不锈钢外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、钢材机械外文翻译

外文原文： Stainless Steel Petro-chemical industry with its own production of some of the features, such as its operating temperature range, low-temperature conditions up to -196 , temperatures can reach more than 500 ； operating pressure there is external pressure, vacuum, atmospheric pressure, medium pressure, high pressure, ultra-high pressure (more than 100MPa)； In addition, the operating environment in the medium complexity, such as the existence of corrosion, wear and tear, and flammable, explosive, toxic and other solid, gaseous, liquid and a variety of mixed media chloride, sulfide and other salt category. Therefore, the petrochemical industry in the use of stainless steel, the requirements of stainless steel has strong corrosion resistance, including anti-chloride, sulfide and other corrosive salts； resistant to high temperature and low temperature performance. Among them, the petrochemical plant at 500 600 , the equipment and pipe materials in general to choose a variety of austenitic stainless steel-based, such as 304H, 316,321, such as austenitic stainless steel has been widely used； and for oil exploration, the development of the field of stainless steel with anti-called carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide corrosion properties. At present, Chinas crude oil exploration, development is mainly used in 3Cr, 9Cr, 13Cr, super 13Cr and containing more than Cr22 stainless steel thick-walled, non-magnetic drill collar and drill pipe. At present, Chinas petrochemical industry in the stainless steel variety of choice, in general to 304 mainly, steel plate thickness of 6 to 22 millimeters, the main polymer used in the construction of storage tanks, heat exchanger shell. In addition, some pieces of the use of reactor tower 316L, TP347, etc., the thickness of 2 6 mm. Glacial acetic acid and liquid delivery vehicles (train tanker) General use of 304 and 306 plate. In addition, production of the device because of the existence of urea carbamate amine condensate, a highly corrosive, generally stripper, separation, and the use of 316L stainless steel condenser. On the stainless steel clad plate, such plate mainly used in oil refining equipment reaction tower, commonly used for 20R +0 Cr13AL, 16MnR +0 Cr13AL, 20R +0 Cr13 such. Due to the substrate, rehabilitation materials and production methods, equipment limitations, domestic composite steel plate thickness, length far from being able to fully meet the demands of the petrochemical industry. In addition, the domestic stainless steel plate splicing, heat treatment, testing and other means yet to be improved. As a result of a wide range of stainless steel, petrochemical industry, currently used for the type of austenitic stainless steel, of which 304 brands of stainless steel plate, tube forgings largest amount, 316,304 L, 316L of the plate, tube, forging a larger amount, ASTM standard TP321, TP347, TP316 brands of boiler tubes, heat exchanger is also gradually increasing dosage. In addition, a special two-way stainless steel as a result of corrosion resistance, Chiang Kai-shek in the petrochemical industry has been rapid promotion and use, of which two-way gradually increasing the amount of stainless steel tubes. At present, Chinas petrochemical industry in the use of stainless steel is about 70,000 tons, of which stainless steel plate (8 mm or more) the amount of approximately 10,000 tons, stainless steel composite plate is about 15,000 tons, stainless steel seamless steel tube is about 40,000 tons , stainless steel pipe is about 5000 tons. Domestic stainless steel in the petrochemical field of application of the reasons for not widespread At present, the domestic stainless steel in the petrochemical field of application is not extensive, mainly in