Chapter 1 Introduction.doc

10本高级英语题型：1、人文知识10分10题，2、修辞10分5题，3、阅读理解4篇文章30分15题,4、paraphrase 20分5题（课后练习），5、改错1篇文章10分10题，6、作文20分语言学题型：第七章不考，考一到六章。1、选择题（15题，每题2分，共30分） 2、判断题（10题，每题2分，共20分） 3、树状图 (5题，每题2分，共10分）4、简答题（4题，每题10分，共40分）。一、选择题就考书上知识，重点看蓝体字和黑体字，不过重在理解。二、判断题只需判断true or false,不用写原因。三、树状图就考chapter4 syntax 课后的树状图题。四、简答题，老师说会考chapter5 76页类似第4题、第5题的题型.其他的请大家看课后练习。尤其重点看chapter4和chapter5。其他章课后练习也不可忽视。老师说树状图和简单题这两大题型50分都考课后练习里的，祝各位逢考必过！新编简明英语语言学教程第二版 练习题 参考答案Chapter 1 Introduction1章介绍1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language.1。你如何解释下面的定义语言学：语言学是对语言的科学研究。答： Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things.答：语言学是基于系统调查的语言资料，参照语言结构的一般理论进行了。为了发现潜在的语言系统的性质和规律，语言学家已经收集和观察语言事实，这是发现展示一些相似之处，并概括了他们；然后他制定一些假说语言结构。由此形成的假设必须反复核对对所观察到的事实，充分证明了其有效性。在语言学中，就像在其他任何学科，数据和辩证的互补性，这是理论的立场，没有数据支持理论难以索赔的有效性，并没有被解释的一些理论仍然是一个混乱的数据质量的东西。2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?2。语言学的主要分支是什么？他们每个人都学什么？答： The major branches of linguistics are:答：语言学的主要分支：(1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication;（1）语音学：研究中使用的语言交际的声音；(2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication;（2）语音学：研究语音如何放在一起，用来表达；(3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words;（3）形态的研究方式，语言符号表示声音的排列、组合形式的话；(4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;（4）语法：研究规则的话是怎样组合在语言形式的语法允许的句子；(5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;（5）的语义：它传达的语言研究；(6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.（6）语用学：研究语言使用的语境中的意义。3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?3。在什么样的基本途径是现代语言学与传统语法的不同？答： The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “traditional grammar.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways.答：因此传统上形成了多年来研究语言的一般方法大致是被称为“传统语法。现代语言学与传统语法中的几个基本途径。Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.首先，语言学是描述性的而传统语法规范。Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.第二，现代语言学认为口语是第一性的，而不是书面。传统语法学家，另一方面，倾向于强调，也许过分强调，文字的重要性，部分原因是因为它的持久性。Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.然后，现代语言学与传统语法的同时，并没有强迫语言为拉丁语为基础的框架。4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?4。现代语言学是主要是共时性和历时性的？为什么呢？答： In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.答：现代语言学，共时的方法似乎很享受在历时一个优先级。因为人们相信，除非成功地研究了在不同的历史时期语言的各种状态，很难描述，在其历史发展中所发生的变化。5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing?5。为什么现代语言学认为口语比书面语优先？答： Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in todays world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of speech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.答：口语和书面语是语言交际的两大媒体。现代语言学认为口语是天然的或由于一些明显的原因主要是人类语言中。从语言进化的角度来看，语言是写作之前。任何语言的书写系统一直是“发明”的用户记录的演讲需要的时候。即使在今天的世界上仍有许多语言，只能是口语而不是书面。然后，在日常交际中，言语中发挥更大的作用比在信息量方面的写作表达。并且，讲话总是在每一个母语学习母语的方式，而写作是学习后，他去上学的时候。现代语言学家，语言揭示人类语音的许多真实的特点，书面语是“修订”记录的演讲。因此，他们的数据的调查和分析，主要是从日常生活中抽出，他们认为它是真实的。6. How is Saussures distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomskys distinction between competence and performance?6。索绪尔的区分语言和言语的类似乔姆斯基的区分能力和性能之间的关系是怎样的？答： Saussures distinction and Chomskys are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.答：索绪尔的区别与乔姆斯基非常相似，它们的不同至少在索绪尔带一个语言社会学的观点和他的概念的语言是一种社会习俗，和乔姆斯基看着从心理学的角度看语言和他的能力是一个属性的每个人的思想。7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?7。语言有什么特点你认为应该包含在一个良好的，综合语言的定义吗？答： First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.答：首先，语言是一个系统，即语言的基本要素，是根据规则相结合。Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.第二，语言是任意的在这个意义上，没有内在联系的语言符号之间的符号代表什么。Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.第三，语言是声乐因为所有语言的主要媒介是声音。Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.第四，语言是人类特有的，即，它是从通信系统的其他形式的生命非常不同的拥有。8. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?8。人类的语言已由C.霍凯特指定显示它是从动物通信系统本质上不同的主要特征是什么？答：The main features of human language are termed design features. They include:答：人类语言的主要特点是称为设计特点。他们包括：1) Arbitrariness1）的任意性Language is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.语言是任意的。这意味着有意义和声音之间没有逻辑联系。一个很好的例子是，用不同的声音来指在不同的语言相同的对象。2) Productivity2）生产力Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.语言可以和新的信号解释的建筑以其用户是生产性的或创造性的。这就是为什么他们能产生和理解句子的无限大的数，包括他们从未听过的句子。