名词及名词短语.doc

名词及名词短语可数名词复数变化规则：几个外来词的复数：German-Germans；Roman-Romans； Norman-Normans；piano-pianos；photo-photos.可数名词复数的不规则变化：有生命名词的所有格：无生命名词的所有格：考点一：名词辨析1.(1)accident“意外事件，偶发事件”，一般指(不幸的)事故，如车祸、天灾之类。a chapter of accidents一连串的意外事故；by accident意外地；a happy accident 侥幸；Accidents will happen在所难免。(2)incident多指较小的事件、小插曲或人生中所碰到的虽小但留下较深印象的平凡事情，也可以指外交、政治方面的重大事件。Without incident，平安无事(3)affair“事物，要事”，头绪繁多的事；恋爱事件。World affairs世界大事；foreign affairs外交事务；state of affairs局势，事态 ；be sbs affair使某人自己的事。(4)business“事情”，主要用于一些习语中，常带有厌恶感。Business is business.公事公办.none of your own business/mind your own business，不管你的事，别多管闲事；get down to business，认真干某事；have no business doing/to do无权/不应该做某事；business as usual照常营业；be in business/go into business做生意，经商，办公司；be on business出差；business suit（办公室穿的）西装；monkey business 恶作剧。(5) event大事，发生的事情，尤指重要事情；也可指(体育运动的)赛项目。In any event/at all events无论如何；in the event of rain/an accident万一下雨/万一发生意外Lucy was badly hurt in a traffic accident last week.(浙江高考) 上个星期Lucy在车祸中严重受伤。We will never forget the July 7th Incident of 1937.我们永远不会忘记1937年的七七事变。For them，playing well and winning are often lifeanddeath affairs.对他们来说，好好表现并获取胜利往往是生死攸关的大事。Its none of your business.这不关你的事。She cant remember events from a long time ago.她记不起很久以前的事情。2.(1)quantity表示“数量”。(2)quality既可以表示事物的“品质”，还可以表示人的“品德，素质”。(3)character泛指性格，无所谓好坏，还可以表示“角色，文字，母”。(4)personality意为“个性”。Its often less expensive to buy goods in quantity，but youd better exam the quality before buying them.大量购物便宜，但是在购买之前你最好检测质量。Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health.It may also be good for character.(2009湖北高考)独自徒步旅行可能会很有趣并且有益于健康。或许对意志的磨炼也有好处。(1)condition意为“条件，情况，状况”，其单数形式指人或物所处的状况，这时与state意义相近，常可互换，但condition还常指由于一定原因或条件造成的状态，如人的健康状况、物的完好程度、设备的可用性等。复数形式多指一般、笼统的情况。Living /working/driving conditions工作/生活条件；under excellent/terrible etc conditions在.条件下；be in good/bad condition处于良好/不好状态(2)situation指某一时间由各种情况造成的“处境，形势”。(3)state指人或事物所处的状态或状况，常和condition换用，此外，state还常表示思想、感情、心理等状态。(4)position指人或事物所处的位置、地位。From their position on the top of the TV Tower，visitors can have a better view of the city.(2009陕西高考)从他们在电视塔顶的位置，游客们可以更好地看到这个城市。School children must be taught how to deal with dangerous situations.学生们必须接受如何应付危险情况的教育。Ive had no exercise for ages，and Im really out of condition.我好久不运动，身体欠佳。They were silent for a long time，in a state of painful hesitati-on and doubt.他们处于一种痛苦的踌躇与疑虑状态中，长时间相对无言。3.(1)power主要指做事所依靠的能力、功能，也可指人或机器等事物潜在的或发挥出来的力量，还可以指职权或政权。(2)strength指固有的潜力。说人时，指“力气”；说物时，指“强度”。(3)force主要指自然界的力量；暴力、势力以及法律、道德或感情的力量；军事力量等。(4)energy主要指人的精力或自然界中的能量。Its not within my power to help you.我是爱莫能助啊。A washing machine is a saver of time and strength.洗衣机省时又省力。The UN tries to limit the use of force in conflicts.联合国尽力禁止在冲突中使用暴力。Youll need to apply all your energy to this job.你需要把全部精力投入到这项工作中去。4.(1)scenery指一个国家或地区的整体自然风景，是不可数名词。 (2)scene(戏剧中的)一场；(电影、书中的)场景；(某地方或者图画中 的)景色；(事故或者罪行的)发生地点、现场；情景，景象。 (3)view表示视野、眼界，常指从某一固定位置见到的景色。Have a good/bad/wonderful etc view of看得见/看不见/看得非常清楚Come into view出现在视野中；be in view在视野中；be on view在展览，在陈列着；in view of，考虑到，由于；block sbs view挡住某人视线；take the view that持.的观点 (4)sight侧重指旅游观光的风光，包括城市景色或自然风光景色。也指人造景物或奇特的景色。lose ones sight=become blind.At the sight of/on sight一看见就.；at first sight初见 ；out of sight，out of mind眼不见，心不烦；know sb by sight ；come into sight/disappear from sight出现/消失；the sights名胜，风景，奇观；go sightseeing 去观光，（sightseeing，不可数名词）On the way up I was busy taking pictures since the scenery was so beautiful.(全国高考)在上山的途中我一直忙于拍照，因为风景太漂亮We climbed higher so that we might see the scenes better.我们往更高处爬以便能更好地观看这景色。You will get a fine view of the town from the top of the hill.在小山顶上，你能很好地欣赏到小城的全貌。The sunset was a very beautiful sight.那落日真是一幅美景。5.(1)mark标志，标记。 (2)sign记号，标记，迹象。 (3)signal信号。 (4)symbol象征，符号In our class，when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book，it was a signal for everyone to stand up.(2009湖北高考)在课堂上，铃声响起，老师合上书就是我们起立的信号。There were no signs of life on the island.那个岛上没有生命存在的迹象。Please make a mark where you have a question.请在你有问题的地方做个记号。The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a symbol of courage and power.(上海高考)狮子被认为林中之王，因为它是勇气和权力的象征。 考题巩固：1(2010天津高考)James took the magazines off the little table to make _ for the television.Aroom；BArea；Cfield ；Dposition2(2010江苏高考)The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients，so he has a very good _.Aexpectation ；BReputation；Ccontribution ；DCivilization3.Theres a _ in our office that when its somebodys birthday, they bring in a cake for us all to share.(2011山东，34) Atradition BBalance Cconcern Drelationship 解析句意：我们办公室有个惯例，当某个人过生日的时候，他们带来蛋糕供我们大家一起分享。考查名词辨析。tradition传统，惯例；balance平衡；concern关心；relationship关系。A项符合考点二：抽象名词具体化1)difficulty 困难；a difficulty 一件难事(2)experience 经验；an experience 一次经历(3)failure 失败；a failure 一位失败者，一件失败的事(4)knowledge 知识；a good knowledge 丰富的知识,(5)success 成功；a success 一位成功者，一件成功的事(6)surprise 惊奇；a surprise 一件令人吃惊的事(7)honour 荣誉；an honour 一位(件)带来荣誉的人(事)(2010福建高考)Its _ good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them _ pleasure.A不填；a ；Ba；不填 Cthe；a Da；the解析：句意：上海世博会给人们带来了快乐，欣赏世博会是一种美好的感受。有些不可数名词，如knowledge，command，feeling等，前面有“a/an形容词”修饰时，表示一件具体的事情。pleasure在此意为“愉快，快乐”，为不可数名词，故不加冠词。(2010北京高考)First impressions are the most lasting.After all，you never get _ second chance to make _ first impression.A a；the Bthe；the Ca；a Dthe；a解析：句意：第一印象最持久。毕竟，你不会再有机会去形成第一印象。第一空后有second，在此表示再一次机会，而不是表顺序，应用不定冠词；第二空中的第一印象是泛指，也不是表示顺序，又根据题干可以判断impression在此处是可数名词，可数名词单数表泛指时须用不定冠词，故选择C项。(2010湖北高考)This restaurant has become popular for its wide _ of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.Adivision Barea Crange Dcircle解析：本题考查名词辨析。句意：这家餐馆很受欢迎，因为它提供各种食物，能满足各种口味和各种消费层次。division 区分，分开，除法，部门；area