边际成本及本量例分析.ppt

1 第六章边际成本及本量利分析 一 成本性态 变动成本 固定成本及混合成本Thetotalvariablecostwillbechangedinproportiontooutput however thecostperunitisconstant Thetotalfixedcostwillbeunaffectedwhentheoutputischanging however thecostofperunitischanging Forexample thecostperunitwillbedecreaseastheoutputincrease Thefixedcostusuallyisirrelevanttothedecision Primecostperunitofoutputshouldbeconsideredtobeavariablecost Itincludingdirectmaterial directlabouranddirectexpense 第一节边际成本概述 2 第一节边际成本概述 从下例看以上三点 Directmaterial3kgs 4perkg12Directlabour6hrs 8perhour48Directexpense10Primecost70Note directexpensemightbepaidtoanothercompanyfor say polishingeachproduct Theoverheadsofthebusinessareallconsideredfixed andamountto 18 000permonth Requirecalculatingthecostformonthlyoutputsof200units 300unitsand350units 3 第一节边际成本概述 Units200300350 Directmaterial2 4003 6004 200Directlabour9 60014 40016 800Directexpense2 0003 0003 500Primecost14 00021 00024 500Fixedoverheads18 00018 00018 000Totalcost32 00039 00042 500 4 第一节边际成本概述 Note primecosthasbeentreatedasavariablecost Thetotalamountofprimecosthasbeenincreasedinlinewiththeincreaseinoutput Thefigurescanbesummarisedasfollowings Units200300350 Variablecost14 00021 00024 500Fixedcost18 00018 00018 000Totalcost32 00039 00042 500 5 第一节边际成本概述 Andcostperunitshownas Units200300350 Variablecost707070Fixedcost906051 43Totalcost160130121 43Marginalcostisthepartofthecostofoneunitofproductorservicewhichwouldbeavoidedifthatunitwerenotproduced orwhichwouldincreaseifoneextraunitwereproduced Itistheamountofextracostthatweincurbyproducingonemoreunitofoutput Forexample 6 二 相关概念 Units299300301Primecost209302100021070Fixedo h18 00018 00018 000Totalcost 38 930 39 000 39 070 Fromabovetable thecostofproducing1extraunitis39 070 39 000 70Avoidablecostemphasizesthatthecostalreadyincurred E gthedepreciationandinsurancearecoststhatcannotbeavoided Out of pocketcostemphasisesthattodoextraactivity kilometres cashisneededfromthepockettopayformoreit fuel noadditionalcashisneededfordepreciationandinsurance Incostaccountingthetermsvariablecost out of pocketcost andmarginalcostareoftenusedinterchangeably Notcorrecttechnically 7 三 边际成本法概述IntroductiontoMarginalCosting Contribution 边际贡献 Salesvaluelessvariablecostofsales Itmaybeexpressedastotalcontribution contributionperunitorasapercentageofsales Thedefinitionofcontributionreferstothevariablecostofsales 贡献毛利 收入 变动成本 毛利 收入 销售产品成本 其中销售成本是制造成本 包括了固定的制造成本 Definitionofmarginalcosting Theaccountingsysteminwhichvariablecostarechargedtocostunitsandfixedcostsoftheperiodarewrittenoffinfullagainsttheaggregatecontribution Itsspeciallyvalueisinrecognisingcostbehaviour andhenceassistingindecisionmaking 8 三 边际成本法概述Contrastbetweenabsorptioncostingandmarginalcosting Withabsorptioncosting allcostsareabsorbedintothecostunit Withthemarginalcosting onlyvariablecostsareabsorbedintothecostunit Underthemarginalcosting thefixedcostwillbedeductedfromcontributionandthentogetprofit Undertheabsorptioncosting thestockwillbevaluedatfullproductioncost inclusiveoffixedoverheads however theyareonlyfixedproductionoverheads Undermarginalcosting anyunsoldstockswillbevaluedatvariableproductioncostonly 9 三 边际成本法 举例Example1 CompanyXstartsproductionon1JanuaryYear1 Itmakesoneproductandbudgetstomakeandsell1000unitsduringYear1 Theproductwillbesolddirecttothepublicfromitsfactorypremises i etherewillbenodistributioncosts Asellingpriceof 200perunithasbeenset Theprimecostshavebeenforecastas Material40kg 0 5kg 20Directlabour20hours 5hour 100Overheads allfixed arebudgeted 50 000 Calculatetheprofitusingtwoapproaches AbsorptioncostingapproachandMarginalcostingapproach 10 三 