高考英语 增分锦囊(四) 完形填空满分绝技.doc

2013 高考英语增分锦囊(四) - 完形填空满分绝技【摘 要】高考中，完形填空题重点是考查考生英语语言的综合表达技能和实践运用技能的综合题型之一。完形填空题在检测考生英语水准的过程中，主要凸出了中学阶段考生所学的语法和词汇知识运用能力、逻辑推理和事理推断能力。考生只有深研考题，归纳总结，掌握经典，集中特训，则可练就一身作答绝技以顺利地获取满分。【关键词】完形填空 满分 绝技 高考考纲解读完形填空题的特点是篇幅小，但起点高，题量大，字数在250-350之间。完形填空的选材近年来为第一人称为主的夹叙夹议励志型材料，具有极强的时代意义和真切的现实意义。完形填空考查考生对语法，词汇，习语，句型，搭配等基础知识的综合运用能力和短文的阅读理解能力，灵活运用语言知识的能力并且根据试题内容进行正确的逻辑推理，综合判断和分析概括的能力。 高考命题聚焦 整个语篇和上下文语境逻辑关系的考查 语法知识和灵活运用的考查 特定语境中词语辨析和应用的考查 固定搭配和惯用法的考查 高考考向探秘考查重点语境逻辑关系的理解 语境深层含义的理解 情景或态度的理解考查难点深层化理解 语境化理解 信息整合化理解考查热点语境分析理解 深层推断理解 全文整合理解 高考聚焦题型【题型1】主旨题：通过线索判断体裁，借助关键信息，推断主旨大意，掌握写作思路，锁定话题方向。【典例】soon it would be the holidays, but before that, there were year exams. all the _1_ had been working hard for some time, reviewing their lessons for the exams. if they didnt _2_, they would have to retake in september. there were usually a few who _3_, but jane didnt want to be one of them. she had worked hard all year, _4_ just before the exams she was working so hard that her sister barbara was _5_ about her. 1. a. teachers b. students c. classmates d. schools 2. a. prepare b. miss c. join d. pass 3. a. succeeded b. failed c. ended d. called 4. a. but b. so c. or d. because 5. a. excited b. frightened c. worried d. pleased【分析】考查主旨判断。通过句首阅读，捕捉关键信息，确定体裁，推断题材，提炼主题。1. b。根据“reviewing their lessons for the exams”推断，此空应填students,而classmates表述不清。2. d。一般来说，如果一位学生考试不及格，就要补考。由“have to retake”推断，应用pass。3. b。由“jane didnt want to be one of them”和前一句话可知，应用failed。4. a。前后形成对比，此处意为：她一刻苦学习整整一年了，可是临考前还是很努力。应用but。5. c。根据上下文间的逻辑关系判断，看到jane学习这么努力，她姐姐barbara自然担心她。worry about sb.“担忧某人”，故用worried。【点拨】考查依据句首，判断主旨。【题型解密】阅读首句可知，本文是一篇记叙文。接下来作者一定要描述有关考试的事情。所以，做题时，一定要依据平常应付考试时的表现和一般心理感受，把词汇锁定在与考试有关的单词或短语上。【题型2】细节题：通过素材梳理细节类别，利用句首判断细节对象。【典例1】i was born and brought up in the small town of pineville, which i left at the age of sixteen. twenty years _1_ i found myself back on a visit. i went to see my _2_ friend tom clark, who _3 _as ever, was chairman of the local club.1. a. ago b. later c. earlier d. before 2. a. new b. old c. forgotten d. welcome 3. a. active b. lazy c. brave d. shy【分析】考查细节判断。利用句首判断时间和地点。1.b。2. b。 3. a。 句首大意：我在pineville出生并长大成人，16岁离开了该城。很显然，这是一篇记叙文，记叙了过去发生的一件事。从句首提示可知，一定是在20年后，“我”去参观，因此，第一空细节元素-时间，应填later。因为作者离开家乡一20多年了，所以家乡的朋友已是老朋友了，故第二空背景元素，应填old.第三空细节对象仍然与句首交代的时间背景有关，根据as ever可知，这位老朋友还是像以前一样那么活跃，是当地俱乐部的主席，故答案填active。【典例2】many people who work in london prefer to live outside it, and to go into their offices, factories or schools every day by train, car or bus, even though this means they have to get up _1_ in the morning and reach _2_ later in the evening.1. a. quickly b. early c. earlier d. earliest 2. a. home b. family c. flat d. house 【分析】考查细节判断。利用句首判断时间和地点。1.b。2. a。 根据句首可知，许多人愿意住在伦敦城外面，乘坐火车，小汽车或公共汽车上下班或上学。由此可以推断他们为了上下班或上学不迟到必须早起，而晚上则很晚才回家。因此第一空应填earlier,第二空应填home才符合细节要求。【点拨】考查依据句首，判断细节元素-时间和地点。【题型解密】阅读首句可知，第一篇是一篇记叙文。接下来作者描述自己回到家乡的见闻与感触。