleep, ashamed, aloud, ahead, aside, alike, awake 表示分离，离开意思的前缀：a- 表示“分离，离开”：away, apartde- 表示“离去，处去”：depart, decolour 表示“自我”：self- self-protect(ion), self-made, self-knowledge 表示变换词类作用的前缀：be- befrienden- enslave, enable, enrich, enlarge, encourage 表示数量关系的前缀：a. 表示“单一”，“一”：uni- uniform（统一服装）, unicellular（单细胞）b. 表示“二，两，双”：bi- bicycletwi- twilightc. 表示“半，一半”：semi- semiconductor（半导体）, semicircle（半圆）, semimonthly（半月刊）, semifinal（半决赛）d. 表示“百，百分之一”： centi- centimeter, centipedee. 表示“千，千分之一”：kilo- kilometer, kilogram, kilowattf. 表示“微小”：micro- microvolt（微伏特）, microcomputer（微机）, microscope（显微镜）g. 表示“许多，复，多数”：multi- multimedia（多媒体）, multicolored, multiform, multinaturalh. 表示“千分之一、毫”： milli- millimeter, milligrami. 表示“微小、微型”：mini- minibus, miniskirt, minipark（2）后缀：许多名词、形容词、副词和动词都是由词根加后缀构成的。(后缀一般只改变词性，不改变词义)【自测】构成名词的常用后缀有：-er, -or, -ess, -ist, -ee, -ian, -ese, -ant等用于构成表示人或物的名称-er: teacher, worker, thinker, reader, employer, cooker-or: actor, sailor, visitor-ess: actress, princess, lioness-ist: scientist, dentist, chemist-ee: employee, trainee, absentee, payee -ian: musician, technician(技师), physician, Russian-ese: Japanese, Chinese, -ant: assistant, inhabitant ( 居民)-ance, -ence, -tion, -ics, -ing, -ity, -ment, -ness, -sion, -th, -ty, -ure，-age, -al等用于构成表示行为、性质、状态等的抽象名词。-ance：acceptance, assistance, attendance -ence: difference, confidence-tion: repetition, preparation, introduction -ics: physics, economics-ing: wedding, building, crossing-ity: possibility, reality, popularity, similarity-ment: development, government, judgment-ness: illness, happiness-sion: decision, revision-th: growth, truth, health-ty: safety, cruelty -ure: failure, pleasure-age: postage, shortage-al: arrival, survival构成形容词的常用后缀有：-able, -ible, -al, -ful, -less, -ish, -ive, -ous, -an, -ic, -ly, -y, -ant, -ent, -ary, -en, -some等-able： comfortable, acceptable-ible: responsible, permissible, possible-al : accidental, critical (批判的), environmental-ful: useful, grateful, helpful-less: fearless, homeless, helpless-ish: childish, selfish-ive: active, decisive (决定性的)-ous： famous, continuous( 连续不断的), ambitious-an: Canadian, European -ic: historic, scientific-ly: lively, friendly (n.+ly) likely-y: dirty, windy, sunny, thirsty-ant: hesitant, significant(重大的)-ent: different, dependent-ary: secondary, imaginary -en: golden, woolen-some troublesome, handsome构成副词的常用后缀有：-ly -ward(s) -wise -ly : calmly, extremely, clearly-ward(s): forward, backward, northward-wise: otherwise, likewise (同样地), clockwise构成动词的常用后缀有： -ise/ ize -en -ify等-ise/ ize: real, normalize ( 正常化), modernize-en : widen, sharpen, lengthen, strengthen-ify: beautify, simplify, purify,【归纳与提高】 名词后缀：a. 具有某种职业或动作的人：-an, -ian, -ician 表示“地方的人，精通的人”：American, Asian, Australian, Russian, Italian , historian, librarian, electrician, magician（魔术师）, technician, musician, politician（政客）, physician（内科医生），-ant,-ent 表示“人”：merchant, servant, assistant, agent, student,-ee 表示“动作承受者”：employee（雇员）, examinee, payee（收款人）, interviewee-eer 表示“从事于人”：engineer, volunteer（志愿者）-er 表示“从事某种职业的人, 某地区，地方的人”：banker, observer, Londoner, villager singer, driver, writer, speaker, traveller, buyer -or 表示“者”：author, doctor, operator, actor, visitor, inventor, educator-ar, -ary 表示“的人, 从事的人”：scholar, liar, beggar, secretary, missionary-ese 表示“ 国人，地方的人”：Chinese, Japanese, Cantonese（广东人）-ess 表示“阴性人称名词”：actress（女演员）, hostess（女主人）, manageress（女经理）-ist 表示“从事研究者，信仰主义者”：pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist, socialist, typist, receptionist-icist 表示“家， 者, 能手”：physicist, phoneticist（语音学家）, technicist-logist 表示“学家，研究者”：biologist, geologist（地质学家）b. 