(电大复习)全国高校网络教育大学英语（B）考试阅读理解

全国高校网络教育 大学英语（ B）考试 阅读理解 提 纲 1、考试大纲要求 2、解题技巧、步骤及注意事项 3、题型分析 4、实战练习 5、补充解题窍门 1、考试大纲要求 ： 1.1 测试要求 1.2 题型 1.3 Directions 1.1 测试要求 1.1.1 考生 应能读懂与日常生活和社会生活相关的不同类型的文字材料，阅读速度为每分钟 50个单词。 1.1测试要求 ： 1.1.2 在阅读中 ,考生应能够做到 以下几点： （ 1）理解文章的主旨要义； （ 2）理解文中具体信息； （ 3）根据上下文推测生词词义； （ 4）要进行有关的判断、推理和引申，理解作者的意图、观点或态度。 1.2 题型： 选择题 ，共 3篇阅读文章。分值比例为 30%，即 30分。共 15道小题，每题 2分。从 A、 B、C、 D四个选项中选出最佳答案。答题时间约为 30分钟 体裁 主要有应用文、描述文、记叙文、说明文以及议论文等。 题材 包括历史地理常识、幽默故事、科普类文章、文化社会类文章、经贸类及人物介绍等。 1.3 Directions: Part III Reading Comprehension (30points) Directions: There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions. For each question there are four choices marked A.B. C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 2、解题技巧、步骤及注意事项： 2.1 选择题 2.2 常用阅读方法 2.3 解题步骤 2.4 不良阅读习惯 2.1 选择题 根据试题的答案是否已在文章中清楚地表明，将选择题分为： 主观题 和 客观题 主观题 ：侧重考察考生根据已知的信息细节及相关的内容进行推理和判断的能力 客观题 ：主要是考察考生对文章细节、事实和主旨大意的辨别能力 1. 理解和辨别与中心思想有关的事实和重要细节； 2. 根据材料中的相关事实和细节进行一定的判断和推理，理解文章更深层次的含义； 3. 掌握和理解所读材料的大意和中心思想； 解题从以下几个方面入手： 4. 根据中心思想和上下文正确判断和理解词汇、短语及句子的含义； 5. 依据对整篇文章内容的分析，把握作者的口吻、语气、感情倾向、看法及态度。 解题从以下几个方面入手： 2.2 常用阅读方法 略读 指通过快速地整体浏览，领略内容大意，帮助理解，为细读做准备。 跳读或寻读 寻找所需信息，如年代、数字、人名、地名等把握住关键词，利用语法过渡词，语气转折词及时态等，抓住文章脉络。 2.2 常用阅读方法 细读 分段细读，注意细节语言结构，抓住事实和关键信息，深入理解。 推读 根据上下文进行猜测，推测未直接写明的含义、因果关系以及生词词义。 概读 从每篇标题到各个部分都进行概读，以归纳出要点 , 概括作者的主旨、意图、观点、态度，了解全文的概貌。 2.3 解题步骤 2.3.1 通读 全文 通读采用概读或略读法进行速读，即 “ skim”（ read quickly to get the main idea）。考生在最短的时间内要达到以下目的： （ 1）理解短文主旨大意 （ 2）辩识文体，掌握结构。记叙文要了解故事背景、时间、地点、人物活动等主要线索。论述文要了解其中心思想及其所做的阐述。 2.3 解题步骤 2.3.2 看题、寻读 即浏览短文后面的试题。在阅读试题的题干和四个选项以后，了解每个试题的考查内容和题型，以便带着问题有目的地寻读短文，查找答案。 2.3 解题步骤 2.3.3 复读 复读采用跳读法，即“ scan” （ read quickly without careful reading, often looking for a particular thing, such as facts, names, time, figures, etc.）考生按照试题要求，有针对性地从短文中迅速找出所需要的关键信息。 2.3 解题步骤 2.3.4 核读 对感觉把握不大或较难的试题，尤其是概括归纳题、作者意图题等，可以根据全文及各题答案，反复思考，看其是否一致，是否合乎逻辑。尤其是对细节题、推理题、词义题等，不能仅凭主观想象，要在文中的有关段落找到根据，以做到正确无误。 2.4 避免不良阅读习惯 回视重读 因为担心遗漏细节、要点内容，或阅读材料超出学生的知识阅读理解范围而重读已读过的部分。 默读时出声 在文字符号和意义之间加入声音。 指向阅读 手指或笔指着一个个单词阅读。阅读速度受制于手或笔的移动。 3、题型分析： 将阅读理解分为四种类型： 3.1 主旨题 (main idea questions) 3.2 细节题 (facts questions) 3.3 推断题 (inference questions) 3.4 指代释义题 (designation & paraphrase questions) 3.1 主旨题 (main idea questions) 3.1.1 常见的提问方式有： The passage is about The theme/main idea of the passage is What is the purpose/conclusion/view of the passage? The best title for this passage would be What does the passage mainly discuss?. 3.1 主旨题 (main idea questions) 3.1.2 命题特点： 1）段首、段尾句通常是表达文章中心思想的主题句，为常考点； 2）对比转折处往往表达作者的真实写作目的或观点，是文章的重要内容，为常考点； 3）用一些常见的因果词，如 because, for, as, since, therefore(因此 ), consequently(结果 ), lead to(导致 )， owing to(由于 ) 引导的因果句用以表达文章主旨，为常考点。 3.1 主旨题 (main idea questions) 3.1.3 辨别主题句 一般而言，主题句具有语意完整、形式简洁、观点明确的特征，给人以“一言道破”的感觉。在有些文章中，段落主题句和语篇主题句一般位于段落或篇章的开头部分，开头就明确主题，然后展开讨论；在有些文章中，主题句则出现在段末或篇末，作为由具体事实引出的一般结论。 3.1 主旨题 (main idea questions) 3.1.4 干扰项的主要特点 1）有些干扰选项只概括了局部信息，即某个自然段中的细节或某个自然段的大意，在做题时，切记晃一眼就匆忙做选择； 2）有些干扰选项概括范围过宽，即选项内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容； 3）有些干扰选项涉及到无关信息，即文章本身无法推断出来的信息，也就是文章中没有提到也找不到语言依据的信息。 3.1 主旨题 (main idea questions) Example 1: The snow was falling very heavily. The sky was very cloudy. The wind was blowing very hardabout 45 miles per hour. It was -18 degrees outside. It was hard to see objects only a few feet in front of you. Q: Which of the following sentences best express the main idea of the paragraph? A. Its cold outside. B. Its winter time. C. The weather was changeable. D. The weather was terrible. 3.1 主旨题 (main idea questions) Example 2: There is a simple economic principle used to determine prices. It is called the law of supply and demand. Supply means the amount of, or access(接近 )to certain goods. Demand represents the number of people who want those goods. If there are more goods than wanted, the price of them falls. On the other hand, if the demand for those goods is much greater than the supply, then the price rises. Of course, manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased prices. 3.1 主旨题 (main idea questions) Q: The title that best expresses the ideas of the passage is_. A. Economic Principle B. Law of Supply and Demand C. More Goods, Lower Prices D. Fewer Goods, Higher Prices 3.2 细节题 (facts questions) 3.2.1 常见的提问方式有： Which of the following is (not) true? Which of the following is mentioned except? The reason for is that? 3.2 细节题 (facts questions) 3.2.2 命题特点： 提问方式灵活多变，对象涉及到短文的各种具体细节，如时间、地点、原因、结果、方式等等。