因此，做题时，考生把词汇锁定在与家乡见闻有关的单词或短语上。第二篇是一篇说明文，讲解london人的日常学习，工作和生活习惯，要扣住客观需求和自然规律字眼的词汇。【题型3】语境题：通过具体语境，进行合理的分析，推理和判断相互间依存的逻辑关系。【典例1】tom was seriously injured in the traffic accident and was taken to the hospital, and his parents were called for. they were very _1_ to hear of the accident and quickly rushed to his _2_. for three days tom was not able to feel or think and his parents were _3_ that he might die. but on the fourth day tom _4_ and spoke softly. his parents were _5_.the police by then had followed the owner of the car and caught hold of him at last.1. a. angry b. please c. shocked d. disappointed 2. a. school b. home c. hospital d. office 3. a. worried b. ready c. confident d. certain 4. a. felt sick b. got up c. fell asleep d. woke up 5. a. surprised b. calm c. glad d. puzzled【分析】考查褒贬语境关系，判断是非曲直。1.c 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. c。这是一组典型的褒贬语境题。听到儿子在交通事故中受伤，父母一定是很震惊了，故第1空用shocked; 并且急忙赶到医院，第2空应用hospital; 第3空交代父母担心他可能会死，只能用worried;第4空前面的连词but暗示此处要用woke up.看到儿子醒来后，父母肯定感到高兴，故用glad。 【点拨】褒贬的语言情景关系的考查。【题型解密】几乎每篇完形填空的语境都有一定的褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了主人公的特定心理状态和情绪以及作者的写作意图。语境题在完形填空题中已占有一半题量，因此，利用好文章的语境关系就能对文章进行的准确地逻辑判断，在理解文意的基础上推断出每一空的准确信息从而确定答案。其具体方法就是认真读原文，找出反映语境的标志性的词汇或句子，并大胆预测下文。【典例2】soon after dave left college, one of his uncles, who was rich and had no children of his own, died and left a lot of money, so he decided to set up his own real estate company. he found a nice office, bought a lot of things to _1_ it, and moved in. he had only been there for a few hours _2_ he heard someone _3_ towards the door of his office. “its my first visitor!”he thought. he quickly _4_ the telephone up and pretended to be very _5_ answering an important call from someone in newyork.1. a. supply b. furnish c. fill d. match 2. a. and b. then c. when d. suddenly 3. a. going b. walking c. approaching d. entering 4. a. hung b. answered c. picked d. brought 5. a. interested b. active c. busy d. fascinated【分析】这是一组典型的词汇搭配题。1.b dave找到了一间办公室，需要买很多东西来装饰一下，故用furnish,意为“在（房屋等）内布置家具”。supply意为“提供”；fill意为“（使）充满”；match意为“与相配”。2. c。此处要用when与前面的过去完成时连用，构成固定结构，此时的when意为“刚就”。3. b。此处意为：dave听到有人朝他办公室门口走来。go意为“去，走”；approach和enter虽然意思上符合语境，但它们是及物动词，后面不能接towards。4. c。此处意为：拿起了电话，应填pick。pick up意为“拿起，举起”；hang up意为“挂断电话”；answer意为“回答，答复”，但后面不能跟介词up;bring up“养育，培养”。5. c。 在语义上，这四个词都可以用，但只有busy后面跟动词-ing形式，表示“忙于做某事”。interested和active后面接“in doing”结构，fascinated后面接by短语，故busy符合语境要求。 【典例3】when i graduated from high school i went _1_ to graduate from the the u.s. naval academy and later became an officer in the navy.the part of my job i _2_most was the counseling meeting i _3_ with the family members of the men and women in my _4_,trying to help them deal with the long periods of _5_. these proved popular and word of them spread.1. a. out b. on c. away d. off 2. a. took b. hated c. enjoyed d. did 3. a. ended b. began c. continued d. held 4. a. charge b. situation c. position d. choice 5. a. lessons b. meeting c. training d. separation【分析】这5道题均属语境化选择题。