the following reasons: First, do not support the issue of standards. Chinas petrochemical industry has been formed to meet the development needs of the standard system； at home and abroad for high-pressure, high-sulfur, carbon dioxide high three high natural gas production equipment, material smelting, manufacturing, testing, testing technology subsidiary norms and standards is still incomplete. Second, product problems. In this regard, mainly stainless steel plate, tube, forging, welding material is not matching. Third, the issue size. Domestic metallurgical industry needs of the petrochemical industry in the thick wide board, large-diameter, thick-walled steel pipe production capacity is very limited. Fourth, quality issues, product quality stainless steel tube instability. Fifth, research and development problems. New varieties of the domestic stainless steel R & D and production is still unable to meet the petrochemical industrys development needs. In addition, the stainless steel research, production and exchange of information between users of the existence of the problem poor. As a result of these factors, the need for stainless steel and petrochemical industries there are many varieties of domestic enterprises can not provide, such as four meters wide of the heavy plate production in China is not yet, there are many forms of stainless steel equipment is imported. In addition, domestic enterprises in product development with foreign enterprises is still lagging behind compared to, for example, some steel companies in Europe every year to launch a dozen new varieties of stainless steel, and Chinese enterprises in this respect, the work is not enough. The five major trends in the petrochemical proposed new requirements for stainless steel The future of Chinas petrochemical industry will move towards the top five trends in the development of stainless steel products and higher requirements. First of all, the future of Chinas oil and gas field exploration and development efforts will further increase. Such as carbon dioxide will be injected back underground ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and improve the oil recovery rate. At the same time, Chinas natural gas exploration and development efforts will be greater than the crude oil exploration and development, and to the high sulfur content, carbon dioxide area development (16% hydrogen sulfide content, carbon dioxide content of about 8%), and will further deepen the depth of wells, land Sham Tseng will exceed the 8000 meters. Second, the petrochemical plant will be large scale. Ethylene production of single device will exceed one million tons； refining single factory refining capacity more than 15 million tons； of purified terephthalic acid (PTA) production capacity of a single plant more than 800,000 tons； stainless steel tanks to the large-scale development. The third is run petrochemical plant will be a long-term development, and gradually overhaul the current cycle of the transition to 3 years. Fourth, the petrochemical production will diversify the source of materials development. With the improvement of the requirements of environmental protection and energy consumption structure, using natural gas as raw materials of chemical industry is developing rapidly. As a result of natural gas at minus 160 can be achieved under the conditions of liquefaction, so the need for stainless steel storage and transportation equipment. In addition, as Chinas LNG imports increase in coastal areas need to receive large-scale construction, working capital and storage facilities, can be expected in this regard will be very large stainless steel consumption. These petrochemical industry development trend of stainless steel products, specifications and varieties have put forward new demands. From anti-corrosion requirements, the