宾语从句讲解.doc

主从复合句（二）宾语从句：中考考点：对宾语从句的考查一般为其语序、引导词及其从句的时态知识结构：宾语从句的引导词that, if, whether, wh-疑问词 宾语从句的语序 宾语从句的时态 宾语从句与简单句的转换（一）宾语从句的引导词 1. that引导的宾语从句: 由that引导的宾语从句，表示陈述语气，that没有任何含义，在句子中不做任何成分，往往省略不写。如： I know (that) you have met him. 我知道你曾经见过他。 I told him (that) he was wrong. 我告诉了他他是错误的。 Tom said (that) he bought a new computer last week. 汤姆说他上周买了一台计算机。 I think (that) Mary is the best student in her class. 我认为玛丽是她的班里最好的学生。注意： 当that引导几个并列关系的宾语从句时，最后一个that不能省略；在主从之间有插入语时，that也不能省略。如： He thought (that) he was strong and that only he could help them. (解析：第一个that可以省略，但是第二个that不能省略.) 在宾语从句中，当主语的谓语动词是think, believe, expect, imagine, suppose等表示思维活动的动词时，且主句的主语又是第一人称时，宾语从句的否定词通常要移到主句中，也就是所谓的 “否定前移”。如： I dont think you are right. I dont believe he has finished his work. 注意：当这些否定前移的主从复合句变反义疑问句时，反义疑问句的主、谓语要与从句的主、谓语一致。 I dont believe he is a student, is he? We dont think Tom is right, is he? 许多带复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后面，而用it作形式宾语。 结构：主语 + 及物动词 + it (形式主语) + 宾语补足语 + 由that引导的宾语从 We think it wrong that he never does anything by himself. We thought it a pity that she missed the chance. 2. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句 当宾语从句表示不肯定或疑问时，由whether, if引导，表示 “是否”“是不是”“能否”一般可以互换 He asked if/whether she would come. She asked me if/whether she could join us. I dont know if/whether my father will come back next week. 注意：只能用whether的情况 当从句中有or (not) 时，只能用whether例如： I dont know whether he will come or not. I would like to know whether he will go or stay. 从句作介词宾语时，不可以用if来取代，只能用whether。例如： They are talking about whether he will come or not. Everything depends on whether you agree with us. 3. 由wh-疑问词引导的宾语从句 如果宾语从句是由特殊疑问句转化来的，要用wh-特殊疑问词来引导，意义即为疑问词本身的含义。 Tell me what you want. You may ask him when he comes. Do you know when the meeting will come? Could you tell me who teaches us English? I was surprised at what he had done. Do you know which is faster, a car or a plane? Tony wants to know how he can get to the station. 4. 由形容词引出的宾语从句 英语中某些形容词后也可跟宾语从句，常见的形容词有：sure, sorry, afraid, pleased, glad, surprised等。如： Im sure that you will be successful in the future. Im sorry that I took your umbrella by mistake. 5. 有时宾语从句也可以放在介词后，充当介词的宾语。如： They are talking about how we can pass the exam. I was deeply moved by what the old man had said.中考真题演练：What did you say to your mother just now? (2007黄冈) I ask her _D_ she cooked for dinner. A. that B. if C. how D. whatWhy did Miss Wang look so worried when we saw her? (2008 南京)Because she wondered _D_.A. where did the other students goB. when would the policeman comeC. what her students have done during the tripD. if her students had survived the earthquake(二) 宾语从句的语序 1.宾语从句的语序必须是陈述句语序，尤其要注意whether, if和wh-疑问词引导的宾语从句的语序，即按照：引导词 + 主语 + 谓语 + 其他 When did the train leave? I want to know. - I want to know when the train left. 2. 含有助动词do, does, did的疑问句变为宾语从句时要将帮助构成疑问句的助动词do, does, did去掉，从句中的谓语动词要根据主句的时态做出相应的变化Did he finish the homework last night? Do you know? -Do you know if he finished the homework last night?Do they often play basketball? He asked.- He asked if/whether they often play basketball.What time did she get up? The young man asked.- The young man asked what time she got up. 3. 如果是be, will, have, can组成的疑问句，在变为宾语从句时，需要把他们返回到句中原来的谓语位置上，并根据主句的时态做出相应的变化。Will you go to the park tomorrow? She asked me. - She asked me if I would go to the park next day.Has she been to Shanghai? I want to know. -I want to know if she had been to Shanghai. 4. 如果宾语从句中的引导词恰好在从句中充当主语或主语的定语，则句子保持原有的结构。如：Whats the matter with her? Can you tell me? -Can you tell me whats the matter with her?What has happened to him? We dont know. - 、We dont know what has happened to him.中考真题演练：Can you guess _C_ the MP4 player yesterday? (2007天津)A. how much did he pay forB. how can he getC. how much he paid forD. how he has got(三) 宾语从句的时态宾语从句遵循时态一致的原则，及从句的时态应与主句的时态保持一致。1. 当主句是一般现在时态时，宾语从句可根据实际情况使用任何事态。如：She says that she _ (be) a student. (is)She says that she _(fly) to Japan in a week. (will fly)She says that she _ (finish) her homework already. (has already)She says that she _ (can) sing a song in English. (can)2. 当主句是一般过去时态时，宾语从句与主句保持一致，也要用过去时态的某种形式，常用时态：一般现在时-一般过去时一般将来时-过去将来时现在完成时-过去完成时现在进行时-过去进行时She says that she _ (be) a student. (was)She says that she _(fly) to Japan in a week. (would fly)She says that she _ (finish) her homework already. (had already)She says that she _ (can) sing a song in English. (could)3. 如果宾语从句叙述的内容是自然现象、客观真理、格言，其从句时态不受主句的限制，要用一般现在时态。