现玩讲解1.doc

现在完成时讲解如何使用现在完成时我们已经学习了现在进行时、一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时这4种时态的用法，但这4种时态还不能满足我们表达的需要。比如：表示“某人过去曾经做过某事”或者“某人做某事多久”，以上五种时态就派不上用场了。这时，我们可以用一种新的时态现在完成时表示。一、现在完成时的构成（一）肯定式主语助动词have has 过去分词其它说明：这里的have has是助动词，没有什么具体意义。当主语是第三人称单数时助动词用has，其余人称一律用have。 has，have的缩略式分别为s或ve。规则动词过去分词的构成与过去式的构成方式一样，不规则动词可参看不规则动词表。A. 原型：过去式和过去分词完全不同drink-drank-drunk ring-rang-rung swim-swam-swumsing-sang-sung sink-sank-sunk blow-blew-blown grow-grew-grown know-knew-known fly-flew-flown take-took-taken shake-shook-shaken drive-drove-driven write-wrote-written rise-rose-risenride-rode-ridden speak-spoke-spoken steal-stole-stolen break-broke-broken wake-woke-woken freeze-froze-frozen forget-forgot-forgotten choose-chose-chosen draw-drew-drawn eat-ate-eaten fall-fell-fallen give-gave-given hide-hid-hidden do-did-done see-saw-seenB. 过去式与过去分词完全相同bright-brought-brought think-thought-thought fight-fought-foughtbuy-bought-bought catch-caught-caught sell-sold-soldtell-told-told say-said-said pay-paid-paidsend-sent-sent lend-lent-lentspend-spent-spentburn-burnt-burnt learn-learnt-learnt mean-meant-meantfeel-felt-felt smell-smelt-smelt sleep-slept-sleptsweep-slept-slept leave-left-left build-built-builtlose-lost-lost get-got-got meet-met-metsit-sat-sat shoot-shot-shot lead-led-ledspit-spat-spat have-had-had hold-held-heldmake-made-made stand-stood-stood hear-heard-heardfind-found-found dig-dug-dug shine-shone-shoneunderstand-understood-understood win-won-wonC.原型与过去分词相同come-came-come run-ran-run become-became-becomeD.原形与过去式和过去分词完全相同cast-cast-cast cut-cut-cut put-put-putlet-let-let set-set-set hit-hit-hit（二）否定式主语助动词have hasnot过去分词其它说明：现在完成时构成否定句时，只需在助动词have has后面加not就行。have not，has not的缩略式分别为havent ，hasnt。另外，肯定句中有some，already时，改为否定时要分别改成any，yet。实例：1）I havent finished my homework yet我还没有完成我的作业。2）She hasnt travelled on a train 她没有坐火车旅行过。3）We have never spoken to a foreigner我们从来没有和外国人说过话。注：有时not可以用never代替，表示“从来没有”的意思。又如：4）I have never seen him before以前我从来没有见过他。（三）一般疑问式助动词Have Has 主语过去分词其它 ？说明：把陈述句中的have或has放到句首，句末打问号，同时把句中的some ，already改为any ，ye t就构成了一般疑问句。肯定回答用“Yes ，主语havehas否定回答用“No，主语haventhasnt”有时也可以用“No，not yetNo ，neverNo，not even once”等。实例：1）Have you ever made dumplings ？你曾经做过饺子吗？Yes ，I have 是的，我做过。2）Has she ever been abroad ？她曾经出过国吗？No，never不，从来没有。3）Have they found the lost books yet ？他们已经找到了丢失的书吗？Yes ，they have是的，他们找到了。二、现在完成时的用法（一）现在完成时的用法1：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。此时，常与时间副词already（已经） ，yet（还、已经） ，just(刚刚、仅仅) ，ever（曾经） ，never（从不） ，before（以前）等连用。这几个副词的用法如下：1already意为“已经”，通常用于肯定句中，可放在助动词之后，过去分词之前，也可以放在句末。实例：1）Ive already read this book. 我已经读过这本书了。（“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。）2）Ive washed my clothes already我已经洗了衣服。（洗衣服的动作已完成，其结果是“衣服冼干净了”。）注意：在表示吃惊或明知故问等感情色彩时，already也可用于（口语）疑问句中。实例：3）Have you met him already ？你（真的）已经见过他了？2yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”，用在否定句中意为“还”，常放在句末。实例：1）Has he found his watch yet ？他已经找到他的手表了吗？No，not yet不，还没有。2）The woman hasnt found her dog yet 那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。（没找到狗，心里着急，这就是对现在的影响）3just意为“刚刚”，表示行为刚刚过去，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：He has just come back from school 他刚从学校回来。4ever意为“曾经”，用于疑问句或否定句中，放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：1）Have you ever been to Hong Kong ？你曾去过香港吗？2）I havent ever spoken to her我未曾和她说过话。5never意为“从来没有”常与before连用（before要放在句尾，而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：I have never travelled by plane before我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。6before意为“以前”，指过去不确定的某个时间，总是放在句末，不受句型的限制。实例：1）Have you been to Hainan before ？你以前去过海南吗？2）I havent eaten Guangdong food before我以前没吃过广东菜。（二）现在完成时用法二2持续性用法（肯定句，疑问句中谓语动词必须是延续性动词）：表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。此时常与“for 一段时间或“since过去的点时间或从句（从句用一般过去时）以及so far（到目前为止）等时间状语连用。for + 段时间since +点时间实例：1）Ive lived here since 1990自从1990年以来我就住在这里。= Ive lived here since 13 years ago.