段落大意：“我”从美国海军学院毕业后，成为了一名海军军官。这项工作中“我”最喜欢的部分是为“我”负责管理的男女士兵的家人举行咨询会，尽量帮助他们解决长期分居带来的问题。1. b。从本句话的语义来看，应用on。go on to do sth.表示“完成某时后接着做另一件事”。2. c。 i _ most是定语从句，先行词是the part of my job,根据句意，do不能与part搭配，空格应填enjoyed。3. d。i _ with the family members是定语从句，先行词是counseling meeting,只有held符合搭配要求。4. a。通过语境可知，作者是一名海军军官，又根据搭配in my charge“有某人负责”进行推断。5. d。既是语境化试题又是甚或常识题。当一名海军就意味着要远离家人很长一段时间，故用separation。【点拨】考查习惯搭配的语境关系，避免只重语意。【题型解密】高考完形填空题中有少量的试题来考查习惯搭配。该题型难度中等，但使考生容易丢分，其原因是考生只注重语义，而忽略了词汇的习惯搭配，所以考生在准确把握语境的同时，更要注意所要填入的名词，形容词，动词与空格前面或后面的词汇的习惯搭配，尤其要注意介词或副词的搭配关系。【题型4】行文逻辑题：通过巧妙利用结构，准确判断逻辑关系。【典例1】in the depth of my memory, many things i did with my father still live. these things have come to represent，in fact，what i call _1_ and love.1. a. desire b. joy c. anger d. worry【分析】b。考查平行关系。句中and表示并列关系，根据后面的love可知，空格处要填一个相似范畴的名词，所以首先排除anger和worry。而desire意为“渴望”，joy意为“快乐时光”，再结合语境，应用joy。【典例2】 after the discovery, scientists returned to the forest and _1_ some hair and measured footprints. about 20 inches appears to be the animals foot! chinese scientists have now set up a special group to exchange information and make a _2_ of the forest. but in the meantime, some people _3_ to believe that this half-man, half-monkey exists. they will not believe that it is _4_ until one of the animals has been caught.1. a. cut b. pulled c. collected d. tore 2. a. film b. tour c. choice d. study 3. a. come b. refuse c. prefer d. have 4. a. wrong b. alive c. real d. correct 【分析】考查逻辑判断。1.c。因为动作已经逃走，也许会留下一些线索，所以科学家们回去只能是收集一些毛发。故只有collected符合语境逻辑关系。2. d。由上下文看出，这些科学家们集中力量来对这片森林进行研究，一会的有用的资料，故用study。3. b。根据前面的but可知，此句子应表示相反的意思，即有些人不相信这种动物会存在。refuse to believe意为“拒绝相信”。4. c。句意：有些人不相信，除非有一天真能抓住一只这样的动物，由此判断，real正确。【点拨】对逻辑关系准确判断的考查。【题型解密】逻辑关系是指表达结构特定，意思密切相连，语气一致的词组或句子组成的语言现象，其形式整齐匀称，内容联系紧密，进一步表达出语言的中心内涵。【题型5】文化背景常识题：通过巧妙利用文中所渗透的文化，科学，历史，地理，风俗民情等方面的知识，科学解题。【典例】the real marathon (a long-distance running race of 42.195km) in my town usually occurs during a heat wave. my job was to follow behind the runners in an ambulance _1_ any of them needed medical attention.“were supposed to stay behind the _2_ runner, so take it slowly,”i said to the driver, doug, as the race started.the front-runners started to _3_ and then my eyes were _4_ to the woman in blue silk running shorts and a loose white t-shirt.we knew we were already watching our “last runner”. her _5_ were so crippled that it seemed almost impossible for her to be able to walk, let along run a marathon.1. a. so that b. in case c. even though d. only if2. a. first b. best c. only d. last3. a. run b. separate c. disappear d. appear4. a. drawn b. thrown c. fixed d. caught 5. a. hands b. legs c. arms d. body【分析】这是一组典型的文化背景常识考查题。1. b。 考查行文逻辑和句法功能。in case引导条件状语从句，意为“以防万一”。2. d。 考查行文逻辑。