3) Duality3）的二元性Language consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.语言由两套结构，或两个水平。在较低或基本水平有一个结构的声音，这是无意义的。但语言的声音可以分组和重组的意义单位众多，这是在系统的更高层次的发现。4) Displacement4）位移Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what “displacement” means.语言可以被用来指事物存在或不存在的，真实的或想象的事情在过去，现在，还是将来，或在遥远的地方。换句话说，语言可以用来表达从说话人直接情况删除。这就是“位移”的意思。5) Cultural transmission5）文化传播While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.尽管人类的语言能力有遗传基础，即，我们都是天生的学习语言的能力，任何语言系统的细节并不是遗传的，而是要教和学的。9. What are the major functions of language? Think of your own examples for illustration.9。语言的主要功能是什么？想想你自己的例子。答： Three main functions are often recognized of language: the descriptive function, the expressive function, and the social function.答：三个主要的功能往往是公认的语言描述的功能，表达功能，及其社会功能。The descriptive function is the function to convey factual information, which can be asserted or denied, and in some cases even verified. For example: “China is a large country with a long history.”描述性的功能是传达信息的功能，它可以断言或拒绝，甚至在某些情况下验证。例如：“中国是一个历史悠久的国家。”The expressive function supplies information about the users feelings, preferences, prejudices, and values. For example: “I will never go window-shopping with her.”表达功能提供的信息对用户的喜好，情感，偏见，和价值观。例如：“我不会和她一起去逛街。”The social function serves to establish and maintain social relations between people. . For example: “We are your firm supporters.”社会功能用来建立和维持人与人之间的社会关系。例如：“我们是你的坚定支持者。”Chapter 2 Speech Sounds2章语音1. What are the two major media of linguistic communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?1。语言交际的两大媒介是什么？这两个，其中一个是主要的，为什么？答： Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication.答：口语和书面语是语言交际的两大媒体。Of the two media of language, speech is more primary than writing, for reasons, please refer to the answer to the fifth problem in the last chapter.语言的两种媒体，语音是写作，更主要的原因，请在最后一章的第五个问题的答案。2. What is voicing and how is it caused?2。它是怎么造成的？答： Voicing is a quality of speech sounds and a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.答：表示是一个讲话的声音质量和功能的所有的元音和辅音在英国一些。它是由声带振动所引起的。3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ?3。结合实例如何广泛的转录和转录不同狭窄的解释？答： The transcription with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes. The latter, i.e. the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called narrow transcription. This is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. With the help of the diacritics they can faithfully represent as much of the fine details as it is necessary for their purpose.答：字母符号转录只被称为广泛的转录。这是在词典和通用教材通常使用的转录。后者，即用字母符号与符号的转录被称为狭窄的转录。这是所需的转录和他们研究语音的语音应用的声音。随着他们能如实反映的是他们的目的，需要尽可能多的细节的变音符号的帮助。In broad transcription, the symbol l is used for the sounds l in the four words leaf li:f, feel fi:l, build bild, and health hel. As a matter of fact, the sound l in all these four sound combinations differs slightly. The l in li:f, occurring before a vowel, is called a dear l, and no diacritic is needed to indicate it; the 1 in fi:l and bild, occurring at the end of a word or before another consonant, is pronounced differently from the clear 1 as in “leaf”. It is called dark and in narrow transcription the diacritic is used to indicate it. Then in the sound combination hel, the sound l is followed by the English dental sound , its pronunciation is somewhat affected by the dental sound that follows it. It is thus called a dental l, and in narrow transcription the diacritic 、 is used to indicate it. It is transcribed as hel.在广泛的转录，象征1用于声音1在四字叶李：F ，我，感觉FI：建立图片，和帮助健康。事实上，在所有这四个声音的组合音l略有不同。在李，我：发生元音之前，被称为亲爱的我，而没有附加符号是需要表明它；在系统和 1 ：图片，在单词的结尾或之前发生另一个辅音，发音的明确的 1 不同的“叶子”。它被称为暗和窄转录的区别是用来表明它。然后在声音组合 HEL，音l其次是英语齿音，它的发音是由牙的声音，在一定程度上影响。因此，称为牙1，在狭窄的转录的区别、是用来表明它。它为帮助Another example is the consonant p. We all know that p is pronounced differently in the two words pit and spit. In the word pit, the sound p is pronounced with a strong puff of air, but in spit the puff of air is withheld to some extent. In the case of pit, the p sound is said to be aspirated and in the case of spit, the p sound is unaspirated. This difference is not shown in broad transcription, but in narrow transcription, a small raised “h” is used to show aspiration, thus pit is transcribed as pht and spit is transcribed as spt.