大一英语语法之冠词讲义.doc

冠词的基本用法1不定冠词的用法误：Son of minister，Paul Roberson graduated first from Rutgers and then from Columbia University正：Son of a minister不定冠词a，an的基本用法为：（1）指人或事物的某一种类：He is a worker（2）指某一类人或事物中的一个：A triangle has three angles（3）指某人或某物，而不具体说明何人何物：A man from Beijing will speak to us tomorrow（4）等于one，指一个，说明数量：I have a/one sister and two brothers（5）等于the same，指相同的或具有同一类别或同一性质的：Birds of a feather flock together（6）相当于per，指事物的单位：He came to China twice a year（7）相当于a certain，指某个人，表示说话者不认识此人：Do you know a MrSmith？物质名词或抽象名词加a/an，则成为普通名词，表示单个成品或种类，但不是所有的物质名同或抽象名词都可加a/an变为普通名词，这一点将在下文中详述。It is a great joy to meet him againhave/take/doa/an抽象名词，与抽象名词的动词形态同义，Lets take a swim=Let us swimLets have a rest=Lets rest2定冠词的用法误：This is a book which I loved most正：the book定冠词的基本用法为：（1）特指某（些）人或某（些）物，或由上下文可知该名词所指的东西非常明显、或已有一定的范围，该名词前用the：This is the house where I once lived（2）表示说话人和听话人彼此熟悉的人或事物：Please pass me the book（3）复述前面已提到的人或物：I read a story last nightThe story is about a strike（4）表示该类名词的全体、总称：The cow is a useful animal（=Cows are useful animals）（5）表示世界上独一无二的事物：The earth moves round the sun（6）用在序数词、形容词最高级之前：January is the first month of the year（7）用在表示方位、方向的名词前：The sun rises in the east and sets in the west（8）定冠词可与某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表某一类人或物：The number of the poor in the USis large（9）演奏乐器时，用在乐器名称的前面：Some children learn to play the piano（10）在阶级、党派前用the：The Chinese Communist Party was founded in 19213专有名词前冠词的用法误：The Mary will arrive in the Taipei tomorrow正：Taipei专有名词前一般不加冠词，但在下列情况中则须加a，an，the。（1）the用以表明某一个人或物以区别于其他同名的人或物。aThere is not the Alice in this classbIs he the MrSmith you asked me about？cI dont know much about the England of 1885（=about the situa- tion of England in 1885）dThe MrsHopkins wants to see you（=the woman called MrsHopkins）（2）the用于复数化的姓氏之前以表示全家人。aThe Pikes are our next-door neighboursbThe Johnsons were nice people（3）a或the用于专有名词之前以表示别的人或物具有该专有名词的特征。aHe wishes to become a MozartbGeorge imagined himself a PlatocShanghai is the Paris of China（4）大部分的国名、城市名、洲名前不加冠词。在下列名字前不加the，如China，France，Thailand，Korea，Japan，Germany，Canada，London，New York，Boston，Paris，Singapore，Taipei，Gaoxiong，Asia，Africa，South Africa等。但下列情形需加the：the用于含有普通名词的专有名词前：the United Nations，the Peoples Republic of China，the Kingdom of Thailand，the United States。the Far East，the Middle East，the Near East，the Orient等。the应认为是下列名词的一部分：the hague（海牙），the Nether lands（荷兰），the Sudan（苏丹）等。（5）帝国名、朝代名等加the：the Ottoman Empire（奥图曼帝国），the Ming Dynasty（明朝），the British Commonwealth of Nations（英联邦）等。（6）岛名、湖名、山名如为单数则不加冠词，如为复数则加the。单数：TaiwanCeylon，Malta，Long lsland，Lake Geneva（日内瓦湖），Lake Ontario（安大略湖），Lake Michigan（密西根湖），Great Salt Lake（大盐湖），MtQomolangma（珠穆朗玛峰），MtFuji（富士山），MtWhitney（辉特尼峰），MtAli（阿里山）等。复数：the Penghu Islands（the Pescadores）（澎湖），the Philippine ls- landsthe Canary Islands，the British Isles（不列颠群岛），the Great Lakes，the Rocky Mountains，the Alps，the Himalayas等。