边际成本法 Example1 Solution 1 Absorptionapproach Theabsorptionratecanbecalculatedasfollowings Thebudgetedhours 1 000units 20hours 2 0000hoursTheabsorptionrate 50 000 20 000hours 2 5perhourDirectMaterial40kg 0 5kg 20Directlabour20hours 5hour 100Primecost 120Fixedoverhead20hours 2 5perhour 50Totalcost 170Sale 200Costofsale 170Profitperunit 30Totalprofit 30 000 11 三 边际成本法Example1 Solution 2 Marginalcostingapproach Sellingprice200Variablecost120Contributionperunit80Theaggregationcontribution1 000units 80perunit 80 000Lessfixedcosts 50 000Profit 30 000Note twoapproacheshavebothreportedaprofitof 30 000 Thisisbecause1 000unitsaretobemadeand1 000unitsaretobesold Thereisnostockattheyearend 12 三 边际成本法Example1 Solution Usingtheearlierexample althoughthefirmplanstomake1 000unitsinitsfirstyear itonlyexpectstosell900units 1 Absorptioncosting Sales900units 200180 000Costofsales Material1 000 2020 000Directlabour1 000 100100 000Fixedoverhead50 000Totalcost170 000Lessstock100units 17017 000153 000Profit27 000 13 三 边际成本法Example1 Solution 2 Marginalcosting Sales200 900180 000VariablecostsofsalesMaterial1 000units 2020 000Directlabour1 000 100100 000120 000Lessstock100 12012 000108 000Contribution72 000Fixedcost50 000Profit22 000Thedifferenceof 5 000inprofitisbecauseofthedifferenceofthestockvaluationsundertwoapproaches withabsorptionapproach stockperunitvalueat 170 butundermarginalcosting thestockperunitvalueat 120 14 三 边际成本法Example1 Solution Usingtheearlierexample althoughthefirmplanstomake1 000unitsinitsfirstyear itexpectstosell1040units providedthatithasopeningstock100units Reportedprofitswilldependonwhetherabsorptionormarginalprinciplesareused Whichmethodreportsthehigherprofitsdependsuponwhetherstocksarerisingorfalling Ifstocksrising I e producemorethansale thenabsorptioncostingapproachreportahigherprofit ifstockfailing I e producelessthansale meanssalethepreviousstock thenthemarginalcostingmethodreportahigherprofit 15 四 边际成本法在企业决策中的应用 marginalcostingcanbeusedtodecidebetweenin housemanufactureand subcontracting 转包 marginalcostingcanbeusedtoassessthevalueoffurtherprocessing marginalcostingcanbeused withothermeasures toassistinsettingpricesforgoodsorservices Marginalcostingisausefultechniquewhenconsideringclosures Itidentifiesthecostsandrevenuechangesthatresultfromtheclosure 16 四 边际成本法在企业决策中的应用 一 关于自制 in housemanufacture 还是转包 subcontracting 的决策 Product perunit ABCDMaterial10847Othervariablecosts12281517Fixedcost19261417Totalcost41623341Sellingprice50704045Profit9874Annualproductionandsales units 1 2001 20010050Question1 shouldwebemakingandsellingtheseproducts 17 四 边际成本法在企业决策中的应用 一 关于自制 in housemanufacture 还是转包 subcontracting 的决策 Answertoquestion1 Yes becauseeachproductmakesaprofitonanabsorptionbasis andeachthereforemakesacontribution Question2 Inwhichcase shouldweletanotherfirmmaketheseproductsforus Supposeafirmcould andquotesperunit ProductABCDQuotedprice Perunit40631826 18 四 边际成本法在企业决策中的应用 一 关于自制 in housemanufacture 还是转包 subcontracting 的决策 ProductA totalinternalcostofmanufacture 41 Thisisirrelevant becausefixedcostswillnotsavediftheyareallgeneralfixedcosts Internalvariablecostofmanufacture 22 Therefore itisnotworthpaying 40tosave 22 Socarryonwithinternalmanufacture ProductB Totalinternalcostofmanufacture 62 Thisisirrelevant becausefixedcostswillnotsavediftheyareallgeneralfixedcosts Internalvariablecostofmanufacture 36 Therefore itisnotworthpaying 63tosave 36 Socarryonwithinternalmanufacture ProductC Totalinternalcostofmanufacture 33 Thisisirrelevant becausefixedcostswillnotbesavediftheyareallgeneralfixedcosts Internalvariablecostofmanufacture 19 Itisworthpaying 