四六级专题复习学生版.doc

改错一、常考典型错误1、一致性方面的错误1)主谓一致主谓不一致错误是CET-6综合改错题内容之一，主要表现为主语名词与谓语动词间隔较长，首尾不能相接，造成视觉上的混淆。例：The president of the company,together with the workers, are planning a conference for the purpose of solving financial problems.句中主语的主词为单数名词“president”，介词短语“together with the workers”与主语无关，是插入成分，故谓语动词应用单数is。2)名词单复数有时名词可以不用复数，但是在特定的句子中由于前面有明确的量词修饰，如many,several,a number of,a variety of等等，就要变成复数形式。例：Computer,as we all know,has many possible use in different fields.句中名词use前的修饰语many是用来修饰复数名词的，所以use应改为uses。3)代词与先行词一致代词的主要功能是指代已出现的名词、词组或一个意群，因此代词的出现必须有所指，而且形、数等必须与前面所代的部份相符。这是代词改错的核心。例：A knowledge of several languages is essential to other majors study because without them one can read books only in translation.本句中without them指的是没有几门语言的知识。them错指a knowledge of several languages，因为其中knowledge是中心词，所以要把them改为it。2、时态、语态、虚拟语气1)时态错误在一篇结构完整、语义连续的短文中，时态的使用也应该连贯一致，但是英语表示时间时，主句和从句时态可能不一致，却仍表明完整正确的意思。这就要求考生对英语敏感，准确判断句中动作的时态。例：He cant remember what he once knows.主句用的是一般现在时，宾语从句中有once(从前)作为明显的时间状语，因而从句中动词应用过去时knew。2)语态错误在CET-6综合改错题中最常见的语态错误是被动语态被误用为主动语态。因为汉语表达习惯上有时不加“被”字也能表示被动，因而考生对被动语态不敏感。另外，不及物动词不能携带宾语，因而也就没有被动语态。例：She was very angry at not telling the truth when she listened to the account.句意：当她听这个叙述的时候，她很生气没有被告知真相。这里“她”是被告诉的对象，因而telling应改为being told。3)虚拟语气错误虚拟语气的使用错误在综合改错题中主要表现为主句和从句的语气不协调。例：We strongly suggest that Henry is told about his physical condition as soon as possible.句中动词suggest之后的从句应用虚拟语气，故is应改为be或should be。类似的动词还有demand, insist, order，等等。3、连接词、并列句、从属句这类错误常常不易被发现，因为它不属于句子内部的语言知识，而是句子与句子之间的串联的关系。要想把这类错误纠正出来，需要考生对文章有总体的理解，头脑中有个大的框架。一般改错中的连接词错误都会使句子的逻辑关系发生改变，或造成句子的语义逻辑混乱。例：Science is the production of new knowledge that can be applied or not, sincetechnology is the application of knowledge to the production of some products,machinery or the like.句中连词“since”用错了，逗号前后的两个句子从句意上是对照关系，但是since使之变成了因果关系，整个句子变得模糊不清。应把“since”改成“while”或“whereas”。4、形容词、副词比较级、最高级这类错误主要考较不常见的形容词、副词的比较级形式。一般来讲，考生不难掌握。例：Microwave ovens are generally more costlier than common ovens.此句costly是形容词，意思是“昂贵的”。它的比较级形式是more costly。costlier是错误的形式，须改成costly。5、平行结构平行结构错误主要指在连接词and前后语法结构不对等、不平行。例：Computer analyzed marketing reports can help deciding which products to emphasize now,which to develop for the future,and which to be dropped.本句中三个平行成份which products to emphasize now, which to develop和which to be dropped结构模式应该一致，均采用不定式主动语态，因而to be dropped应改为to drop。6、非谓语动词非谓语动词是令人头疼的改错类型，它包括不定式、分词、动名词。六级改错中主要出现的是非谓语动词与主要谓语动词之间的混淆。例：The idea that learn a foreign language is hard work is realized by every student.分析句子结构可知：the idea是主语；is realized是谓语部分；that引导同位语从句。从句中learn a foreign language是主语，而learn是动词形式，应改为动名词“learning”。7、固定搭配固定搭配主要包括动词、形容词、名词同介词的搭配以及其它许多惯用法等。解答这类题的关键在于考生掌握大量的短语及固定搭配。例：It also takes rise to a blurring of the distinction between science and technology.句中“takes rise to”是错误搭配，应把“takes”改为gives。“give rise to”是固定表达，有“引起、导致”的意思。考生需要平时积累动介词、动副词等词组以及诸多习惯用语。8、词性错误词性误用句中，错误主要表现在形容词、名词、副词上。做这类改错题，首先要判断词性及词在句中的位置，然后根据它们在句中所处的位置来确定词性是否正确。一般说来，形容词修饰名词，副词修饰动词，副词修饰形容词。例：We are not necessary capable of doing such an exacting job.句中形容词necessary用于修饰形容词capable,属于词性误用，应改为副词形式necessarily。9、易混淆的词英语词汇中有很多词在拼写上、语义上很相似，如assure/ensure, rise/arise/raise,effect/affect,但是它们的用法却迥然不同。这些易混淆的词构成六级改错的一个重要错误类型。例：His persistence was awarded when the car finally started. 句中“award”是“颁发，授予(奖赏)”之义，而文中想要表达的意思是“汽车终于启动了，那就是对他坚持不懈精神的回报。”应把award改成reward。二、解题思路与技巧从上面的错误类型分析可知，做改错题一定要具有一双“慧眼”。重要的不是自己会运用一个语法点或知识点，而是能够识别出错误的用法，以审查的眼光去面对每一个改错题。这就需要掌握必要的答题步骤和技巧。答题步骤：1)一般来说，做题时千万不要拿起来就改。先花一、两分钟从头到尾通读全文，对文章大致内容有所了解，做到心中有数。2)然后把重点放在有错误项的标有题号行，寻找较容易辩认的语法错误，如主谓不一致、时态、语态使用错误、非谓语动词错误等等。3)如果错行中不存在上述明显错误，则应查看是否有词语搭配错误，易混词错误、词性错误等等细节错误。4)如果错行中既不存在语法错误，也不存在词汇错误，则从整体上查看上下文意思是否连贯，连接词是否使用正确，是否有逻辑混乱的现象，如否定句误用成肯定句造成句意不通等。注意：有时没有错项的行对改错很有帮助。5)找到错误项之后，按要求形式进行改正、删去或增添，并设法找到一个正确项使句子在语法、语义和逻辑上都成立。