根据下文可知，作者与司机跟在“最后边”一位选手之后，应用last。3. c。 考查生活常识。根据上下文可知，左后一位选手受伤了，与前面的选手差距太大，自然当有前面的选手开始“消失”时，作者才能注意到她。故应用disappear。4. a。 考查词汇知识。只“我”的眼睛被吸引，应用draw。5. b。 考查生活常识。根据下半句可知，她几乎不能走，因而她的腿应该是受伤了，应用legs。【点拨】对生活常识或背景知识准确判断的考查。【题型解密】完形填空题基本上都是独立的语篇，它提供了完整的语言信息，其中有时夹杂着社会知识，自然知识或风俗习惯等常识知识。考生在解答时，要积极地运用自己所掌握的文化背景知识和生活常识，特别是注意中西文化的差异，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺利的解答试题。【题型6】语法词汇题：通过巧妙利用文中所表达的语法现象和措词形式等等方面的知识，顺利解题。高考中，以动词，名词和形容词为中心词所构成的词组，为考查的重点；其骨架多为“动词+介词或副词”；“形容词+介词”；“介词+名词”等词组。既要了解它们的含义和用法，又要辨析异同。【典例1】at first his _1_ did not get across.“what was he walking about!”then i got it. i had set my trays on his wifes orthopedic walker. i stood frozen as ice, but my face was on fire. i wanted to get into a hole and hide.1. a. idea b. praise c. message d. need【分析】c。考查同义词辨析。idea指“注意，想法”；message则表示某人所要传达的信息，本句中get across意为“使理解”，所以它的主语应与表示传递信息类的名词有关，故用message。【点拨】对常见同义词或近义词准确用法的考查。【题型解密】加深语境理解，判断在具体语境中对所学同义词或近义词的辨析和运用对象。【典例2】it is always ressuring, at times like these, when employees so clearly show their _1_ to their jobs.1. a. devotion b. donation c. connection d. reaction【分析】a。考查形近词辨析。句意：有时候像这样，当员工们如此明显地表现出他们对工作的忠于职守时，总是令人欣慰的。这四个词都是以-tion结尾的形近词。devotion 指“热爱，忠诚”；donation“捐赠”，connection“联系”，reaction“反应”，根据句意推断，应用devotion。【点拨】对常见形近词准确用法的考查。【题型解密】加深语境理解，考查考生在具体语境中是否对能准确地掌握所学词汇的意义。【典例3】 “why not put the egg in a basket with a parachute _1_?”cassie rolled her eyes.“the parachute is better that stupid idea.”1. a. followed b. covered c. attached d. supported【分析】c。考查语法和行文逻辑。此处要表示“将篮子系到降落伞上”，语法要求是要用with的复合结构（with+名词+-ed）。attach意为“粘连，系住”；follow “跟随”，cover “覆盖”，support “支持”，根据句意推断，应用attached。【典例4】a mining engineer enjoyed flying very much. one day, he was flying his own plane over a lonely island when a _1_ storm came, so he was _2_ to make a forced landing. the plane was in good _3_ but his legs and shoulder got _4_ hurt. after getting out of the plane with great _5_, he found nothing but high green hills _6_ the place. he lay there expecting to die.1. a. quick b. wonderful c. heavy d. sudden2. a. ordered b. forbidden c. permitted d. obliged3. a. condition b. relation c. action d. speed4. a. slightly b. seriously c. hardly d. luckily 5. a. pleasure b. attention c. difficulty d. achievement6. a. covering b. wrapping c. holding d. surrounding 【分析】这是一组典型的语境判断和词汇运用题。1. c。 语境题。从下文提到他紧急着陆可知，所遇到的风暴一定很猛烈，故用heavy。2. d。 词汇题。根据上文可知，此处他没有办法，只好着陆，用be obliged to表示“被迫”。3. a。 词汇题。飞机状态良好，但他的腿和肩受了伤。前后两句形成了对比。in good condition“状况良好”,符合语境。relation“关系”;action“行为”；speed“速度”，由此判断，要用condition。4. b。 语境题。由“he lay there expecting to die”可推知，他所受的伤，较为“严重”，应用seriously。5. c。 语境题。由于伤势严重，所以从飞机出来时显得十分“艰难”，应用difficulty。6. d。 语境题。此为现场背景，意思为：四周群山环绕。结合句意，应用suround“环绕”。【点拨】对常见词汇准确用法的考查。【题型解密】加深语境理解，考查考生的词汇量与词汇运用能力。【典例5】 “i was looking _1_ thinking of what to buy, and i stopped to read the little cards on the giving trees”1. a. out b. over c. forward d. around【分析】1.d。 