定语从句as 和which 的区别讲义.doc

名词性从句区别名词性从句是一种具有名词功能的非独立分句，可以表示：事实和问题。1.连接词有： that whether 和 lf2.连接代词有：who whom whose which what 等 3.连接副词有：when where why how 等 另外 whatever whoever whichever等 也可 以引导主语和宾语两种从句名词性从句中的“that”没有词义，也不作任何成分。除引导宾从外，主从和表从中不省1. 主语从句：从句在句中充当主语成分1) That the earth is round is true .2) Whether he will come is doubtful .3) What he said surprised me most .4) Where he hid the money is to be found out .5) Whoever comes is welcome.6) Its certain that he will succeed 7) How we can help the twins will be discussed at the meeting. 8) When theyll start the project has not been decided yetIt 的用法： （形式主语） It possible/important/necessary/clear that 很可能/重要的是/必要的是/很清楚 It said/ reported that据说/据报道 Its been announced/declared that已经通知/宣布 It seems/appears/happens. that显然、明显、 碰巧 Its no wonder that并不奇怪/无疑 Its a pity/a fact /a common knowledge (众所周知） / a common saying.（俗话说“if” 不能引导主语从句，应有“whether”引导主语从句的 “that” 一般不能省。“what”引导主语从句时，谓语动词： 1）常与其后作表语的名词一致 2）根据句子的语境而定。1. What you left are only several old books.2. What you said is of great importance.3. What he says and does doesnt concern me.4. What he says and does dont agree2. 宾语从句：从句在句中充当宾语成分（ 可以作谓语动词、介词、不定式等非谓语动词的宾语） that, whether，if （ that 常可省略） 连词：who, what, which, whoever, whatever when , where , why ,how1). Can you make sure where Alice has put the gold ring.2). It all depends on whether they will support us .3). She will give whoever needs help a warm support.4). He made it clear to the public that he did an important and necessary job . 5).I find it necessary that we should do the homework.3. 表语从句：从句在句中充当表语成分，一般放在连系动词之后.作用：对主语进行解释说明。连接词：that / whether /as if /as though（ if 不引 导表语从句)连接代词：who / whoever / which / whatever 连接副词：when / where / why / how / because e.g.China is no longer what she used to be. Thats because we were in need of money at that time .He looked as if he was going to cry .Tomorrow is when it would be most convenient.1. 在表语从句中，表“是否” 时，只能用 “whether”不能用“If”。2. 一般情况下，“that”不能省。3. It is /was because . It is /was why. 3. The reason (why/for)is /was that.4 The reason is because /why4 同位语从句：从句在句中充当同位语成分，一般跟在一些抽象名词（ idea ；belief ； fact ； truth ； rumour ；news 等）后面，对名词作进一步解释说明同位语从句常用 that/ whether引导或连接副词when / where /why / how 1) The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people .2)Word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them .同位语从句和定语从句的区别：1. 同位语从句that 只起连接作用，不作任何成分 定语从句 that 是关系代词，起连接作用和充 当宾语和主语2.同位语从句同位语从句和前面的名词是同位关 系，对名词进行补充说明 定语从句 定从和前面的名词是所属关系，对 名词进行修饰，加以限定3.同位语从句that 不能省 定语从句 that 在从句中作宾语时，可以省关系代词as与which的用法区别as 和which的相同点(1) as 和which都可引导非限制性定语从句，放在主句之后；在非限制性定语从句中充当从句的主语、宾语或表语。如：Tom has found a good job, as / which we all hope. 汤姆找到了一件好工作，这正是我们大家所希望的。(2) as 和which都可代表整个句子的内容或主句中的某一成分。如：His mother is ill, which makes him very sad. 他母亲病了，这件事情使他很难过。He has made great progress, as / which makes us very happy. 他进步了，这使得我们很高兴。以上两句中的as / which都指前面整个句子的内容。Though he has lots of money, he still rides his old bike, which was bought ten years ago. 尽管他很有钱，但是他还骑着他的旧单车，这单车是十年前买的。There you can meet many writers as you have ever read in books. 在那里，你可见到你在书中所读过的很多作家。as与which的区别(1) 当先行词前面有so + adj. + a / such + (a) + adj. , the same等词修饰时，引导词只能用as，而不用which。如：She is so nice a girl as we all like. 她是个我们大家都喜欢的如此好的女孩。It is such an interesting book as we all want to read. 它是本我们大家都想读的有趣的书。上面两句中的as就不能用which替换。(2) as 在从句中常作宾语；作主语时，从句的谓语动词常为系动词，即：系表结构或被动结构。如：As you expected, he turned up on time. 正如你所愿，他按时到了。