构成具有抽象名词的含义：-age 表示“状态，行为，身份及其结果，总称”：courage, storage, marriage, percentage-al 表示“事物的动作，过程”：refusal, arrival, survival, denial, approval, trial, burial-ance, -ence 表示“性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度”：importance, distance, avoidance, appearance, performance, diligence, difference, obedience, absence, presence（出席）, existence-ancy, -ency 表示“性质，状态，行为，过程”：frequency（频繁）, urgency（紧急）, efficiency（高效率）,-ity 表示“性质，状态，程度”：purity, reality, equality-bility 表示“动作，性质，状态”：ability, possibility, probability, responsibility-dom 表示“等级，领域，状态”：freedom, kingdom, wisdom-ery, -ry 表示“行为，状态，习性，性质”：bravery, slavery-hood 表示“资格，身份, 年纪，状态”：childhood, girlhood, boyhood, manhood-ice 表示“行为，性质，状态”：notice, justice, service-ing 表示“动作的过程，结果”：building, writing, learning-ion, -ation, -ition, -sion 表示“行为的过程，结果，状况”：suggestion, action, solution, invention, direction, correction, collection, instruction, destruction, introduction, congratulation, dictation, invitation, pronunciation, examination, graduation, operation, education, information, translation, starvation, satisfaction, relation, irrigation, determination, preparation, imagination, explanation, opposition, competition, description, decision, division, conclusion, explosion, impression, expression, admission, permission, discussion-ment 表示“行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果”：disappointment, treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument, agreement, government, development, improvement, requirement, astonishment, encouragement-ness 表示“性质，状态，程度”：goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness, business, illness, happiness, goodness, willingness, weakness, fairness-ism 表示“制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为”：socialism, criticism, heroism, tourism, communism（共产主义） , Marxism（马克思主义）-ship 表示“情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业”：hardship, relationship, membership, friendship, seamanship, ownership, scholarship, professorship-th, 表示“动作，性质，过程，状态”：strength, length, width, depth, wealth, truth, growth, warmth, youth-ure 表示“行为，结果”：exposure（暴露）, pressure, failure, procedure(手续), mixture-craft 表示“工艺”：aircraft, needlecraft, woodcraftc. 带有场所，地方的含义：-age 表示“住所，地点”：village, cottage-ary 表示“住所，场地”：library, granary (谷仓)-ory 表示“工作场所，住处”：factory, dormitory, laboratory, observatory 形容词后缀：a. 带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义：-able, -ible: movable, comfortable, eatable, enjoyable, acceptable, reasonable, applicable, visible, responsible, terrible, horrible-al: natural, additional, educational, national-ant, -ent: distant, important, excellent-ing（表示特征：令人觉得）: moving, touching, daring, interesting, exciting, disappointing , astonishing, boring, amazing-ed（表示情绪：觉得）: pleased, interested, surprised, worried, excited, bored, determined, delighted-ish: foolish, bookish, selfish-ive: active, impressive, decisive, active, instructive, expensive, progressiveb. 表示“相象，类似”的含义：-ish: boyish, childish-like: manlike, childlike-some: troublesome, handsome-y: milky, cloudy sunny, windy, rainy, foggy, healthy, wealthy, worthy, bloody, funny, dirty, lucky, noisy, salty, smelly, hilly-ly: manly, fatherly, motherly, sisterly, brotherly, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly, friendly, lonely, orderly, lovely, lively, likely, scholarlyc. 表示“充分的”含义：-ful: beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful, successful, harmful, useful, careful, forgetful, merciful-ous: dangerous, courageous, nervous, mountainous, humorous, variousd. 表示由某种物质形成，制成或生产的含义：-en: wooden, golden, woolene. 表示方向的含义：-ern: eastern, western, southern, northern, southeastern, northwestern-ward: downward, forwardf. 表示“数量关系”的含义：-teen: thirteen-ty: fifty-th: fourth, fiftiethg. 表示国籍，语种，宗教的含义：-an: Roman, European-ese: Chinese, Japanese-ish: English, Spanishh. 