介词学案.doc

介词（Preposition） 学习目标1 了解常用介词和介词短语的用法。2 学会正确使用不同的介词与动词的搭配。 创设情境介词在英语学习中是个难点和重点。有时它可以表示本身的意思，有时和其他词构成介词短语的固定搭配，意思就发生了很大的变化。希望同学们认真阅读并了解介词的用法。读书指导概述介词，是一种虚词，用来表示句子中词与词之间的关系。介词不能单独使用，只有在加上宾语构成介词短语时，才能在句子里充当语法成分。常用介词的分类1. 简单介词：about, behind, down, on, towards, above, below, except, opposite, under, along, beside, for, over, until, among, besides, from, around, up, after, between, in, since, with, as, like, though, before, at, by, near, till, despite, off, to2. 合成介词：inside, into, onto, outside, throughout, upon, within, without3. 短语介词：according to, ahead of, apart from, as for, as to, but for, because of, due to, except for, in front of, instead of, in spite of, owing to, with regard to4. 分词介词：concerning, including, regarding, respecting介词短语的构成介词短语由介词+宾语构成。介词宾语一般是名词，或与其相应的词（包括代词或动名词等）。需要注意的是，代词作介词宾语时要用宾格。例如：He fought for his country. She is waiting for me. They succeeded in escaping.介词宾语有时也可以是一个由what, when, how, whether等疑问词引导的从句或“疑问词+不定式”的结构。例如：Im very interested in what you told me. He is thinking of how to organize the trip well.几组介词的比较1. 表示时间的介词： 1） at表示时间的一点，即“时点”。例如：at 4:30 （noon, dawn, midnight）2） on表示日期及某天的上午，下午，晚上等。例如：on Sunday（Oct. 1） on Sunday afternoon3） in表示：（1）“时段”“时期”。例如：in 1987（December, the 19th century）（2）“（若干时间）以后”，常用作谓语是将来时态的时间状语。例如：The meeting will end in 30 minutes.4） after表示“在（某具体时间）以后”。例如：after supper（5 o clock, the war, 1970）5） for表示“（动作延续）若干时间”，常用“how long”提问。例如：I stayed in London for two days on my way to New York.6） since表示“自（某具体时间）以来”，常作完成时态谓语的时间状语。例如：since 1950Exercise1： 1. These flowers will bloom _ a few days.2. The meeting will begin _ six oclock sharp.3. He learnt English_3 months and now he can speak it fluently.4. He learnt English _ 3 months but he still cant speak it.5. They talked on _one o clock _the morning.6. It has been raining _last Saturday.7. Our time-table will be altered _the first of May.8. Your composition should have been handed in _December 30th.9. The baby was born _ the morning of June 10th.10. The shop will be closed _the whole of next week.2. 表示地点、位置的介词1） at表示“在地点”，通常指某一点的位置。例如：The car pulled up at the gate. She lives at Number 73 Hazel Avenue.2） in表示“在内”，通常指一个（有长、宽、高的）立方的地方，有空间较大的意味。例如：What is in the box? They have arrived in Peking.3） on表示“在（平面）上”；beneath表示“在（平面）下”。例如：There is a color TV set on the desk. The submarine can run very fast beneath the sea.4） over表示“在（垂直）上方”；under表示“在（垂直）下方”。例如：There is a lamp over the table. The peasants are having a rest under the tree.5） above表示“在上方”；below表示“在下方”。例如：The plane is flying above the clouds. The sun sank below the horizon.3. 表示空间运动的介词1） along沿着（从一头到另一头）；across横过（从一边到另一边）；through穿过；over越过。例如：They are taking a walk along the street. Dare you swim across the river?They drove through the city. The plane flew over the city.2） up向上方；down向下方。例如：He ran up the stairs. The ship is sailing down the river.3） from从，自；to向，到。例如：He received a letter from abroad. She stood up and walked to the window.4） into进入；out of出自。例如：He jumped into the river. We walked out of the shop.4. 表示方向、方位的介词1） to在面（不属于该地区且不接壤）；in在部（属于该地区）；on在面（不属于该地区但接壤）。例如：Shanghai lies in the east of China. Japan lies to the east of China. Vietnam lies on the south of China.2） to表示“去向”（常与表示运动或移动的名词、动词连用）；for表示“目的地”（常与表示离开、出发等动词连用）。例如：He will go to Shanghai tomorrow. He will leave for Shanghai tomorrow。3） to表示“朝（方向）”；at表示“对准（目标）”。例如：The waiter threw a towel to the guest. The child threw a stone at the dog.Exercise2:1. We are going to spend the summer _ the seaside.2. He sat quietly _ the corner of the room.3. That mountain is about two thousand feet _sea level.4. When the temperature falls _zero, water turns to ice.5. There are clouds _ our heads.6. Lets sit _the table and talk about this summer.7. No car should be parked _ _ _ the building.8. She was a little nervous _such a large audience.9. Smoke goes _the chimney.10. The two lines run _each other.5. 表示工具、方法和手段的介词1） with表示工具、方式（抽象），也可表示材料。例如：Wood is often cut with a saw. We should face the situation with great courage.2） by表示途径或手段。through与其意义较接近。例如： We can get energy by burning fuel. He became rich through hard work.3） in表示方式。例如：Cloth is often measured in meters.4） on有时也表示工具，通常是在习惯用语中。例如：They heard the news on the radio.6. 表示原因的介词1） because of, owing to, on account of一般表示任何直接原因或理由。例如：Because of (owning to, on account of) his carelessness he didnt do well in the examination.2） at常与表示情感的形容词或动词连用。例如：We rejoiced at their great achievement.3） for常与表示著名、奖惩或经受痛苦等意义的形容词或动词连用，表原因。例如：The West Lake is famous for its scenery. He is punished for stealing.4） from常与die, suffer等动词连用，表原因。例如：They are suffering from starvation and disease.7. 表示让步的介词：in spite of, despite, after all, for all, 等。Exercise3:1. They came _the 9 oclock train.2. Written exercises are often corrected _his teachers _red pens.3. Light usually travels _a straight line.4. People usually prefer to travel _plane rather than _a coach.5. I heard the news _Radio Beijing.6. Strings can be cut either _a knife or scissors.7. They had a long talk _the telephone.8. Products made _machines are generally cheaper than those made _hand.9. The President will speak _the nation _the radio tonight.10. This kind of work should be done _great care.介词与动词、形容词和名词的搭配1. 与动词搭配1） 一个动词与不同介词搭配表示不同的意思。例如：bring about 使发生 bring forward提出 bring up抚养 bring down打倒 bring in引进 bring out出版2） 一个动词与某个介词搭配也可表示几个不同的意思。例如：take up占用，接纳，从事，拿起，研讨，改短2. 与形容词搭配far from远不及 fond of喜欢 satisfied with对感到满意 strict to对严格be good at擅长 be good for对有益 be good to对友好3. 与名词搭配1） 固定搭配 the reason for的理由 struggle against与的斗争 opposition to反对2） 部分由动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词所要求的介词，与其同源动词或形容词所要求的介词是一致的。例如：relateto relation to depend on dependence oninsist on insistence on capable of capability ofpatient with patience with excited about excitement aboutExercise4:1. She