18tosave 19 SubcontractingProductCwillminimizecostandwillmaximizeprofit danger cutyouout 19 四 边际成本法在企业决策中的应用 一 关于自制 in housemanufacture 还是转包 subcontracting 的决策 ProductD totalinternalcostofmanufacture 41 Thisisirrelevant becausefixedcostswillnotsavediftheyareallgeneralfixedcosts Internalvariablecostofmanufacture 24 Therefore itisnotworthpaying 26tosave 24 Socarryonwithinternalmanufacture Question3 FurtherinformationtoProductD whenproducetheProductD thenneedtopurchaseaspecialgaugeatcostof 250 tocheckeachcompletedProductD Thegaugelosesaccuracyafterbeingusedtotest50products andanewgaugehastobepurchase Thegaugecostisincludedinfixedcosts Ifanoutsidefirmmakestheproduct itwillhavetopurchaseitsowngauges Doesthischangethedecision 20 四 边际成本法在企业决策中的应用 一 关于自制 in housemanufacture 还是转包 subcontracting 的决策 Answer Yes thisisadirectlyattributablefixedcost Eachproductshouldbear 250 50 5attributablefixedcost however ifProductDissubcontracted thenitisworthpaying 26tosave 24 5 Insum oncostconsiderationalone internalmanufactureProductAandBshouldbecontinued ProductCandDshouldbesubcontracted 21 四 边际成本法 MarginalCosting 在企业决策中的应用 二 Decisiononfurtherprocessing AndorLimitedproduces18 000litresofProductXP6eachmonth XP6issoldfor 22perlitre ItisproposedtofurtherprocessXP6tomakeXP6 superior Furtherprocessingwillcost 6 5perlitreofinput andtherewillbeadditionalfixedcostsof 15 000eachmonth 10 ofinputmaterialwillbelostinfurtherprocessing Thiswillhavenovalue XP6 superior isexpectedtosellfor 34perlitre ShouldXP6befurtherprocessedintoXP6 superior 22 四 边际成本法在企业决策中的应用 Thepresentmonthlyrevenueis18 000 22 396 000 ThemonthlyrevenueforXP6 superior 18 000 90 34 550 800Extrarevenue 154 800Theextracostis Variable18 000 6 5 fixed 15 000 132 000 Therefore itisworthproducingXP6 superior Note Fixedcostof 15 000isrelevanttothedecision 二 Decisiononfurtherprocessing 23 三 Pricesetting Thefirmisa2 productfirminYear7 byaddingSR6 Thebudgetis SR5SR6TotalUnitsofproductionandsale8 0002 00010 000Manufacturinghours12 0001 00013 000 Total Directmaterialcost10 0002 00012 000Variableconventioncosts9 0001 00010 000Fixedconversioncostshaveincreasedto 16 250 Ifthefirmwantstomake 5 750profitinYear7 whatwillthepricetobeset 四 边际成本法 MarginalCosting 在企业决策中的应用 24 三 Pricesetting Theproductcostsperunit SR5 SR6 Materialcost1 251 00Variableconversioncost1 1250 50Variablecost2 3751 50Fixedcost 1 25perhour 1 8750 625Totalcost4 252 125Thebudgetedtotalcostsare Directmaterialcost12 000Variableconversioncost10 000Fixedconversioncost16 250Totalcost38 250Profitrequired5 750Salesrevenuerequired44 000 四 边际成本法 MarginalCosting 在企业决策中的应用 25 三 Pricesetting 1stMethod Mark up Thetotalprofitof 5 750asa oftotalcostof 38 250is15 033 Therequiredsellingpricewillbe SR5 SR6 Totalcostperunit4 252 125Addmarkup15 033 0 6390 319Targetsellingprice4 8892 444Intherealcommercialworld thesellingpricearelargelydecidedbycompetitionandotherfactors 四 边际成本法 MarginalCosting 在企业决策中的应用 26 三 Pricesetting 2ndmethod Variablecost Contribution SellingPriceTherequiredcontributionis 5 750 16 250 22 000 Astheplannedhoursare13 000 sotherequiredcontributionperhoursis 22 000 13 000 1 692 Thiswouldgivetherequiredsellingpricesof SR5SR6 Materialcostperunit1 2501 00Variableconversioncostperunit1 1250 500Variablecostperunit2 3751 500Contributionat 1 692perhour2 5380 846Sellingprice4 9132 346 四 边际成本法 MarginalCosting 在企业决策中的应用 27 三 Pricesetting Contribution2 5380 846Hourstomake1 500 50Contributionperhour1 6921 692The3rdmethod Addedvalue Directmaterial SellingPriceTherequiredaddedvalueis 44 000lessmaterialof 12 000 32 000 Andanaddedvalueperhouris 32 000 13 000 2 462perhour