（7）the用于洋名、海名、河名、运河名、沙漠名、森林名之前：the Pacific（Ocean），the Atlantic（Ocean），the Indian Ocean；the Red Sea，the China Sea，the North Sea，the Mediterranean Sea，the Baltic Sea；the Rhine （莱茵河），the Ganges，the Yangtze River，the River Thames，the Hudson River，the Mississippi River；the Suez Canal，the Panama Canal；the Sahara Desert，the Arabian Desert，the Black Forest，the New Forest等。（8）the用于海峡（strait，channel）名，海湾（bay，gulf）名之前：the Strait of Dover，the Strait of Gibraltar，the Strait of Malacca；the Bay of Tokyo（比较Tokyo Bay），the Gulf of Mexico，the Persian Gulf，the Eng lish Channel等。（9）the用于河谷名、半岛名之前：the Nile Valley，the Mississippi Valley；the Iberian Peninsula，the Malay Peninsula，the Crimea Peninsula 等。（10）校名的冠词用法如下：Yale University，New York University，Oxford University，Harvard University，San Francisco State College；the University of Oxford，the University of Maryland，the State College of Washington等。（11）公共建筑物、政府机构、博物馆、纪念碑、商店、组织等名称前通常需要加the：the Empire State Building（帝国大厦），the Wool worth Building，the Foreign Office，the White House（白宫），the State De partment，the Boy Scouts，the YMCM（基督教青年会），the Rotary Club，the Metropolitan Museum，the Library of Congress，the Eiffel Tow- er，the Nelson Monument，the Washington Monument，the Covent Garden Theater，the Fox Theatre，the Astor Hotel，the Statlor Hotel，the Ritz Ho tel，the JCPenney Company，the AllNite Grocery Store等。（12）船名或铁道名称前应加the：the Titanic，the Queen Elizabeth，the TransSiberian Railway，the Pennsylvania Railroad等。（13）如为限定、解释或对比而将人名用形容词加以修饰，则通常要加the。但如为dear，good，kind，little，old，young，poor等形容词则不必加冠词，因这些词只是给人名一种感情上的润饰而已：the lateRobert Kennedy（已故的Robert Kennedy），the greatNewton（有许多人叫Newton，但这一位指的是伟大的英国科学家Isaac Newton）。aShe seemed to know nothing of the real MrLawrencethe incomparable Jane Austen，Alexander the Great（亚历山大大帝），Richard the Lionhearted（狮心王查理），George the fifth（乔治五世）。bI fell sorry for poor old Aunt PollycSuddenly young Miss Grant got up and hurried outdoors4不用冠词的场合误：He is reading the William Shakespeares complete works正：William Shakespeares（1）专有名词所有格前不加the。（2）抽象名词或物质名词用以泛指时，则不加a或the。aHonesty is the best policybGold is more precious than silver但如因上下文或句中情况而使该抽象名词表示特定概念时，可以加定冠词；如物质名词用以特指某人或某处的某项材料，则可加the。cWe dont question the honesty of the companys servicesdShow him the gold you bought this morning（3）复数名同泛指一般性时，不加the：Horses are useful animals本句的horses并不专指“白马”或“黄马”，而是指一般的马。试比较：bThe horse is a useful animalcA horse is a useful animal复数名词加the，就是指“某处的”或“某人的”而言，如：The dogs in the garden are all Pekineses有时复数名词前加the，表示“全部”之意：the five senses（五官感觉），包括了所有的感觉。（4）街名前不加the：Main Street，Fifth Avenues，Broadway等。（5）某国语言名称之前不加the：John speaks English fluentlythe English指全体英国人，English才是英语，但可以说the English lan guage。特别指“英语”的某一词可用the English：What is the English for “丢脸”？（6）一天三餐的名称前不加the。