petrochemical industry production device temperature, pressure, media are major changes have taken place, stainless steel used in a more harsh environment, anti-corrosion performance by a single change to the composite performance. In the processing performance, the requirements of stainless steel a higher intensity, better toughness, weldability and good processability. In geometry, the requirements of stainless steel products and high precision, width increased, large-diameter steel pipe, steel pipe wall thickness increased. In the standards, stainless steel production as soon as possible with international standards. In addition, the petrochemical industry as a result of each of wells, each set of conditions of service refining device there is a difference, related stainless steel production enterprises should be based on the actual situation in the provision of personalized services. In addition, with the increased usage of stainless steel, stainless steel used in economics is even more important. Therefore, the domestic iron and steel enterprises, especially the steel pipe industry should improve the technological content of products and value-added, high-end product market occupation. At present, many European steel is no longer the production of low value-added oil well pipes, and will focus entirely on high added-tube, the preparation for these high-end products occupied the Chinese market. ( Focus Recently, China Special Steel Enterprises stainless steel branch of Li Cheng, executive president of the stainless steel industry in talking about Chinas problems in the development pointed out that the stainless steel to replace imports from the side, although capacity has been able to achieve self-sufficiency, but in fact only part of to replace imports, it is necessary to fully or largely replaced by imports, but also depends on our variety and quality products can meet the various requirements. He also pointed out that the market of fake and shoddy products that seriously endangers the users of stainless steel, it is proposed to increase the relevant departments the crackdown. Said Li Cheng, Chinas stainless steel production capacity from the already self-sufficiency can be achieved, but only a partial substitute for imports. Common market of the four most common grades, namely, 316 and 304 Austenitic. Ferrite 409 and 430, including 304 in the world, accounting for 50 percent of consumption, the use of nearly a hundred years of history. But it is not a single species to the new production of the 304 as an example, in order to meet the varying demands of customers, they will have a brand dozens of varieties, the same as a result of the 304 different varieties in the market price per ton can also be a difference of several hundred dollars to a thousand dollars, we can see the value of a good product, there are markets. This value needs to be done can be. 430 the past two years has developed very rapidly, in fact, this is an in production is not easy to master the varieties, r value of the performance of stamping a crease resistance, it is difficult to achieve, and now the worlds more advanced r 1.2, At a time when there was virtually no punching fold, China and some production plants in both there are still some problems； 409 brands, it seems easier to see the production of components, but its forming, and welding of the automobile industry to meet the requirements of the development will not be easy. In recent years, the development of Chinas manufacturing of stainless steel materials for many new requirements, such as power generation, petrochemical, and automobile industries are faced with the new requirements of the material. Power generation systems need a lot of supercritical required stainless steel pipe, China is now still can not produce, the number of heat