词汇题。短语动词搭配。look around“到处寻找；环视”;look over“浏览”；look out“小心，当心”；look forward“向前看”，由此判断，应用look around。【典例6】i knew she had strict sleeping habits, but i thought she ought to be able to _1_some of this strictness.1. a. put up b. take up c. pick up d. give up【分析】1. d。 语境题。上句内容和but暗示，此处应用give up“放弃，剔除；改掉”。短语动词take up“占用时间或空间；参加事务”；pick up“改善；好转”；put up“建立；搭起”均与语境不符.【点拨】对短语动词辨析的考查。【题型解密】短语动词在完形填空题中时比较常见的，占有一定的比例。这类短语有两种考查方式：一个是四个选项中只有一个搭配是正确的；四个选项的搭配不止一个正确，这时考生须借助上下文的意思作出适当的判断。但有时介词的搭配也少不了。【题型7】综合推理判断题：四个选项从词汇搭配，语法角度考虑均行得通，但由于文章是一个完整的统一体，词，句，段三者存在着内在逻辑关系，此时需要从上下文中寻找有关的提示或暗示，对文章的情节进行逻辑推理，抓住关键信息，理顺句与句之间的关系，确定合理的答案。【典例7】when the red cross started blood banks to collect and store blood for men wounded in battle, black american gave blood along with the whites. at first their blood was not accepted. later blood from the blacks was _1_ but was stored in a separate place from “white”blood.1. a. received b. accepted c. lost d. found【分析】b。考查原词复现。此空的前一句是“at first their blood was not accepted ”根据行文逻辑可知，此处仍要用accepted,一开始黑人的血不被接受，而后来被接受了。【点拨】原词复现，即同一概念重复出现。【典例8】it seems your tray stand has been very useful to you, but we are getting ready to leave now, and my wife needs her _1_ back.1. a. bag b. walker c. tray d. coat【分析】c。考查原词复现。前一句是:你的这个托盘架对你似乎很有用，但是，我们现在要走了，我的妻子想拿回她的“托盘”。根据前面部分出现的tray stand,他们是想拿回“我”误拿的托盘。故tray正确。【点拨】原词复现，即同一概念重复出现。【典例9】i never felt so _1_ as i did that day,-poor.1. a. angry b. rich c. patient d. bitter【分析】b。考查反义词复现。作者说出自己家很贫寒，但此时感觉在那天所得事在精神上是很“富有的。由此只有rich符合句意要求。【点拨】同义词，近义词，反义词复现。【题型解密】同义词，近义词，反义词是借助意思相同，相近或相反的表达方式或解释性语言使上下文的意思得以连接起来。因此，做题时，应充分注意分析上下文中出现的解释性语言。【典例10】“i have a brilliant design for our egg container! a protective one!”i said when cassie arrived.“we can _1_ the egg with some butter cream.”1. a. protect b. replace c. carry d. mix【分析】b。考查同根词复现。根据文中的“a protective one”可知，此处要用protective的动词形式protect“保护，防护”。【点拨】同根词复现。【题型解密】对于上下文意思复现的表达，可以借助于复现信息的同根词来补全信息，巧妙运用词汇复现，轻松选择判断。【典例11】what is the _1_ of studying towns in this way?for me, it is _2_ that one gets a greater depth of pleasure by visiting and seeing a town with ones own eyes. a _3_ visit to a town may help one better understand why it is attractive _4_ just reading about it in a guide-book.1. a. point b. view c. problem d. difficulty2. a. nearly b. simply c. generally d. hardly3. a. costly b. formal c. group d. personal4. a. from b. than c. through d. with 【分析】1. a。考查词汇辨析。point意为“意图，目的”，如begin your work now. there is no point in wasting time.现在就开始你的工作吧，耗时间没有用。2. b。考查词汇辨析。nearly“几乎”,generally“一般地”，hardly “几乎不”都不符合题意。simply“仅仅，只不过”，作者以这种方式去了解一座城市的原因很简单，仅仅是通过亲眼看看，去感受以获得更大的快乐。3. d。考查语境。根据上句内容with ones own eyes提示，此处应用personal表示其逻辑关系相一致。4. b。考查语法。根据前面比较级better提示，应用than。【典例12】i spent my childhood near the sea watching the ships, large and small, go in and out of the harbour. at the age of eighteen i _1_ home to take a job on a passenger _2_ that sai