breakfast，lunch，dinner，supper都不加the，tea当“每天经常的午后茶点”解时也不加the：I go to school right after breakfast every morning但特指某餐时可加冠词：The dinner I had at that small restaurant was excellent（7）游戏竞技等名称前不加the：baseball，football，basketball，hock ey，tennis，cricket，volleyball，chess。例：Almost every boy in Taiwan likes baseball（8）病名前通常不加the：Her death may have been due to diphthe ria（9）颜色名称前不加the，如加the则不是错误就是另有其意，如on the green中的green是指草地。例：I prefer blue to red（10）五种感觉sight，smell，hearing，taste，touch的名称前不加the：Smell and taste are closely connected至于sweet to the taste（尝起来甜的），soft to the touch（摸起来很柔软），agreeable to the smell（闻起来很好）等应视作惯用语而记住。（11）每周日期及月份名称前不加the。aI will be free on SundaybJanuary is the first month of the year不过可以说the Sunday before last，the September of 1970等。last year，last Sunday，next Monday等前面不加the，这是以说话的那一天作标准。如果不是以说话的当天作标准，应加the：cHe arrived on June 10，which happened to be a Thursday，And she came to see him the next Sunday（12）称呼语，家庭称谓如父亲兄弟等前不加冠词。aTom，give me your bookbFather is out now（13）表示官职、身份或亲属关系的名词当补足语，或作同位语时不加冠词：He was elected President（14）节日、假日的名称前不用冠词：New years Day（15）两个相对的名词连用时不加冠词：arm in arm（臂挽臂地），day by day（日复一日地）。aMother and child are doing wellbRich and poor celebrate New Years DaycWe saw each other face to facedThey went begging from door to door22 冠词应用中的一些问题1抽象名词和物质名词前冠词的特殊用法误：He is good help to me正：a good help（1）抽象名词和物质名词表示一般概念时，前面通常不用冠词，但特指时，须用定冠同。aThe desire for a fanatical creed is one of the great evils of our timebThe difference between science and common sense is simply one of degreecThe fear of many persons had dumbed his heartdThe love of scandal is an expression of this general malevolence（2）抽象名词或物质名词如果具体化，表示一个具体的情况、动作或某一类物时，前面可用不定冠词。但并非所有的名词都能这样用，常见的有：aIt was not an amusementbHis presence was almost an anguish to JohncIts a certaintydBut he was a comfort to me，all the sameeIts a factfHe is a failure as a paintergThats a follyhThose who have never collected stamps do not realize that philately is not a hobby but a passioniIt was anything but a horror to the muscles and a crime against the backjIt was an impertinence to exhibit stuff which should never have been allowed out of his studiokIts a judgement on me1What he wanted to have was a homemIf it is a labour to read a novel it is bettet not to read it at allnTo me fresh air is a luxuryoIf he is a man，he cannot do such a thingpThat is a mercymorning，afternoon等区分一天的用语是表语时，通常无冠词。但是，有形容词时，通常加不定冠词。aIt was a warm autumn morningbIt wat an afternoon in JunecIt was a fine evening/night/daydIt is a nuisance，but there are several parts of my body that I cant reach nowadayseIts a pity they dont try to make up for it by being agreeablefWhy，its a pleasure to me，and it gives me something to do-its good for my healthgIts a relief to find some decay left in the worldhYouve brought it to a showup，I think，with your insanities，and thats a