IB Biology Vocabulary by Topic 2009 syllabus-IB 国际课程生物词汇.doc

IB Biology Vocabulary by TopicGeneral Assignment: For each assigned word: A. Give the definition.B. Explain its biological significance.Topic 1: Statistical Analysis1. error bars2. range (of data)3. mean4. standard deviation5. values6. sample7. normally distributed8. t-test9. significance10. correlation11. causation/ causal relationship12. variablesTopic 2 Cells2.1 Cell Theory1. cell theory2. cell3. unicellular4. metabolism5. homeostasis6. reproduction7. nutrition8. molecule9. cell membrane10. virus11. bacteria12. organelle13. SI14. magnification15. resolution16. surface area to volume ratio17. multicellular18. emergent properties19. differentiation20. stem cells2.2 Prokaryotic Cells21. Prokaryote22. ultrastructure23. Escherichia coli (E. coli)24. cell wall25. plasma membrane26. cytoplasm27. pili28. flagella29. ribosomes 30. nucleoid31. naked DNA32. electron micrograph33. binary fission2.3 Eukaryotic cells34. free ribosomes35. rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)36. smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)37. lysosome38. Golgi apparatus39. mitochondrion40. nucleus41. nuclear envelope42. cytoplasm43. 70S ribosomes44. 80S ribosomes45. compartmentalization46. animal cell vs. plant cell47. extracellular components48. cell wall49. glycoproteins50. extracellular matrix2.4 Membranes51. plasma membrane52. phospholipid bilayer53. cholesterol54. glycoproteins 55. integral proteins56. peripheral proteins57. hydrophobic58. hydrophilic59. phospholipid60. membrane proteins61. hormone binding sites62. immobilized enzymes63. cell adhesion64. cell-to-cell communication65. channels for passive transport66. pumps for active transport67. passive transport68. active transport69. diffusion 70. osmosis71. simple diffusion72. facilitated diffusion73. membrane fluidity74. endocytosis75. exocytosis2.5 Cell Division76. cell cycle77. interphase78. G179. S80. G281. mitosis82. cytokinesis83. tumor84. cancer85. protein synthesis86. DNA replication87. prophase88. metaphase89. anaphase90. telophase91. supercoiling of chromosomes92. spindle microtubules93. centromeres94. chromosomes95. poles96. nuclear membranesTopic 3: The Chemistry of Life3.1 Chemical Elements and Water1. element2. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen3. sulfur, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium4. polarity5. hydrogen bond6. thermal7. cohesive8. solvent9. coolant10. medium (for metabolic reactions/ transport)3.2 Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins11. organic12. inorganic13. amino acid14. glucose15. ribose16. fatty acid17. monosaccharide18. disaccharide19. polysaccharide20. glucose21. galactose22. fructose23. maltose24. lactose25. sucrose26. starch27. glycogen 28. cellulose29. condensation/ dehydration synthesis30. hydrolysis31. glycerol32. triglycerides33. polypeptides34. lipid35. carbohydrate36. protein37. nucleic acid3.3 DNA Structure38. DNA39. nucleotide40. deoxyribose41. nitrogen base42. phosphate43. adenine 44. guanine45. cytosine46. thymine47. covalent bond48. complementary49. hydrogen bond50. double helix3.4 DNA Replication51. Replication52. helicase53. DNA polymerase 54. semi-conservative3.5 Transcription and Translation55. RNA56. transcription57. RNA polymerase58. genetic code59. base triplets60. translation61. polypeptide62. messenger RNA (mRNA)63. transfer RNA (tRNA)64. codon65. anticodon66. ribosome67. amino acid68. gene3.6 Enzymes69. enzyme70. active site71. enzyme-substrate specificity72. pH73. substrate concentration74. induced fit model75. denaturation76. lactase3.7 Cell Respiration77. cell respiration78. ATP79. glycolysis80. pyruvate81. anaerobic82. lactate83. ethanol84. carbon dioxide85. mitochondrion3.8 Photosynthesis86. photosynthesis87. energy88. wavelengths89. chlorophyll90. pigment91. absorption92. photolysis93. carbon fixation94. organic molecules95. biomassTopic 4: Genetics4.1 Chromosomes, genes, alleles and mutations1. gene 2. allele3. genome4. heritable5. gene mutation6. base substitution7. sickle-cell anemia4.2 Meiosis8. meiosis9. reduction division10. diploid11. haploid12. homologous chromosome13. crossing over14. Stages of Meiosisa. Prophase Ib. Metaphase Ic. Anaphase Id. Telophase Ie. Prophase If. Metaphase Ig. Anaphase Ih. Telophase I15. Cytokinesis16. non-disjunction17. Down syndrome (trisomy 21)18. karyotype19. chorionic villus sampling20. amniocentesis21. pre-natal4.3 Theoretical genetics22. genotype23. phenotype24. allele25. dominant allele26. recessive allele27. codominant alleles28. locus29. homozygous30. heterozygous31. carrier32. test cross33. monohybrid cross34. Punnett grid35. multiple alleles36. ABO blood groups37. sex chromosomes38. sex linkage39. X-linked40. colour blindness41. hemophilia42. pedigree4.4 Genetic engineering and biotechnology43. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)44. gel electrophoresis45. DNA profiling46. electric field 47. paternity48. forensics49. Human Genome Project50. gene transfer51. genetic engineering52. host cell53. restriction enzymes (endonucleases)54. DNA ligase55. plasmid56. recombinant57. gene cloning58. genetically modified59. clone60. reproductive cloning61. therapeutic cloningTopic 5: Ecology and evolution5.1 Communities and ecosystems1. species2. habitat3. population4. community 5. ecosystem6. ecology7. autotroph8. heterotroph9. consumers10. detritivores11. saptrotrophs12. food chain13. food web14. trophic level15. energy flow16. energy transformations17. pyramids of energy18. nutrients19. decomposersa. saprotrophic bacteriab. fungi5.2 The greenhouse effect20. carbon cycle21. biosphere22. photosynthesis23. respiration24. fossilization25. combustion26. carbon dioxide27. methane28. oxides of nitrogen29. precautionary principle30. the greenhouse effect31. global warming32. detritus33. permafrost5.3 Populations34. population35. natality36. immigration37. mortality38. emigration39. sigmoid (S-shaped) population growth curve40. exponential growth phase41. transitional phase42. plateau phase5.4 Evolution43. evolution44. Charles Darwin45. selection pressure46. evidence47. fossil record48. selective breeding49. homologous structures50. population51. offspring52. struggle for survival53. variation 54. species55. sexual reproduction56. natural selection57. antibiotic resistance58. heritable variations5.5 Classification59. binomial nomenclature60. Carolus Linnaeus61. hierarchy of taxa62. kingdom63. phylum64. class 65. order66. family 67. genus68. species69. bryophyta 70. filicinophyta71. coniferophyta72. angiospermophyta73. porifera74. cnidaria75. platyhelminthes76. annelida77. mollusca78. arthropoda79. invertebrate80. dichotomous keyTopic 6: Human health and physiology6.1 Digestion1. digestion2. enzymes3. substrate4. product5. optimum pH6. amylase7. protease8. lipase9. mouth 10. esophagus11. stomach12. small intestine13. large intestine (colon)14. anus15. liver16. pancreas17. gall bladder18. absorption19. assimilation20. villus6.2 The transport system21. heart22. 4 chambers of the heart23. atria24. ventricles25. blood vessels26. valves27. atrio-ventricular valves28. semilunar valves29. coronary arteries30. myogenic muscle contraction31. pacemaker32. medulla of the brain33. epinephrine34. arteries35. capillaries36. veins37. plasma38. erythrocytes39. leucocytesa. phagocytesb. lymphocytes40. platelets41. carbon dioxide42. oxygen43. hormones44. antibodies 45. urea46. d6.3 Defence against infectious disease47. pathogen48. virus49. bacteria50. antibiotics51. mucous membranes52. phagocytic leucocytes53. ingest54. antigens55. antibodies56. HIV57. immune system6.4 Gas exchange58. ventilation59. gas exchange 60. cell respiration61. trachea 62. lungs 63. bronchi64. bronchioles65. alveoli66. capillaries67. intercostal muscles68. diaphragm69. abdominal muscles6.5 Nerves, hormones and homeostasis70. central nervous system (CNS)71. peripheral nerves72. neurons73. electrical impulses74. motor neuron75. dendrites76. cell body 77. axon78. myelin sheath79. nodes of Ranvier80. motor end plates81. receptors82. sensory neurons83. relay neurons84. effectors85. resting potential86. action potential87. depolarization88. repolarization89. Sodium ions90. potassium ions91. synaptic transmission92. neurotransmitter93. post-synaptic membrane94. endocrine system95. glands96. hormones97. homeostasis98. negative feedback99. hypothalamus100. sweat glands101. skin arterioles102. shivering103. glucagon104. insulin105. alpha cells106. beta cells107. type I diabetes108. type II diabetes6.6 Reproduction109. menstrual cycle110. FSH111. LH112. estrogen 113. progesterone114. ovulation115. endometrium 116. testosterone117. pre-natal118. in vitro fertilizationTopic 7: Nucleic acids and proteins7.1 DNA Structure1. DNA2. antiparallel3. 34. 