但有一个共同特点，答案一般都能在文章当中直接找到。有时候，命题者为了增加考题的难度，会有意避开文中所用的词汇，而用该词的同义词或相近的短语。在这种情况下，考生就需要根据题目所涉及的细节，在文中找到出处，对比选项后再作答。 3.2 细节题 (facts questions) 3.2.3 语言标志词： 1）与主旨大意有关的重要事实或细节的词 ,如for example, that is, it is essential等 2）表示因果关系的词 ,如 because, since, so, as a result, derive from（来自 ,起源于） 3）表示转折对立关系的词 ,如 while, however, but, although, yet, still, in fact, on the other hand, on the contrary等 3.2 细节题 (facts questions) Example : One of the most important weapons used during the Second World War was not a weapon used against people, but rather a drug used against disease. The wartime use of penicillin(盘尼西林 ) saved thousands of lives. In the First World War, for example, pneumonia(肺炎 ) was responsible for eighteen percent of all the deaths in the United States army. In the Second World War, the rate went down to less than one percent. In addition, penicillin was instrumental in keeping wounds from getting infected and in helping to speed the healing process of those wounds that did become infected. 3.2 细节题 (facts questions) Q 1: According to the passage, one of the leading causes of death during the first World War was _. A. gas B. accidents C. disease D. drugs Q 2: According to the passage, penicillin was useful in the Second World War for all of the following purposes except _. A. hurting the enemy B. treating pneumonia C. preventing infection D. healing wounds 3.3 推断题 (inference questions) 3.3.1 常见的提问方式： We can learn from the passage that The passage/the author imply that It can be concluded from the passage that Which of the following is the authors view on? The authors purpose of writing the passage is 3.3 推断题 (inference questions) 3.3.2 逻辑推理的关键词： 褒义词 ： positive（肯定的、积极的） , useful, efficient等 贬义词 ： negative（否定的、消极的） , disgusting（令人厌恶的） , critical（批判的） , disapprove（不赞成） 等 中性词 ： indifferent（冷漠的） , neutral（中立的）等 3.3 推断题 (inference questions) Example 1: Have you ever heard of a star that doesnt shine? Some stars have used up all their fuel. They are called “dead stars”. Scientists believe these stars must be very large and heavy, because they seem to push and pull other stars around them. Since we cannot see these dead stars, how do we know that they exist? Scientists can determine their existence by studying the movements of stars that do shine. Q: The story implies, but does not directly state that dead stars _. A. affect other stars B. are too far away to be seen C. force all smaller stars away D. do reflect light 3.3 推断题 (inference questions) Example 2: Each day every person in the United States throws away more than five pounds of garbage(垃圾 ). There is more garbage now than ever before and most of it is made up of the packages and cans in which we buy our food. The traditional way of getting rid of solid wastes is quickly becoming inadequate. Many cities are doing experiment with newer ways of handling their piles of garbage. One of these new ways is “recycling”(回收利用 ). Through recycling usable materials are taken out of garbage and made into something else. These usable parts of garbage are put through the cycle of going from a row material to a finished product again. 3.3 推断题 (inference questions) Q 1: Traditionally, garbage is thought to be _. A. a worthless burden to big cities B. something that can be reused C. a raw material for making new products D. able to recycle but difficult to handle Q 2: A lot of cities are trying new ways to treat garbage mainly because _. A. their environment is becoming more and more dirty B. the traditional ways of treating wastes are not efficient C. they are short of useful material D. they need new material made from garbage 3.4 指代释义题 (designation & paraphrase questions) 3.4.1 常见的提问方式： What is the meaning of “”in Line The word “” stands for According to the passage, the phrase “” means The word/phrase/sentence “” in line “”refers to 等 3.4.2 几种推测词义的方法： 1）利用同义词的释义 例如 ： Jane is punctual, that is, every day she comes here on time. 简很 准时 ，也就是说，她每天都 准时 来这里。 分析 ： that is引出对 punctual的释义，即 on time（准时，按时）。 3.4 指代释义题 (designation & paraphrase questions) 3.4.2 几种推测词义的方法： 2）利用例子 例如 ： Select any of these periodicals: Times, Newsweek, Readers Digest or The New Yorker. 