servicesuch as it isiIts a shame we cant have incense occasionallyjIt was a sin and a shame to buy anything to dress that child，if it wasnt a pair of shoeskIt was a relief and a solace to me to come here when I could snatch a moment from my many occupationslHe was a success as a teachermHe was born at Christmas，which was a SundaynIt was just a superstition，thats alloIt is a truth in the natural order，as well as in the supernaturalpThis is the condition of virtue，and to strive for it is a virtueBut it is not itself a virtueq“Its a wonder”she said，sipping again2使用不定冠词的特殊场合误：He is a comrade of Lei Feng正：a Lei Feng（1）“a/that名词of a名词”的结构，其含义为“象一般的、式样的”，如：He is a comrade of a Lei Feng（2）专有名词前有时也可加a，表示某一个：A comrade Li tele-phoned you just before you come here（说话者不太了解commrade Li）（3）复数名词前有时也可用a，但该名词通常指人、时间、金钱、距离等：a full five hours（足足五个小时），a mere two metres（仅仅两公尺），an estimated 4000 persons（估计有4千人次）。如：I have a good forty dollars（4）不定冠词也可用在动名词前，表示一种、一阵、一次等：aknocking at the door（一阵敲门声），a good cleaning（一次大扫除）。例：He felt a ring in his ears after he fell down（5）不定冠词可以表示“同一”的含义，但语气不如the same强。aBirds of a feather flock togetherbThey were much of a size（a size=the same size）cVisitors may come into the hall fifty at a time（6）形容词最高级之前，如在mostinteresting/extraordinary/un usual/important/annoying等形容词最高级之前，常用不定冠词a（an）表示“非常”的意思。aThis is a most unusual eventbIt is a most touching story3冠词的倒置误：She is a so beautiful girl正：so beautiful a girl（1）不定冠词的倒置。当单数的可数名词前面的形容词有so，as，how，however，too等副词修饰时，不定冠词只能置于形容词的后面。遇到quite，rather时，多半置于rather，quite等后，遇到such，many和感叹句中的what时，也只能置于such，many，what等后。aThe teacher made too long a speech/a too long speech at the meet ingbIt is rather a hot daycWhat a hot day it is！（2）定冠词的倒置。当定冠词遇到all，both，quite，half，twice，dou ble，three times等词时，常置于这些词后。aAll the students have come herebIt is three times the size of my room（3）当half，double等词作纯粹的形容词使用时，则仍应置于冠词的后面，如a half long（一半的长度），the double journey（来回行程）。（4）当用much，exactly等词修饰same时，它们位于the same之前：Both of them have exactly the same amount of money23 使用不同冠词时意义的差别英语中有不少仅因为有无冠词或冠词的不同，而导致意思变动的情况，下面介绍一些典型的惯用法。1定冠词与不定冠词（1）aHe does his homework after a fashion他马马虎虎做作业。bWe make our clothes after the fashion of southern styles我们仿效南方式样做衣服。after a fashion意为“马马虎虎”，after the fashion（of）意为“仿效”。（2）aThis is a kind of good books这是一种好书。bThe kind of books is not suitable for children这种书对孩子们不适合。a kind of意为“一种”，the kind of意为“这种、那种”。（3）aA number of students like to swim一些学生喜欢游泳。bThe number of students in this class is forty这班学生总数是四十人。a number of意为“若干、一些”，接复数形式动词。the number of 意为“的数目”，接单数形式动词。（4）aI read a most interesting book我读一本十分有趣的书。bThe most interesting book I read is that one on the table我所读的最有趣的书是桌子上那本。a most interesting book意为“十分有趣的书”，后不接范围概念。the most interesting book意为“最有趣的书”，后常接范围概念。（5）aI must go out for a moment我必须出去一会儿。bI must go out for the moment我此刻必须出去。