55. hydrogen bonding6. purines7. pyrimidines8. nucleosomes9. histone10. supercoiling of chromosomes11. chromosome12. transcription13. unique or single-copy genes14. highly repetitive sequences (satellite DNA)15. gene16. exon17. intron7.2 DNA replication18. DNA replication19. prokaryotes20. eukaryotes21. helicase22. DNA polymerase III23. DNA polymerase I24. RNA primase25. DNA ligase26. Okazaki fragments27. deoxynucleoside triphosphates7.3 Transcription28. transcription29. sense strand (coding strand)30. antisense strand (template strand)31. promoter region32. RNA polymerase33. nucleoside triphosphates34. terminator35. eukaryotic RNA36. introns37. mature mRNA7.4 Translation38. translation39. tRNA40. tRNA-activating enzyme41. amino acid42. ATP43. shape of tRNA44. CCA at the 3 end45. ribosomes46. large subunit47. small subunit48. tRNA binding sites49. mRNA binding sites50. initiation51. elongation52. translocation53. termination54. peptide bond55. polysome56. start codon57. stop codons58. free ribosomes59. bound ribosomes60. secretion61. lysosomes7.5 Proteins62. protein63. primary structure64. secondary structure65. tertiary structure66. quaternary structure67. fibrous 68. globular69. polar amino acids70. non-polar amino acids71. function7.6 Enzymes72. metabolic pathway73. chains74. cycles75. enzyme-catalyzed76. induced-fit model77. lock-and-key model78. activation energy79. catalyze 80. exothermic reaction81. competitive inhibition82. non-competitive inhibition83. inhibitor84. end-product inhibition85. allosteric sitesTopic 8 Cell respiration and photosynthesis8.1 Cell respiration1. oxidation2. reduction3. electrons4. oxygen5. hydrogen6. proton7. glycolysis8. phosphorylation9. lysis10. oxidation11. ATP formation12. hexose sugar13. cytoplasm14. ATP15. pyruvate16. NADH + H+17. mitochondrion18. electron micrographs19. aerobic respiration20. link reaction21. Krebs cycle22. electron transport chain23. oxygen24. decarboxylate25. acetyl group26. coenzyme A27. oxidative phosphorylation28. chemiosmosis29. cristae30. surface area31. inner membrane32. outer membrane33. matrix8.2 Photosynthesis34. chloroplast35. light-dependent reactions36. light-independent reactions37. photoactivation38. photosystem II39. photolysis of water40. electron transport41. cyclic photophosphorylation42. non-cyclic photophosphorylation43. reduction of NADP+44. chemiosmosis45. RuBP(ribulose bisphosphate)46. Rubisco (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase)47. reduction48. glycerate 3-phosphate (GP or G3P)49. triose phosphate (TP)50. regeneration of RuBP51. surface area52. thylakoid53. light absorption54. stroma55. action spectrum56. absorption spectrum57. limiting factors58. light intensity59. temperature60. concentration of carbon dioxideTopic 9: Plant Science9.1 Plant structure and growth1. tissues2. stem 3. leaf4. dicotyledonous plant5. monocotyledonous plant6. parallel venation7. net-like venation8. vascular tissue9. cotyledon10. floral organs11. fibrous adventitious roots12. tap root with lateral branches13. absorption of light14. gas exchange15. support16. water conservation17. bulbs18. stem tubers19. storage roots20. tendrils21. apical meristem (primary meristem)22. lateral meristem (cambium)23. auxin24. phototropismTransport in angiospermophytes25. root system26. mineral ion27. water uptake28. branching 29. root hairs30. diffusion31. fungal hyphae32. mass flow of water33. active transport34. cellulose35. cell turgor36. lignified xylem37. transpiration38. xylem vessels39. transpiration pull40. cohesion41. adhesion 42. evaporation43. guard cells44. stomata45. abscisic acid46. abiotic factors47. humidity48. transpiration49. xerophytes50. reduced leaves51. rolled leaves52. spines53. deep roots54. cuticle55. water storage tissue56. low growth form57. CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism)58. C4 physiology59. phloem60. active translocation61. source62. sink9.3 Reproduction in angiospermophytes63. flower64. sepal 65. petal 66. anther67. filament 68. stigma 69. style70. ovary71. pollination72. fertilization 73. seed dispersal74. dicotyledonous seed75. non-endospermic76. testa77. micropyle78. embryo root79. embryo shoot80. cotyledons81. germination82. gibberellin83. amylase84. long-day plant85. short-day plant86. phytochromea. Prb. PfrTopic 10: Genetics10.1 Meiosis1. chromosome2. phases of meiosisa. Prophase Ib. Metaphase Ic. Anaphase Id. Telophase Ie. Prophase IIf. Metaphase IIg. Anaphase IIh. Telophase II3. cytokinesis4. chiasmata5. crossing over6. genetic variety7. random orientation8. independent assortment10.2 Dihybrid crosses and gene linkage9. genotypic ratio10. phenotypic ration11. dihybrid cross12. unlinked autosomal genes13. autosomes 14. sex chromosomes15. non-sister chromatids16. homologous chromosomes17. alleles18. linkage group19. recombinant20. linked genes21. test cross10.3 Polygenic inheritance22. polygenic inheritance23. continuous variationTopic 11: Human health and physiology11.1 Defence against infectious disease1. blood clotting2. clotting factors3. platelets4. thrombin5. fibrinogen6. fibrin7. immunity8. clonal selection9. memory cells10. active immunity 11. passive immunity 12. antibodies13. antigens14. placenta15. colostrums16. antigen presentation17. macrophages18. helper T-cells19. activation20. B-cells21. plasma cells22. memory cells23. cytotoxic T-cells24. monoclonal antibodie