exchanger tubes we find it difficult to adapt, petrochemical development needs of some special stainless steel We are also in the trial. Automobile manufacturing, a number of special varieties of high-quality stainless steel requirements, we simply have not yet produced. To meet the needs of users and the use of the industry is necessary to combine joint research, innovation through research in order to solve the problem. In short, we can not just the manufacturing enterprises in the advanced hardware, we are in process technology, smelting technology and the development of both species have a larger gap, attracted the greatest attention to and constantly strive to improve. Chinas stainless steel market is facing a prominent issue is that the market is flooded with fake and shoddy products. In this regard, Li Cheng pointed out that in recent years because of soaring nickel prices do not appear in accordance with international and domestic standards of the low production of low nickel chromium high manganese so-called 200 series of steel, poor corrosion resistance, in which steel Based on the more serious occurred, the evolution of the market is now known as the double-free steel of inferior goods. The so-called double-free is no nickel, non-magnetic, this so-called double-free Steel does not have the non-rust and corrosion-resistant properties, which cause great harm to the user at the same time, for the jerry-built illegal producers and sellers the opportunity to bring huge profits, a very serious problem. Another is the emergence of stainless steel decorative tube size and thickness specifications for the production of non-serious shrink, does not have the necessary stiffness of stainless steel tubes, so all kinds of deception users, to the credibility of stainless steel brought the crisis. At present the country is building a number of major projects, such as the Beijing Olympics and Shanghai World Expo project works, if only to keep the prices down in the tender, it will naturally arise in a cheap fake and shoddy products. Therefore, he called on the community especially the construction of the developers, must be quality-oriented, to avoid all kinds of hidden dangers and accidents to avoid failure and lead to very serious consequences as a result of the material. We should be treated in good faith users of harm to reputation and the interests of consumers of stainless steel act. Suggested that the state departments intensify the crackdown. Development history: The invention of stainless steel is the worlds metallurgical history of a significant achievement. The early 20th century, khazrajiya (LBGuillet) in 1904 -1906 and Porter million (AMPortevin) in 1909-1911 in France； Giessen (W. Giesen) in the years 1907-1909, respectively, in the United Kingdom found Fe - Cr and Fe-Cr-Ni alloy resistance to corrosion.蒙纳尔茨 (P. Monnartz) in 1908-1911 in Germany put forward a theory of stainless steel and passivation of the many viewpoints. The inventor of stainless steel for industrial use are: Brearley (H. Brearly) 1912-1913 was developed in the United Kingdom with Cr12% -13% of the martensitic stainless steel； Dan Qi Zeng (C. Dantsizen) 1911-1914 in The United States has developed with Cr14% -16%, C0.07% -0.15% of ferritic stainless steel； Maurer (E. Maurer) and Strauss (B. Strauss) 1912-1914 was developed in Germany with C 1%, Cr15% -40%, Ni 20% of austenitic stainless steel. In 1929, Strauss (B. Strauss) made of low carbon 18-8 (Cr-18%, Ni-8%) stainless steel patent. In order to solve 18-8 steel sensitized state Intergranular corrosion, in 1931 Germanys Huo 译文 ： 不锈钢 石油化工行业生产具有自身的一些特点，例如其操作温度范围宽，低温条件时可达 -196 ，高温时可达 500 以上；操作压力有外压、真空、常压、中压、高压、超高压 (大于 100MPa)；此外，操作环境中介质复杂，如存在腐蚀性、磨损性、易燃、易爆、有毒等固态、气态、液态以及各种混合介质氯化物、硫化物和其他盐类。因此，石化行业在使用不锈钢时，要求不锈钢具有很强的耐腐蚀性能，包括抗氯化物 、硫化物和其他盐类腐蚀；要具有耐高温与耐低温性能。