for a moment意为“一会儿”，for the moment意为“此时、此刻”。（6）aThe boy got a cane那男孩弄到一根藤条。bThe boy got the cane那男孩被用藤条打了一顿。cane意为“藤条、手杖”。get the cane是习语，意为“被用藤条或手杖打了一顿”。类似的还有give sba stick（给某人一根棒），give sbthe stick是习语，意为“杖笞某人”。give sba needle（给某人一根针），give sbthe needle是俗语，意为“刺激某人”。the needle是俚语，表示“紧张”或“激动”。（7）aHe is in a cart他坐在一辆马车上。bHe is in the cart他处于困境中。in a cart表示“在马车里”或“在手推车里”。in the cart是俚语，意为“处于困境中”。（8）aThe little girl took a cake那小女孩拿了一个饼子。bThe little girl took the cake那小女孩得了奖。take the cake是俚语，意为“得奖、获胜”。（9）aThe old man told a tale那老人讲了一个故事。bThe old man told the tale那老人编讲了悲惨往事。tell the tale是俚语，表示“为引起同情而编讲悲惨往事”。tell a tale意为“讲故事”，但如tale后有定语，要把a改为the，意思不变。（10）aHe primed a pump他起动泵。bHe primed the pump他采取措施使其发展。prime a pump表示“使泵起动”。prime the pump表示“采取措施促使某事物发展（尤指用政府资金促使经济发展）”。（11）aHe didnt say a word他一言没发。bHe didnt say the word他没下达命令。say a word意为“说一句话”。say the word意为“发命令、同意开始、说出想说的话等。（12）aThat rang a那事使人回想起另一件事。bThat rang the bell那件事得到了赞许。ring a bell是口语，意为“使人回想起某事”。ring the bell是俚语，意为“得到赞许”或“成功”。（13）aHe took a chair他搬走了一把椅子。bHe took the chair他主持会议。take the chair表示“主持会议”或“当会议执行主席”。（14）aHe went to a chair他朝一把椅子走去。bHe went to the chair他被处以死刑。go/get to the chair意为“被处以死刑”，the chair= the electric chair （15）aHe got a kick他被踢了一下。bHe got the kick他被解雇了。get a kick意为“被踢了一脚”。get a kick from/out of意为“从中得到乐趣”。get the kick是俚语，意为“被解雇”。类似的还有：give sba push意为“推了某人一把”，give sbthe push是俚语，意为“解雇某人”或“断绝与某人的来往”。give sba boot是俚语，意为“使某人开心、使某人快乐”。give sbthe boot，也是俚语，意为“解雇某人”。give sba bag意为“给某人一个袋子”，give sbthe bag是口语，意为“解雇某人”或“拒婚”。give sba sack意为“给某人一个麻袋”，give sbthe sack是口语，意为“解雇某人”。give sban axe意为“给某人一把斧子”，give sbthe axe是俚语，意为“解雇某人”。give sba bird意为“给某人一只鸟”，give sbthe bird意为“解雇某人”或“嘘某人”。（16）aThey kept a ball rolling他们使球不停地滚动。bThey kept the ball rolling他们让谈话继续下去。keep the ball rolling是习语，意为“使谈话不中断”。（17）aHe is on a bench他坐在一条凳子上。bHe is on the bench他在当法官。be on the bench意为“做法官”或“做主教”，另外，be raised to the bench表示“被任命为法官”或“被任命为主教”，the bench意为“法官（总称）”。2零冠词与定冠词零冠词指不使用冠同，使用与不使用冠词意义有所差别。（1）aThe teacher sent five of them to do the work老师派他们中的五人做那项工作。bI know the five of them我认识他们五人。five of them意为“他们中的五人（他们总人数大于五）”，the five of them意为“他们五人（他们总共只有五人）”。（2）aWe discussed it in secret我们秘密地讨论这事。bI am in the secret so I know the fact我是局内人，所以我知道真相。in secret意为“秘密地”，in the secret意为“局内（人）”。（3）aThere is a tree in front of the car车子前面有一棵树。bThere is a tank in the front of the car车子前部有个箱子。in front of意为“在前面（在外）”，in the front of意为“在前部（在内）”。（4）aShe was in service for the Smiths她在史密斯家帮佣。bI have been in the service for a year我服役一年了。in service意为“帮佣”，in the service意为“服役”。（5）aI was in trade a year ago一年前我开始做买卖。bI am in the trade doing these things做这些事我是行家。in trade意为“做买卖”，in the trade意为“行家”。（6）aHe is in charge of the department他负责这个部门。bThe department is in the charge of him这部门受他管理。in charge of意为“负责”，含主动意义，in the charge of意为“受管理”，含被动意义。