Thiswouldgiverequiredsellingpriceof SR5 SR6 Directmaterials1 2501 000Addedvalue 2 462perhour3 6931 231Targetsellingprice4 9432 231 四 边际成本法 MarginalCosting 在企业决策中的应用 28 四 Closuredecision ThemanagementofCompanyXareconsideringtheclosureofBranch10 Annualsalesofthisbranchare 860 000 Anaveragegrossmarginof60 isearned 345 000ispaidforstaffwagesandsalaries Inaddition salesstaffarepaidacommissionof2 ofsalesturnover Staffwithsalariestotaling 75 000wouldbeabsorbedinotherbranches Theremainingstaffwouldbemaderedundant Thiswouldinvolveone offredundancycostsof 36 700 Anamountof 80 000isapportionedtobranch10fromHeadOfficecosts whichwouldbeunaffectedintotalbytheclosureofBranch10 Otherexpensesamountto 55 000 andthesewouldbesavedbytheclosureofBranch10 Itisestimatedthatsalesof 340 000normallymadeatBranch10wouldbepickedupatotherbranches Therestofthesaleswouldbelost Howshouldthisclosureproposalbeevaluated Savingorcostingisfromthefirmpointofview notthebranchalong 四 边际成本法在企业决策中的应用 29 四 Closuredecision Lostofsales LostsalesfromBranch10860 000Salespickedupatotherbranches 340 000 Netlostsales520 000Grossmargin60 312 000CostSavings Staffwagesandsalaries345 000Lesswagesandsalariesnotsaved 75 000 Otherexpense55 000Commission2 on 520 00010 400335 400NetsavingfromclosureofBranch1023 400 四 边际成本法 MarginalCosting 在企业决策中的应用 30 四 边际成本法 MarginalCosting 在企业决策中的应用 One offredundancypayment36 700Netlossfromclosure13 300Note TheBranch10shouldnotbeclosed however itreflectsapointwhichisincludedinmanyquestionsofthistype theredundancypaymentisonlypaidonce Inallfutureyearsthecompanywillbe 23 400 335 400 312 000 betteroffifBranches10isclosed Netsavingof 23 400 Ithasbeenassumedthatstafftransferredtootherbranchesareadditionalstaff Iftheyarebeingplacedinjobsforwhichpeoplewouldotherwisehavetoberecruited thenthe 75 000shouldnotbededucted Fromfirm spointofview 75 000isnotsaved 四 Closuredecision 31 第二节边际贡献 Contribution Salesvaluelessvariablecostofsales Itmaybeexpressedastotalcontribution contributionperunitorasapercentageofsales Thedefinitionofcontributionreferstothevariablecostofsales Contributioninrelationtoascarceresourcecanbeusedtoallocatethatresourcemostprofitably 32 第二节边际贡献的计算 举例 Example1 AtYear3 thecompanyXplanstomake900unitsofproductX1and400unitsproductX2 theprimecostsforeachproductsasfollowings X1X2Material40kg 0 5kg20100kg 0 5kg50Directlabour20hrs 5hr1005hrs 5hr25Primecost12075Sellingprice200135Fixedcost 50 000 33 第二节边际贡献的计算 举例 Usingthemarginalcostingmethod X1X2Directmaterial2050Directlabour10025Variablecost12075Sellingprice200135Contributionperunit8060Unit900400Totalcontribution72 00024 00096 000Fixedcosts50 000Profit46 000 34 Decisionmaking ScarceResource Example2 Usingdatafromaboveexample forYear3 900unitsofX1and400unitsofX2willbemade Ifthereisonly 30 000ofmaterialwillbeavailableforthewholeyear Whatisthebestprofitcanbemade Keypoint thecontributionper ofmaterialshouldbecalculated X1X2Contributionperunit8060Materialusedperunit2050Contributionper ofMaterial41 2 第二节边际贡献在企业决策中的应用 35 第二节边际贡献在企业决策中的应用 Fromthecalculation theX1givethebestcontributioninrelationtothescarcematerialused ItispreferredtoallocatedscarelabourtoX1first AsX1need 20materialperunit therefore 900unitsneeds900 20 18 000 thisleaves 30 000 18 000 12 000forproductX2 Thiswillmake 12 000 50 240unitsofX2Thebest oroptimal profitistherefore 900 80 240 60 50 000 36 400 Decisionmaking ScarceResource Example2 36 第二节边际贡献在企业决策中的应用 Ifthedirectlabourhourswillbelimitedto16 000hours Whatisthebestprofitcanbemade Solution X1X2Contributionperunit8060Directlabourhoursperunit205Contributionperdirectlabourhour412 Decisionmaking ScarceResource