从这些 期刊 中来选择：时代周刊，新闻周报，读者文摘或纽约时报。 分析 ：根据 Times, Newsweek, Readers Digest or The New Yorker的共同点，可以得出 periodicals的释义，即周刊，杂志。 3）利用比较关系 例如 ： The snow was falling. Big flakes drifted with the wind like feathers. 雪正下着， 鹅毛般 的雪花随风飞舞。 分析 ：根据 like feathers的比喻意义引出对 flakes的释义，即“薄片” 3.4.2 几种推测词义的方法： 4）利用对照关系 例如 ： Mary is talkative, but her sister is reticent. 玛丽很 健谈 ，但她的姐姐 沉默寡言 。 分析 ：由 but可知，两句话是相反的意思。从 talkative(健谈的 )可推出 reticent（沉默寡言的）。 3.4.2 几种推测词义的方法： 5）利用常识 例如 ： The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel. 门太低以至于我的头撞到了 门梁 上。 分析 ：根据常识我们知道门的上面应该是门梁，由此可知“ lintel” 的意思。 3.4.2 几种推测词义的方法： 4、实 战 练 习 Passage 1（ P395 大学英语 B考试大纲附题型示例） Is teaching important? Well, of course it is There was a time when the necessary knowledge could be taught to the young by family members But as societies became more complex and division of labor more common, it was impossible for family members to teach the information and skills young people needed to become useful members of the society As the need for specialists appeared, the job of teaching came into being in our country, and teaching as a job has been of increasing importance over the past one hundred years Today, we have strict rules for teachers We hope all children can go to school Many things tell us that teaching is indeed an “important” job. 4、实战练习 1 Before the job of teaching came into being _ A family members had been responsible for the education of the young B specialists had been in charge of teaching young people C young people had to be self-educated D the society had played an important role in educating young people Passage 1 4、实战练习 2 The job of teaching came into being mainly because of _. A the development of the society B the explosion of information C the need for engineers D the civilization of human beings Passage 1 4、实战练习 Passage 1 Is teaching important? Well, of course it is There was a time when the necessary knowledge could be taught to the young by family members But as societies became more complex and division of labor more common, it was impossible for family members to teach the information and skills young people needed to become useful members of the society As the need for specialists appeared, the job of teaching came into being in our country, and teaching as a job has been of increasing importance over the past one hundred years Today, we have strict rules for teachers We hope all children can go to school Many things tell us that teaching is indeed an “important” job. 4、实战练习 3 Teachers salaries are raised today in order to _. A show the importance of teaching as a job B attract more qualified people to become teachers C make teachers “responsible” in their teaching D improve the quality of public teaching Passage 1 4、实战练习 In recent years, there has been an increasing need for teachers to be “responsible” This means that the public expects teachers to succeed in teaching important information to the young Teachers salaries today, while not much, certainly are much higher than they were in the past These increases have come about because people have realized that without enough salaries, people who have abilities will not become teachers Today almost no one says that “anybody will do” for a teacher The public expects “quality people” to teach the young, and progress is being made to give salaries that will make people who have abilities become teachers. Passage 1 4、实战练习 查读（ scan） 带着问题查找所需的信息或答案。它包括以下几个步骤： 1、审题，了解需要寻找哪一类信息； 2、判断信息在文中的大致方位； 3、扫视全文，确定信息的方位，做出判断。 4、实战练习 Passage 1 4“ Anybody will do” for a teacher (in paragraph 2) means that_. A almost all people want to become teachers B a teacher is so highly respected that people all want to help him C a teacher will do whatever he can for his students D the job of teaching is so easy that everybody can do it 4、实战练习 In recent years, there has been an increasing need for teachers to be “responsible” This means that the public expects teachers to succeed in teaching important information to the young Teachers salaries today, while not much, certainly are much higher than they were in the past These increases have come about because people have realized that without enough salaries, people who have abilities will not become teachers Today almost no one says that “anybody will do” for a teacher