As is said above, he has conquered the difficulty. 正如上面所说，他征服了困难。(3) 当非限制性定语从句放到主句的前面时，引导词只能用as，而不用which。如：As is planned, we got there before eight. 正如计划，我们再把店前到达了那儿。(4) As引导的非限制性定语从句指表示积极的意义，与主句是顺理成章的关系，绝不能与之矛盾。若非限制性定语从句表示一种消极的意义，则只用which。如：He has succeeded in his career, as / which we all hope. 他在事业中成功了，这正是我们大家所希望的。Her grandma died last week, which made her very sad. 她的奶奶逝世了，这使得她很悲伤。(5) 当非限制性定语从句的引导词前面有介词时，只能用which, 而不可用 as。如：He has a new computer, for which he paid nearly ten thousand yuan. 他有一台新电脑，这台电脑花了他将近一万元。(6) 当关系代词代替主句中的宾语从句或复合结构(如：宾+补；不定式短语；动词-ing形式短语等) 时，一般只能用which, 而不用 as。如：She told us that there was something wrong with her bike, which was true。她告诉我们说她的单车出了毛病，这话是真的。He asked her to help him with his English, which she did. 他请她教他学英语，她的确帮了。(7) 关系代词仅代表主句中的谓语部分时，从句中谓语部分被省略而只保留情态动词的否定式或助动词否定式，引导词一般只用which, 而不用as。如：He speaks English very fluently, which I cant. 他的英语说得非常流利，这我可不行。(8) 关系代词作定语修饰后面的名词时，一般只用which, 而不用as。如：He suggested going swimming in the river, which idea we agreed with. 他提议去河里游泳，我们就同意了他的想法。(9) 当关系代词仅代表主句中单个的名词时，一般只用which, 而不用as。如：He sent me a beautiful present, which I valued very much. 他给寄来了一件精美的礼物，我对它非常珍视。(10) as 在非限制性定语从句中，还常跟such连用。如：There was a look of love in the teachers eyes, such as mothers have for their children. 老师眼里流露出对他喜爱的神情，就好像母亲对孩子的喜爱。(11) as常用于一些固定结构中。如：as is well known / as we all know 众所周知；as is said above 正如上面所说；as might be imagined 正像所想象的那样；as is reported 如报道所说；as has been pointed 如所指出的那样；as is expected 正如所料 (12) ：which 代表整个句子，还可用于in which case, at which point, on which occasion等。如：I may have to work late, in which case Ill telephone you. 我可能得晚点下班，那样我会给你打电话的。1.The factory was built in a secret place, around _ high mountains. A. which was B. it was C. which were D. them were2.The murder happened in an old building, beside _ the city police station.A. which are B. it is C. which is D. them are3.Next month well move to a new building, next to _ a nice restaurants where we can have Chinese food.A. which are B. it is C. which isD. them are4._ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.A. It B. As C. ThatD. Which5._ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.A. It B. As C. That D. What6._ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior school is increasing. A. Which B. As C. That D. It7.David is such a good boy _ all the teachers like.A. that B. who C. as D. whom8. The buses, most of _ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.A. that B. it C. them D. which9. George, with _ I played tennis on Sundays, was a warm-hearted person.A. that B. him C. them D. whom10. He had a lot of friends, only a few of _ invited to his wedding.A. who B. them C. which D. who11.They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _ carried out in their work.A. which B. them C. what D. that12. They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, but none of _ were carried out in their work.A. which B. them C. what D. that13. If you want a double room, _ will cost another 15. A. as B. which C. whatD. that14.She says that shell never forget the time _ shes spent working as a secretary in our company.A. which B. when C. howD. where15.Our company will move to a tall building _ we bought last month.A. which B. when C. how D. where16.Our company will move to a tall building _ we worked two years ago.A. when B. when C. that D. which17. Mary wrote an article on _ the team had failed to win the game .A.why B. what C. which D. that