06.6Until recently, dyslexia and other reading problems werea mystery to most teachers and parents. As a result, too many kids passed through school without master the printed page. S1_Some were treated as mentally deficient; many were leftfunctionally illiterate(文盲的), unable to ever meet theirpotential. But in the last several years, theres been arevolution in that weve learned about reading and dyslexia. S2_Scientists are using a variety of new imaging techniques towatch the brain at work. Their experiments have shown thatreading disorders are most likely the result of what is, in an effect, S3_faulty writing in the brainnot lazy, stupidity or a poor home S4_environment. Theres also convincing evidence which dyslexia S5_is largely inherited. It is now considered a chronic problemfor some kids, not just a “phase”. Scientists have alsodiscarded another old stereotype that almost all dyslexics areboys. Studies indicate that many girls are affecting as well S6_and not getting help.At same time, educational researchers have come up S7_with innovative teaching strategies for kids who are havingtrouble learning to read. New screening tests are identifyingchildren at risk before they get discouraged by year of S8_frustration and failure. And educators are trying to get the message to parents that they should be on the alert for thefirst signs of potential problems.Its an urgent mission. Mass literacy is a relative new S9_social goal. A hundred years ago people didnt need to begood readers in order to earn a living. But in the InformationAge, no one can get by with knowing how to read well and S10_understand increasingly complex material.06.12老六级The most important starting point for improving theunderstanding of science is undoubtedly an adequatescientific education at school. Public attitude towardsscience owe much the way science is taught in these S1_institutions. Today, school is what most people come into S2_contact with a formal instruction and explanation of sciencefor the first time, at least in a systematic way. It is at thispoint which the foundations are laid for an interest in science. S3_what is taught (and how) in this first encounter will largelydetermine an individuals view of the subject in adult life.Understanding the original of the negative attitudes S4_towards science may help us to modify them. Most educationsystem neglect exploration, understanding and reflection. S5_Teachers in schools tend to present science as a collection offacts, often by more detail than necessary. As a result, S6_children memorize processes such as mathematical formulasor the periodic table, only to forget it shortly afterwards. The S7_task of learning facts and concepts, one at a time, makeslearning laborious, boring and efficient. Such a purely S8_empirical approach, which consists of observation anddescription, is also, in a sense, unscientific or incomplete.There is therefore a need for resources and methods ofteaching that facilitates a deep understanding of science in S9_an enjoyable way. Science should not only be fun in the same way as playing a video game, but hard fun-a deep feeling of connection made possibly only by imaginative S10_engagement.06年12月新六级The National Endowment for the Arts recently releasedthe results of its “Reading at Risk” survey, which describedthe movement of the American public away from books and literature and toward television and electronic media.According to the survey, “reading is on the decline on every S1_region, within every ethnic group, and at every educational level.”The day the NEA report released, the U.S. House, in a tie S2_vote, upheld the governments right to obtain bookstore andlibrary records under a provision of the USA Patriot Act. TheHouse proposal would have barred the federal governmentfrom demand library records, reading lists, book customer S3_lists and other material in terrorism and intelligence investigations.These two events are completely unrelated to, yet they S4_echo each other in the message they send about the place ofbooks and reading in American culture. At the heartof the NEA survey is the belief in our