另一个例子是辅音P。我们都知道P是在这两个词的发音不同吐坑。在字坑，声音P是明显的一个强大的气流，但在吐出空气吹保留一定程度的。在坑的情况，该P声称为吸气和吐的话，声音是不送气的P。这种差异是不广泛的转录，但在狭窄的转录，一个凸起的小“H”是用来显示的愿望，因此基坑为 pHT 和吐为SPT 。4. How are the English consonants classified?4。英语的辅音是如何分类的？答： English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation. In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into the following types: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals and glides. In terms of place of articulation, it can be classified into following types: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.答：英语辅音可分为两种方式：一是在发音方式和其他在发音部位上。在英语发音的辅音可以分为以下几种方式：停止，擦音，塞擦音，液体，鼻音和滑行。在发音部位，可分为以下类型：双唇，唇齿，牙齿，牙槽骨，腭，软颚音，声门。5. What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?5。用什么标准英语的元音分类？答： Vowels may be distinguished as front, central, and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest. To further distinguish members of each group, we need to apply another criterion, i.e. the openness of the mouth. Accordingly, we classify the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels. A third criterion that is often used in the classification of vowels is the shape of the lips. In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unfounded vowels, i. e., without rounding the lips, and all the back vowels, with the exception of a:, are rounded. It should be noted that some front vowels can be pronounced with rounded lips.答：韵母可分为前，中央，后根据这部分的舌头是最高的。为了进一步区分每个组的成员，我们需要另一个准则，即口的开放性。因此，我们把韵母分为四组：闭元音，半闭元音，元音和元音半开放，开放。三分之一的标准，通常用在元音分类的嘴唇的形状。在英国，所有前面的元音和元音央元音是毫无根据的，即，不圆唇，和所有的元音，与例外：一，是圆形的。应当指出的是，一些前元音的发音可圆唇。6. A. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:6。A.给音标下列每个声音的描述：1) voiced palatal affricate1）浊塞擦音2) voiceless labiodental fricative2）无声的唇齿擦音3) voiced alveolar stop3）齿槽停止4) front, close, short4）前，关闭，短5) back, semi-open, long5）后，半开，长6) voiceless bilabial stop6）无声双唇塞音B. Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:给下列每一个声音的语音特点：1) t 2) l 3) 4) w 5) 6) 1）吨 2）我 3） 4）我们 5） 6）答：A. (1) (2) f (3) d (4) (5) : (6) p答：A.（1）（2）的（3） D （4）（5）：（6）图B. (1) voiceless alveolar stop (2) voiced alveolar liquidB.（1）无声的肺泡停止（2）表示的肺泡液体(3) voiceless palatal affricate (4) voiced bilabial glide（3）无声的塞擦音（4）浊双唇滑翔(5) back, close, short (6) front, open（5）后，关闭，短（6）前，打开7. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be more interested in the difference between, say, l and , ph and p, a phonetician or a phonologist? Why?7。如何语音学和音位学的研究中心有什么不同？你认为谁会在差别，更感兴趣的话，电和， 和 P pH，语音学家和音位学家？为什么呢？答： (1) Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language the speech sounds. But while both are related to the study of sounds, they differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc. Phonology, on the other hand, aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.答：（1）语音和语音的关于语言演讲同一方面的声音。虽然都是研究声音的，相关的，他们的方法和重点不同。语音学是一般性质的；它是所有对语音进行描述人类所有的语言：它们是如何产生的，它们是如何彼此不同的语音特征，他们拥有什么，他们如何可以分，等。音系学，另一方面，旨在探索一种语言中的语音模式如何将这些声音是用来传达语言交际中的意义。(2) A phonologist will be more interested in it. Because one of the tasks of the phonologists is to find out rule that governs the distribution of l and , ph and p.（2）对象会更感兴趣。因为一个的音韵学家的任务是找出有关1和分布规律，博士和图。8. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme?8。电话是什么？它是如何从一个不同的音素？一个音位的音位变体是如何相关？答： A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. A phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, the phoneme /l/ in English can be realized as dark , clear l, etc. which are allophones of the phoneme /l/.答：电话语音单元或一段。我们听到的声音产生在语言交际都是手机。音位不是任何特定的声音，而是代表或通过一定的语音环境一定的电话了。它可以代表一音位的不同不同音素音位的音位变体。例如，音素L /英语可以被实现为暗，清晰l，等。这是音位的音位变体/ L。9. Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.9。解释的例子顺序规则，同化规则，和删除规则。答： Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules.答：支配特定语言中语音的组合规则被称为顺序的规则。There are many such sequential rules in English. For example, if a word begins with a l or a r, then the next sound must be a vowel. That is why lbik lkbi are impossible combinations in English. They have violated the r