Example3 37 Decisionmaking ScarceResource Example2 Fromthecalculation wecanseetheX2givethebestcontributioninrelationtothescarcelabourused ItispreferredtoallocatedscarelabourtoX2first X2need5hoursperunitsTherefore 400unitsneeds400 5 2 000hoursThisleaves16 000 2 000 14 000hoursforproductX1 Thiswillmake14 000 20hours 700unitsofX1Thebest oroptimal profitistherefore 700 80 400 60 50 000 30 000 第二节边际贡献在企业决策中的应用 38 第三节保本点 盈亏临界点 的计算 公式Break EvenCalculations Break eveniswhereneitheraprofitnoralossismade Theaggregatecontributionmustjustbeenoughtocoverthefixedcost Formula Fixedcosts Contributionperunit unitstobreak evenFixedcosts CSration salesvaluetobreak even 39 第三节保本点的计算 举例Break EvenCalculations CompanyXstartsproductionon1JanuaryYear1 Itmakesoneproductandbudgetstomakeandsell1000unitsduringYear1 Theproductwillbesolddirecttothepublicfromitsfactorypremises i etherewillbenodistributioncosts Asellingpriceof 200perunithasbeenset Theprimecostshavebeenforecastas Material40kg 0 5kg 20Directlabour20hours 5hour 100Overheads allfixed arebudgeted 50000 40 第三节保本点的计算 举例Break EvenCalculations Usingthesamedataasaboveexample Unitstobreak even 50 000 80 625unitsSalesvaluetobreak even 50 000 40 125 000 CSratio 80 200 40 Provethatthisiscorrect Sales625units 200125 000Variablecost625 12075 000Contribution50 000Fixedcosts50 000Profit LossNill 41 实现目标利润的销售数量与销售金额的计算RequiredProfitCalculation Example5 Dataasabove whatdothesalesneedtobe tomakeaprofitof 40 000 Fixedcost requiredprofit Contributionperunit 50 000 40 000 80 1 125unitsOr Fixedcost requiredprofit CSratio 50 000 40 000 40 225 000 42 第四节本量利图 保本图 概述TheDefinitionofBreakevenChart CIMAdefinesabreakevenchartas Achartwhichindicatesapproximateprofitorlossatdifferentlevelsofsalesvolumewithinalimitedrange Fewpointsregardingdefinition Thebreakevenchartisavisualrepresentationofrelationshipbetweencost volumeandprofit approximate indicatesthatreadingsfromagraphcanneverhavetheaccuracyofcalculations Thefollowingdatatodemonstrateabreakevenchartintraditionalformat 43 第四节本量利图 保本图 传统式举例 TheExampleofBreakevenChart example1 BaberLimitedproducesandsellsasingleproductatsellingpriceof 28perunit Inanyyear salesareneverlessthan9 000unitsandnevermorethan14 000units Thevariablecostofeachunitproducedis 12 andfixedcostsfortheyearamountto 160 000 Required a Constructatraditional conventionalbreakevenchart b Onthechart Indicatethebreakevenpoint andtherelevantrangeofthecompany sactivity Andreadandindicatethebreakevensalesin andunits 44 第四节本量利图 保本图 传统式举例 TheExampleofBreakevenChart example1 Solution 45 第四节本量利图 保本图 传统式举例 TheExampleofBreakevenChart Example2 CompanyXmakesoneproduct whichitsellsfor 40perunit Thevariablecostperunitis 30 andfixedcostsintotalare 30 000 Themaximumoutputis5 000units Usethex axistorepresentunitsofoutput usethey axistorepresent andchoosethemaximumvaluesoneachscale Inthisexamplethemaximumoutputis5 000units Therefore scalethex axisfrom0unitsto5 000units 46 第四节本量利图 保本图 传统式举例 TheExampleofBreakevenChart they axismustthereforeallowforthesalesrevenuefrom5 000units Thiswillbe5 000 40 200 000 Therefore scalethey axisfrom0to 200 000 2 Foratraditionalchart thefixedcostsareplottedfirst Sofindthe 30 000pointonthey axis andextendthefixedcostlineparalleltothebaseline 3 Plotthevariablecostsoverthefixedcost Itisthetotalcostlinethatisthereforebeingplotted Findtwopoints x 0 y 30 000 and x 5 000 y 180 000 andthetotalcostlinebyconnectingthetwopoints 4 Finallydrawinthesalesrevenueline Thiswillconnectthepoints x 0 y 0 and x 5 000 y 200 000 47 第四节本量利图 保本图 传统式BreakevenPoint CIMAdefinesabreakevenpointas Thelevelofactivityatwhichthereisneitherprofi