如： He said that light travels faster than sound. Grand mother said that the sun rises in the east. He said that her father is twenty-eight years older than her.4. could, would 等词既是过去式，本身也是情态动词，他们引导的一般疑问句，不能将其看作是过去式，而是在请求建议时表示委婉的语气，所以从句不能变成相应的过去时态。 Could you tell me where is the nearest bank? Would you tell me why he is always late for school?例1. They asked me _B_ during the May Day holiday.A. where I have been B. where I had been C. where I have gone D. where I had gone 解析：宾语从句时态应与主句时态保持一致，主语是一般过去时，所以从句也要用过去的时态。排除A,C。have been to表示去过某地，have gone to表示去了某地还没回来例2. Our teacher told us the earth _ around the sun.A. go B. goes C. went D. going(四) 宾语从句和简单与之间的转化当宾语从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，且主句的我位于动词为know, hope, decide, expect, remember, forget, ask, tell等可以将宾语从句转化为“特殊疑问词+不定式”的结构。如： Could you tell me how I can work out this difficult math problem? Could you tell me how to work out this difficult math problem? I dont know what I shall do next. - I dont know what to do next. John didnt decide which shirt he would buy.- John didnt decide which shirt to buy. Please show me how should I start the recorder,- please show me how to start the recorder.答疑1. 误：I wonder if he will help us or not.正：I wonder whether he will help us or not.解析：if与whether引导的宾语从句的区别在于：whether可以和or或or not连用，而if不能总结：if与whether的区别：if引导宾语从句，译为“是否”，if也可引导条件状语从句，译为“如果”，而whether只能引导宾语从句；whether可以和or或or not连用，也可用于介词之后，而if不能。2. 误：I think he cant finish this work.正：I dont think he can finish this book.解析：主语是第一人称，谓语动词think引导的宾语从句是否定时要“否定前移”。总结：档主句中主语是第一人称，且位于动词是believe, think, suppose, expect imagine等时，宾语从句的否定往往移到主句的谓语动词上吗，也就是“否定前移”的用法。3. 误：I dont know what the matter is with him.正：I dont know what is the matter with him.解析：Whats the matter with?是固定表达，其本身就是陈述语序。总结：如果宾语从句中的疑问句本身就是陈述句语序，就保持原有句型。常见句型有： Whats the matter with? Whats the trouble with? What happened to him? Which is better?4. 误：Could you tell me where the post office was?正：Could you tell me where the post office is？解析：could you tell me 不是过去时，而表示委婉的提出请求或建议，眼看做是一般现在时。总结：有些词引导一般疑问句时，不能将其看作是过去式，从句位的谓语动词不能变成相应的过去时态常见的有：Could you tell me? Would you tell me? 等。 中考真题演练：1. Could you tell me _ ? (2010苏州)He is in the library.A. where Simon was B. where is Simon C. where was Simon D. where Simon is2. Do you know_ a report on English learning tomorrow? (2010 江苏芜湖) A. is there B. there is going to have C. will there be D. there is going to be3. Tommy, do you know if Frank_to the theatre with us this Sunday if it_? Sorry, I have no idea. （2010兰州） A. will go; is fine B. goes; is fine C. will go; is going to be fine D. goes; will be fine4. You can use MSN to talk with Vivian on the Internet. (2010 四川眉山) I know. But can you tell me _?A. when I can use it B. what I can use it C. why can I use it D. how can I use it5. Could you tell me_? Yes. He_ to Australia. （2010四川巴中） A. where is he; has gone B. where he is; has gone C. where he is; has been6. Could you tell me _ at the meeting? (2010宁波) Sorry, I dont know. I didnt go to the meeting that day. A. what does he say B. what he says C. what he said D. what did he say7. David, look at the man in white over there. Can you tell me _? (2010重庆) He is a doctor. A. who is he B. who he is C. what is he D. what he is8. Could you tell me _? (2010四川 宜宾) Of course, last night. A. when you reached Chengdu B. when did you reach Chengdu C. how you came to China D. how did you come to China9. I really want to know _. (2009甘肃 兰州) A. what is wrong with my brother B. how will he go to Beijing tomorrow C. if had he bought that car D. where did he go yesterday10. Sorry, what did you say just now? I asked _. (2009 山东 莱芜) A. when did he leave B. where you have been C. whom will you go with D. how I could get to the station11. Could you tell me _? (2009 山东淄博) Sure. Its near the bank on the other side of the street. A. when was the post office built B. when the post office was built C. when is the post office C. where the post office is12. Could you tell me_? (2009 广东 深圳) He is wanted by the head teacher. A. where Tim was; was B. where is Tim; was C. where Tim is; was C. where Tim is; is13. You cant imagine _when they received these nice Christmas presents.(2008 天津) A. how they were excited B. how excited they were C. how excited were they D. they were how excited14. Do you know _, Mike? (2008 山西) On May 12th, 2008. A. when the earthquake took place in Wenchuan B. when did the earthquake take place in Wenchuan C. when the earthquake will take place in Wenchuan15. Can you tell me _? (2008 四川 攀枝花) I think its his. A. where he