The public expects “quality people” to teach the young, and progress is being made to give salaries that will make people who have abilities become teachers. Passage 1 4、实战练习 Passage 1 5 The main idea of the passage is that _. A greater progress has to be made in teaching B enough salaries are necessary in making “quality people” become teachers C it is important to be successful in teaching the young D teaching is a product of the societys division of labor 4、实战练习 Passage 2 1 English people _. A. have never discussed who is the worlds greatest dramatist B. never discuss any issue concerning the worlds greatest dramatist C. are sure who is the worlds greatest poet and dramatist D. do not care who is the worlds greatest poet and dramatist 4、实战练习 Passage 2 For any Englishman, there can never be any discussion as to who is the worlds greatest dramatist (剧作家 ). Only one name can possible suggest itself to him: that of William Shakespeare. Every Englishman has some knowledge, however slight, of the work of our greatest writer. All of us use words, phrases and quotations from Shakespeare writings that have become part of the common property of the English-speaking people. Most of the time we are probably unaware of the source of the words we used, rather like the old lady who was taken to see a performance of Hamlet and complained the it was full of well-known proverbs and quotations 4、实战练习 Passage 2 2. Every Englishman knows _. A. more or less about Shakespeare B. Shakespeare, but only slightly C. all Shakespeares writings D. only the name of the greatest English writer 4、实战练习 Passage 2 For any Englishman, there can never be any discussion as to who is the worlds greatest dramatist (剧作家 ). Only one name can possible suggest itself to him: that of William Shakespeare. Every Englishman has some knowledge, however slight, of the work of our greatest writer. All of us use words, phrases and quotations from Shakespeare writings that have become part of the common property of the English-speaking people. Most of the time we are probably unaware of the source of the words we used, rather like the old lady who was taken to see a performance of Hamlet and complained the it was full of well-known proverbs and quotations. 4、实战练习 Passage 2 3. Which of the following is true? A. We use all the words, phrases and quotations from Shakespeares writings. B. Shakespeares writings have become the property of those who are learning to speak English. C. It is likely to be true that people often do not know the origins of the words they use. D. All the words people use are taken from the writings of Shakespeare. 4、实战练习 Passage 2 For any Englishman, there can never be any discussion as to who is the worlds greatest dramatist (剧作家 ). Only one name can possible suggest itself to him: that of William Shakespeare. Every Englishman has some knowledge, however slight, of the work of our greatest writer. All of us use words, phrases and quotations from Shakespeare writings that have become part of the common property of the English-speaking people. Most of the time we are probably unaware of the source of the words we used, rather like the old lady who was taken to see a performance of Hamlet and complained the it was full of well-known proverbs and quotations. 4、实战练习 Passage 2 4. What does the word “proverb” mean? A. Familiar sayings. B. Shakespeares plays. C. Complaints. D. Actors and actresses. 4、实战练习 Passage 2 For any Englishman, there can never be any discussion as to who is the worlds greatest dramatist (剧作家 ). Only one name can possible suggest itself to him: that of William Shakespeare. Every Englishman has some knowledge, however slight, of the work of our greatest writer. All of us use words, phrases and quotations from Shakespeare writings that have become part of the common property of the English-speaking people. Most of the time we are probably unaware of the source of the words we used, rather like the old lady who was taken to see a performance of Hamlet and complained the it was full of well-known proverbs and quotations. 4、实战练习 Passage 2 5. Why is it worthwhile to study various ways in which Shakespeare used English? A. English words have changed a lot since Shakespeares time. B. By doing so one can be fully aware of th