表示否定：-less: countless, stainless（不锈的）, wireless, useless, endless, priceless（无价的，贵重的）, hopeless 动词后缀：-ize, ise 表示“做成，变成，化”：modernize（现代化）, democratize（民主化）, organize, apologize, realize-en 表示“使成为，引起，使有”：quicken, weaken, soften, harden-fy 表示“使化, 使成”：beautify, purify（净化）, intensify, signify, simplify（简化）, satisfy 副词后缀：-ly: possibly, swiftly, simply-ward(s): downward, inwards, upward-ways: always, sideways -wise: otherwise, clockwise注意：有的单词有双重后缀，如：use（用途）useless（无用的）uselessness（无用）self（自己）selfish（自私的）selfishness（自私）有的单词则是前后缀同时使用，如：importantimportanceunimportance regular（有规律的，有规则的）irregular（无规律的，不规则的）irregularity（无规律，不规则）二、合成法（1）合成名词boyfriend, girlfriend, bus-driver, necklace, playground, radioactive, headmaster, sunshine, notebook, armchair, wheelchair, postcard, football, spaceship, blackboard, firefighter, fireman, gateman, chairman, weatherman, businessman, armyman, postman, sportsman, bedroom, reading-room, classroom, newspaper, pickpocket（扒手）, she-goat（雌性山羊）, editor-in-chief（主编）, daybreak（破晓）, handshake（握手）, silkworm（蚕）, outbreak（爆发）（2）合成形容词名词+动词过去分词：man-made, homemade副词+动词过去分词：well-known, newly-built（新建的）形容词+名词ed：kind-hearted, cold-blooded数词+名词ed：five-storeyed（五层楼的）, four-legged（四条腿的）名词+动词现在分词：English-speaking, Chinese-speaking, brainwashing（洗脑的）由三个词构成的合成形容词：face-to-face, heart-to-heart, two-year-old, eight-metre-long其他合成形容词：everyday（日常的）, faraway（遥远的）, snow-white（雪白的）, lay-off（下岗的）3转化法（1）名词动词 hand（手传递）back（背部，后面支持，后退）charge（费用收费）copy（抄本，复印件抄写，复印）flood（洪水淹没）heat（热量加热）paint（油漆刷漆）phone（电话打电话）pin（别针装订）waste（废物浪费）face（脸面对）use（用途使用）interest（兴趣使兴趣）surprise（惊讶使惊讶）taste（味道品尝）smell（气味闻）break（短暂休息折断）present（礼物赠送）（2）形容词动词clean（干净使干净，打扫）clear（清楚清理）dirty（脏弄脏）dry（干燥烘干，晒干）empty（空的倒空）free（自由使自由，释放）slow（慢的放慢）warm（暖和使暖和）cool（凉的冷却）quiet（安静使安静）三、转化法在词形不变的情况下，一个单词由一种词类转化为另一词类，称为转化法（conversion）。 转化后的词义与转化前的词义通常有密切的联系，但有时差异也很大。chairn. 椅子 v. 主持nurse n. 护士 v. 护理bridgen. 桥 v. 以桥连接oil n. 油 v. 上油slow adj. 慢的 v. 减慢secondnum. 第二 v. 赞成forwardadv. 向前 v. 转交有些双音节词转换后，重音发生变化。通常名词重音在前，动词重音在后。contest 比赛 / 竞争 contrast 对比/ 形成对比export 出口 / 出口 present 礼物 / 赠送suspect 嫌疑犯 / 怀疑【巩固练习】1 写出下列词的名词形式employ act wait inhabit argue paint decide feel prepare marry please seize inquire refuse approve accept difficult warm confident short Suggested Keys：employmentaction waiter/waitressinhabitant argumentpainting decision feeling preparation marriage pleasure seizure inquiry refusal approval acceptance difficulty warmth confidence shortage 2 给下列词加上适当后缀构成形容词cheer decide friend agree apply fame continue poet ignore day accident snow science second trouble wood talent India America comfort Suggested Keys：cheerful decisive friendly agreeable applicablefamous continuous poetic ignorant daily accidental snowy scientific secondary troublesome wooden talented Indian American comfortable 3 给下列词加上适当前缀构成反义词connect dress true accurate moral able resistible possible dependent cover regular understand order happy practical personal pack legal centralize Suggested Keys：disconnect undress untrue inaccurate immoral unable irresistible impossible independentuncover irregular misunderstand disorderunhappy impractical impersonal unpack illegal decentralize 【提高练习】一、词汇、语法综合训练：（用括号中单词的适当形式填空）1. He is the _ (honour) chairman of the Writers Union. 2. A _ (hand) of men could defend the mountain pass against hundreds of enemies. 3. In 1972, China and Japan sighed a _ (history) peace and friendship treaty. 4. To my regret, your explanation is _ (satisfy). 5. Last year, the overall industrial _ (grow) rate was 8%. 6. The book has won such esteem from its readers that it has _ (print) for nine times. 7. At _ (night) you hear the clock stroke twelve. 8. If you use the chemical to clean the trousers, the stain will _ (appear) at once. 9. John and Tom had a _ (understand), but they have made it up now. 10. _ (cruel) to animals is considered a crime in some nations. 11. Looking up, I saw her eyes fixed on me in _ (curious). 12. At sea level, the air _ (press) is a little over 14 pounds per square inch. 13. Now he realized money is not everything