democratic S5_system depends on leaders who can think critically, analyzetexts and writing clearly. All of these are skills promoted by S6_reading and discussing books and literature. At the same time,through a provision of the Patriot Act, the leaders of ourcountry are unconsciously sending the message that readingmay be connected to desirable activities that might S7_undermine our system of government rather than helpingdemocracy flourish.Our cultures decline in reading begin well before the S8_existence of the Patriot Act. During the 1980s culture wars,school systems across the country pulled some books fromlibrary shelves because its content was deemed by parents S9_and teachers to be inappropriate. Now what started in schoolsacross the country is playing itself out on a nation stage and S10_is possibly having an impact on the reading habits of the American public.完形填空Exercise 1In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which, taken together, comprise the whole vocabulary.First, there are those words _1_ which we become acquainted in daily conversation, which we _2_ ,that is to say, from the _3_ of our own family and from our familiar associates, and _4_ we should know and use _5_ we could not read or write.They _6_ the common things of life, and are the stock in trade of all who _7_ the language.Such words may be called“popular”, since they belong to the people _8_ and are not the exclusive _9_ of a limited class.On the other hand, our language _10_ a multitude of words which are comparatively _11_ used in ordinary conversation.Their meanings are known to every educated person, but there is little _12_ to use them at home or in the market-place.Our _13_ acquaintance with them comes not from our mothers _14_ or from the talk of our school-mates, _15_ from books that we read, lectures that we _16_ ,or the more _17_ conversation of highly educated speakers who are discussing some particular _18_ in a style appropriately elevated above the habitual _19_ of everyday life.Such words are called“learned”, and the _20_ between them and the“popular”words is of great importance to a right understanding of linguistic process.1. A. at B. with C. by D. through2. A. study B. imitate C. stimulate D. learn3. A. mates B. relatives C. members D. fellows4. A. which B. that C. those D. ones5. A. even B. despite C. even if D. in spite of6. A. mind B. concern C. care D. involve7. A. hire B. apply C. adopt D. use8. A. in public B. at most C. at large D. at best9. A. right B. privilege C. share D. possession10. A. consists B. comprises C. constitutes D. composes11. A. seldom B. much C. never D. often12. A. prospect B. way C. reason D. necessity13. A. primary B. first C. principal D. prior14. A. tips B. mouth C. lips D. tongue15. A. besides B. and C. or D. but16. A. hear of B. attend C. hear from D. listen17. A. former B. formula C. formal D. formative18. A. theme B. topic C. idea D. point19. A. border B. link C. degree D. extent20. A. diversion B. distinction C. diversity D. similarity Exercise 2Today, most countries in the world have canals.Many countries have built canals near the coast, and parallel _1_ the coast.Even in the twentieth century, goods can be moved more cheaply by boat than by any other _2_ of transport.These _3_ make it possible for boats to travel _4_ ports along the coast without being _5_ to the dangers of the open.Some canals, such as the Suez and the Panama, save ships weeks of time by making their _6_ a thousand miles shorter.Other canals permit boats to reach cities that are not _7_ on the coast, still other canals _8_ lands where there is too much water, help to _9_ fields where there is not enough water, and _10_ water power for factories and mills.The size of a canal _11_ on the kind of boats going through it.The canal must be wide enough to permit two of the largest boats using it to _12_ each other easily.It must be deep enough to leave about two