（7）aI am in possession of this room我拥有这个房间。bThis room is in the possession of me这个房间归我。in possession of意为“占有”，含主动意义，in the possession of意为“被占有”，含被动意义。（8）aHe keeps house for MrSmith他为史密斯先生主持家务。bHe keeps the house when MrSmith go outside史密斯先生外出时他看家。keep house意为“主持家务”，keep the house意为“不出家门、看家”。（9）aThat girl is in red那女孩穿着红衣服。bThat girl is in the red那女孩负债了。in red表示“穿着红色的衣服”，in the，red意为“负债、财政出现赤字”。类似的还有：in green意为“穿着绿色的衣服”，in the green意为“正处在青春期”；in blue意为“穿着蓝色的衣服”，in the blue意为“在天空中，在蓝天上”；in black意为“穿着黑色的衣服或丧服”，in the black意为“生产或生意上赢利了”；in pink意为“穿着粉红色的衣服”，in the pink（of health）意为“身体很好”。（10）aHe went to pot他破产了。bHe went to the pot他朝那口锅子走去。go to pot是俚语，意为“破产、垮掉、遭毁坏”。（11）aThe goods are in store那批货物贮藏着。bThe goods are in the store那批货物在商店里。in store是习语，意为“贮藏着、准备着”。in the/a store意为“在商店里”。（12）aMrWhite left office怀特先生辞职了。bMrWhite left the office怀特先生离开了办公室。leave the office表示“离开办公室”，leave office表示“辞职”或“离职”。（13）aThey are chewing fat他们在吃肥肉。bThey are chewing the fat他们在聊天。fat意为“肥肉、油脂”，chew the fat是俚语，表示“闲聊”。（14）aProfessor Wang is at table王教授正在吃饭。bProfessor Wang is at the table王教授正伏案工作。be at table意为“在吃饭”。be at a/the table表示“伏案工作”或“在桌子旁”。类似的还有：out of question意为“必定地”，out of the question 意为“必不可能的”；of age意为“长大成人了”，of an age意为“同年出生的”；be in/at church意为“在做礼拜”，be in/at the/a church意为“在教堂里面”；be in dock意为“船只停泊在码头”，be in the dock意为“在被告席上”。（15）aI like the black and white cat我喜欢那只花猫。bI like the black and the white cat我喜欢那只黑猫和那只白猫。the/a black and white cat是一只有黑毛和白毛的猫，即花猫。the/ a black and the/a white cat是两只猫，一只是黑的，另一只是白的。（16）aYou must pay attention to matters of moment你必须注意重要的事情。bYou must pay attention to matters of the monment你必须注意当前的事。matters of moment意为“重要的事”。matters of the moment意为“当前的事、目前的事”。（17）aThey are members of society他们都是社会成员。bThey are members of the society他们都是会员。society指社会，the society指社团、学会等。（18）aHe has gone to school他上学去了。bHe has gone to the school他去学校了。go to school意为“上学”，go to the school意为“去学校（如上班、办事等）”。类似的还有：go to sea意为“当水手”，go to the sea意为“去海滨游玩”；go to hospital意为“去看病”，go to the hospital意为“去医院（如上班、找人、看望病人等）”。3零冠词与不定冠词（1）aI kind of thought he would come我似乎感到他会来的。bI think he is a kind of good man我认为他是好人。kind of用作状语，意为“有点儿、几分”。 a kind of用作定语，意为“一种；几分、稍稍”。 have a kind of suspicion that（有点怀疑）；of a kind意为“同一类的；蹩脚的、徒有其名的”。例：Things of a kind come togethernothing of the kind意为“毫不相似（的事物），决非如此（的事物）”，something of the kind“类似的事物”。（2）aThere is little water left几乎没有水剩下。bThere is a little water left还剩下一点水。little water意为“几乎没有水”，含否定意义。a little water“有一点水”，含肯定意义。after a little意为“过了一会儿”。by little and little= little by little 意为“逐渐地”。for a little 意为“一会儿”。in little 意为“小规模地、缩小地”：a painting done in little （一幅小型画）。little or noth ing意为“简直没有”。make little of 意为“不重视、不以为意；难了解、不领会”。no little 意为“许多”，take no little pains over sth（在某事上花费许多精力）。the little 意为“小人物们、无足轻重的人们；仅有的一点”。think little of 意为“不重视；对没有多加思索、对不踌躇”。aAf