= Ive lived here for 13 years.= It is 13 years since I began to live here.2）I havent seen him for three years 我三年没有看见他了。= I havent seen him since three years ago= I havent seen him since 2000.= It is 3 years since I saw him last time.3）Mr Wang has worked in the factory since he came to the city 自从到这个城市以来，王先生一直在这家工厂工作。4）Shes been at this school since five years ago自从五年前以来她就在这个学校。注意：在这类句子的肯定句和疑问句中谓语动词必须用延续性动词。短暂性动词由于动作不能持续，故不能与for(达到；累计)或since（自从。到现在）引出的时间状语连用。对for和since引导的时间状语提问要用How long1） 他入团两年了。误：He has joined the League for two years正：He has been a League member for two years2）我买这辆自行车三年了。误：I have bought this bike for three years正：I have had this bike for three years2） 部分短暂性动词与之对应的延续性动词：短暂性动词 延续性动词die be deadborrow keepbuy/catch haveget up be upcome be infinish be overleave be awayopen be openclose be closedbegin be onbecome interested in be interested in三 have been to 和have gone to和have been in的区别have been to 强调“去过”，现已不在那里，如：He has been to the USA three times.他到美国去过三次。（过去“到美国”，现在已“不在美国”）have gone to主要强调的是“去了”，现在人不在说话的现场，如：-Wheres your mother? -你妈妈在哪？-She has gone to the hospital. -她去医院了。has been in 一直在某地四 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别有人可能会问：一般过去时和现在完成时所表示的动作都发生在过去，那么这两种时态有什么区别呢？答：一般过去时与具体的表示过去时间状语如：yesterday连用；强调动作在过去发生，与现在无关。现在完成时与自已的特征词连用，强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响或过去开始发生一直持续到现在的动作。例： He saw the film last night. (过去时，表示他昨晚看过那部电影了，现在不知还要不要再看一次)He has (ever) seen the film before.（现在完成时，表时他已看过那部电影，现在不想再看了）五 用于现在完成时的句型1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is the that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。典型例题(1) -Do you know our town at all?-No, this is the first time I _ here.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming (2) -Have you _ been to our town before?-No, its the first time I _ here.A. even, come B. even, have comeC. ever, come D. ever, have comeThis is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I havent received his letter for almost a month.现在完成时专项练习一、单项选择。1、Both his parents look sad. Maybe they _whats happened to him . knew . have known . must know . will know2、He has _ been to Shanghai, has he?. already . never . ever . still3、Have you met Mr. Li _？. just . ago .before .a moment ago4、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two year . is writing .was writing .wrote .has written5、Our country _ a lot so far .Yes. I hope it will be even _. has changed ; well . changed; good. has changed ; better . changed; better6、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years . was; studying . will; study. has; studied . are; studying7、We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . know . had known . have known . knew8、Harry Potter is a very nice film. I_ it twice . will see . have seen . saw .see9、These farmers have been to the United States . Really? When _ there?. will they go . did they go. do they go . have they gone 10、_ you _ your homework yet ? Yes. I _ it a moment ago. Did; do; finished . Have; done; finished. Have; done; have finished . will; do; finish11、 His father _ the Party since 1978 . joined . has joined . was in D. has been in 12、Do you know him well ? Sure .We _ friends since ten years ago . were . have been . have become . have made 13、How long have you _ here ? About two months. been . gone . come . arrived 14、Hurry up! The play _ for ten minutes. has begun . had begun. has been on . began15、 It _ ten years since he left the army . is . has . will . was16、 Miss Green isnt in the office. She _ to the library. has gone . went .will go . has been 17、My parents _ Shandong for ten years. have been in . have been to. have gone to . have been18、The students have cleaned the classroom,_ ? A. so they B. dont they C. have they D. havent they19、_has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he_to China?A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived 20、 His uncle _for more than 9 ye