feet of water _13_ the keel of the largest boat using the canal.When the planet Mars was first _14_ through a telescope, people saw that the round disk of the planet was criss-crossed by a _15_ of strange blue-green lines.These were called“canals” _16_ they looked the same as canals on earth _17_ are viewed from an airplane.However, scientists are now _18_ that the Martian phenomena are really not canals.The photographs _19_ from space-ships have helped us to _20_ the truth about the Martia“canals”.1. A. off B. with C. to D. by2. A. way B. means C. method D. approach3. A. waterways B. waterfronts C. channels D. paths4. A. among B. between C. in D. to5. A. revealed B. exposed C. opened D. shown6. A. trip B. journey C. voyage D. route7. A. lain B. stationed C. set D. located8. A. escape B. drain C. dry D. leak9. A. water B. wet C. soak D. irrigate10. A. furnish B. afford C. offer D. give11. A. focuses B. bases C. depends D. takes12. A. cross B. pass C. move D. advance13. A. down B. below C. beneath D. off14. A. studied B. researched C. surveyed D. observed15. A. few B. number C. deal D. supply16. A. although B. because C. so D. if17. A. that B. where C. when D. as18. A. exact B. definite C. certain D. decisive19. A. held B. taken C. got D. developed20. A. find B. expose C. uncover D. discover Exercise 3Individuals and businesses have legal protection for intellectual property they create and own. Intellectual proper _62_from creative thinking and may include products, 63 processes, and ideas. Intellectual property is protected 64 misappropriation(盗用)Misappropriation is taking the Intellectual property of others without _65_ compensation and using it for monetary gain.Legal protection is provided for the _66_of intellectual property. The three common types of legal protection are patents, copyrights, and trademarks.Patents provide exclusive use of inventions. If the U.S. patent office _67_ a patent, it is confirming that the intellectual property is _68_. The patent prevents others from making, using, or selling the invention without the owners _69_ for a period of 20 years.Copyright are similar to patents _70_that they are applied to artistic works. A copyright protects the creator of an _72_artisitic or intellectual work, such as a song or a novel. A copyright gives the owner exclusive rights to copy, _72_ display, or perform the work . the copyright prevents others from using and selling the work , the _73_ of a copyright is typically the lifetime of the author _74_ an additional 70 years. Trademarks are words, names, or symbols that identify the manufacturer of a product and _75_ it from similar goods of others. A service mark is similar to a trademark _76_ is used to identify services. A trademark prevents others from using the _77_ or a similar word, name, or symbol totake advantage of the recognition and _78_ of the brand or to create confusion in the marketplace. _79_ registration, a trademark is usually granted for a period of ten years. It can be _80_ for additional ten-year periods indefinitely as _81_ as the marks use continues.62 A) retrievesB) deviatesC) results D) departs63.A) servicesB) reservesC) assumptionsD)motions64.A) for B) with C) by D)from65.A) sound B) partial C) due D) random66.A) users B) owners C) masters D)executives67.A) affordsB) affiliatesC) funds D) grants68.A) solemnB) sober C) unique D) universal69.A) perspectiveB) permissionC) conformityD) consensus70.A) except B) besides C) beyond D) despite71.A) absoluteB) alternativeC) original D) orthodox72.A) presume B) stimulate C) nominate D)distribute73.A) range B) lengthC) scale D)extent74 A) plus B) versus C) via D) until75 A) distract B) differ C) distinguish D) disconnect76 A) or B) but C) so D) whereas77 A) identical B) analogical C) literal D) parallel78 A) ambiguity B) utility C) popularity D) proximity79 A) From B) Over C) Before D) Upon80 A) recurred B) renewed C) recalled D) recovered81