其中，石化装置处于 500 600 时，设备与管道材料一般以选用各种奥氏体不锈钢为主，如 304H、 316、 321 等奥氏体不锈钢已得到了广泛应用；而用于原油勘探、开发领域的不锈钢则要求具有抗二氧化碳、硫化氢腐蚀的特性。目前，我国在原油勘探、开发中常用的主要是 3Cr、 9Cr、13Cr、超级 13Cr 以及含 Cr22 以上的不锈钢厚壁无磁钻铤和钻杆。 目前，我国石化行业在不锈钢品种的选择上，一般以 304 为主，钢板厚度一般在 6 22 毫米，主要用于建造聚合物储罐、热交 换器外壳。另外，部分反应器塔内件使用 316L、 TP347 等，厚度在 2 6毫米。而输送冰醋酸的液体汽车 (火车罐车 )一般使用 304 和 306 钢板。此外，生产尿素的装置由于存在氨基甲酸胺冷凝液，有较强的腐蚀性，一般在汽提塔、分离器、冷凝器中使用 316L 不锈钢。就不锈钢复合板来说，该类钢板主要用于炼油设备反应塔，常用的为 20R +0Cr13AL、 16MnR +0Cr13AL、 20R+0Cr13 等。由于受基材、复材及生产方法、设备的限制，国产复合钢板的厚度、长度远不能完全满足石化行业的使用要求。此外，国内不锈钢板拼接、 热处理、检验手段等还有待提高。 由于不锈钢种类繁多，对石化行业而言，目前使用的多为奥氏体类不锈钢，其中 304 牌号的不锈钢板、管锻件用量最大， 316、 304L、316L 的板、管、锻件用量较大， ASTM 标准中 TP321、 TP347、 TP316牌号的锅炉管、换热器用量也在逐渐增大。此外，双向不锈钢由于具有特殊的耐腐蚀性能，在石化行业中正迅速得到推广与运用，其中双向不锈钢管用量逐渐增大。目前，中国石化行业不锈钢年使用量大约为 7 万吨，其中不锈钢中厚板 (8 毫米以上 )用量约为 1 万吨、不锈钢复合板约为 1.5 万吨、不 锈钢无缝钢管约为 4 万吨、不锈钢焊管约为5000 吨。 国产不锈钢在石化领域应用为何不广泛 目前，国产不锈钢在石化领域应用还不广泛，主要有以下原因：一是标准不配套的问题。我国尚未形成满足石油化工发展需要的标准体系；国内外对高压、高含硫、二氧化碳含量高的 三高 天然气生产设备、基材冶炼、产品制造、检验、附属试验等技术规范和标准尚不完备。二是产品配套问题。在这方面，主要是不锈钢板、管、锻件、焊接材料不配套。三是尺寸问题。国内冶金行业对石化行业需要的中厚宽板、大口径、厚壁钢管生产能力非常有限。四是质量 问题，不锈钢管产品质量不稳定。五是研发问题。国内不锈钢新品种的研发和生产尚无法满足石油化工工业的发展需要。此外，不锈钢的研究、生产部门和用户之间存在信息交流不畅问题。由于这些因素的限制，石化行业需要的不锈钢品种有很多国内企业不能提供，如宽达 4米的宽厚板我国尚不能生产，有许多不锈钢是以设备的形式进口的。另外，国内企业在产品开发方面与国外企业相比还有差距，例如欧洲的一些不锈钢企业每年都会推出有十几种新的不锈钢品种，而我国企业在这方面做的工作还很不够。 五大趋势对石化用不锈钢提出新要求 未来我国石 化工业将朝着五大趋势发展，并将对不锈钢产品提出更高的要求。首先，今后我国油气田勘探开发力度将进一步加大。如将采用二氧化碳回注地下的办法，减少二氧化碳排放和提高采油回收率。同时我国天然气勘探开发的力度将大于原油勘探开发，并将向高含硫、二氧化碳地区进行开发 (硫化氢含量达 16%，二氧化碳含量达8%左右 )，且打井深度将进一步加深，陆地最深井将突破 8000 米。其二，石化装置规模将实现大型化。乙烯生产单套装置将突破 100 万吨；炼油单工厂炼油能力超过 1500 万吨；精对苯二甲酸 (PTA)单厂生产能力超过 80 万吨；不锈钢储罐 向大型化发展。三是石化装置运行将向长期化发展，逐步将目前的检修周期过渡到 3年以上。四是石化生产所需物料的来源将向多元化发展。随着环保要求的提高及能源消费结构的调整，以天然气为原料的化工工业正在迅速发展。由于天然气在零下 160 条件下才能实现液化，因此其储运设备需要不锈钢。此外，随着我国进口 LNG 的增加，沿海地区需建设大型的接收、周转和储存设施，可以预料这方面的不锈钢消费也会非常大。 石化行业的这些发展趋势，对不锈钢产品的规格与品种都提出了新的要求。从防腐要求方面讲，石化工业生产装置的温度、压力、介质 均发生了较大的变化，不锈钢使用的环境更为苛刻，防腐由单一性能向复合性能转变。在加工性能方面，要求不锈钢强度更高、韧性更好、可焊性和加工性好。在几何尺寸方面，要求不锈钢产品精度高、板宽加大、钢管口径大、钢管壁厚增加。在标准方面，不锈钢生产应尽快与国际标准接轨。此外，由于石化行业每口井、每一套炼化装置服役条件有差别，相关不锈钢生产企业应根据实际情况提供个性化服务。此外，随着不锈钢使用量的加大，不锈钢使用的经济性更为重要。因此，国内钢铁企业，特别是钢管企业应尽快提高产品的技术含量与附加值，占领高端产品市场。目前欧 洲许多钢厂已经不再生产低附加值的油井管，而将重点完全放到高附加的管材上，准备用这些高端产品占领中国市场。（ 重点 近日，中国特钢企业不锈钢分会常务会长李成在谈到中国不锈钢行业发展中存在的问题时指出，不锈钢从取代进口方面看，虽然从产能上已经可以实现自给，但是实际上只能是部分取代进口，要全部或基本上取代进口，还要取决于我们产品的品种和质量能否符合社会的各种不同要求。他还指出，市场上假冒伪劣不锈钢产品严重危害用户，建议有关部门加大打击力度。 李成说，我国不锈钢从产能上已经可以实现自给，但只能是部分取代进口。市场上常见的最通用的 4个牌号，即奥氏体的 316和 304，铁素体的 409 和 430，其中 304 在世界上的消费占 50，使用了近一百年的历史。但它的品种并不是单一的，以日新生产的 304 为例，为了满足客户不同的要求，他们这一个牌号就有几十个品种，同样的304由于品种不同，在市场上的价格每吨也可以相差几百元到一千元，可见好的产品是有价值、有市场的。这个价值需要努力才能得到。 430这两年发展很快，实际上这是一个在生产中很不容易掌握的品种，冲压的性能 r值有一个抗皱性，很难达到，现在世界上比较先进的 r1 2，在冲压的时候基本上没有褶皱，中国有的生产厂两个方面都还存在一些问题； 409 牌号，看成分似乎比较容易生产，但是要使它的成型性、焊接性能够满足汽车工业发展的要求并不容易。 近年来，我国制造业的发展为不锈钢材料提出了许多新的要求，如发电、石化、汽车等行业都面临着对材料的新要求。发电系统需要的超临界要求的很多不锈钢管材，中国目前还不能生产，热交换器的一些管材我们也很难适应，石油化工发展需要的一些特殊的不锈钢我们也正在试制中。汽车制造方面，一些高质量特殊品种要求的不锈钢，我们根本还没有生产。要满足用户的 需求就要和各个使用行业结合起来共同研究，通过攻关创新才能解决问题。总之，我们的生产企业不能只是表现在硬件上的先进，我们在工艺技术、冶炼技术和品种开发等方面都还有较大的差距，要引起十分的重视并不断努力提高。 当前中国不锈钢市场面临的一个突出问题，就是假冒伪劣产品充斥市场。对此，李成指出，近年来由于镍价暴涨而出现的不按国际和国内标准生产的低镍低铬高锰的所谓的 “200”系列钢，抗腐蚀性能很差，在这种钢的基础上，又发生了更为严重的演变，就是现在市场上被称为 “双无钢 ”的伪劣产品。所谓双无就是无镍、无磁， 这种所谓的“双无 ”钢根本不具备不生锈和抗腐蚀的性能，它在给用户带来极大伤害的同时，为偷工减料的不法生产者和销售者带来牟取暴利的机会，问题十分严重。另外就是不锈钢装饰管中出现的尺寸和厚度不按规格生产，严重 “缩水 ”，已经不具备应有刚度的不锈钢管材，如此种种欺骗用户，给不锈钢的信誉带来了危机。 当前国家正在建设的许多重大工程，如北京奥运工程和上海世博会工程等，如果仅仅以压价招标，也自然会出现廉价的假冒伪劣产品问题。所以，他呼吁社会上特别是目前工程建设的开发商，一定要以质量为本，避免各种隐患和事故的发 生，避免由于材料不合格而后患无穷。我们应该以诚信对待用户，对损害不锈钢名誉和消费者利益的行为建议国家有关部门加大打击力度。 发展史： 不锈钢的发明是世界冶金史上的一项重大成就。 20 世纪初，吉耶（ L.B.Guillet）于 1904 年 1906 年和波特万（ A.M.Portevin）于19091911 年在法国；吉森（ W.Giesen）于 19071909 年在英国分别发现了 FeCr 和 FeCr-Ni 合金的耐腐蚀性能。蒙纳尔茨（ P.Monnartz）于 1908-1911 年在德国提出了不锈性和钝化理论的 许多观点。 工业用不锈钢的发明者有：布里尔利（ H.Brearly） 19121913 年在英国开发了含 Cr12%13%的马氏体不锈钢；丹齐曾（ C.Dantsizen）19111914 年在美国开发了含 Cr14%16%， C0.07%0.15%的铁素体不锈钢；毛雷尔（ E.Maurer）和施特劳斯（ B.Strauss） 19121914年在德国开发了含 C1%， Cr15%40%， Ni20%的奥氏体不锈钢。1929 年，施特劳斯（ B.Strauss）取得了低碳 18-8（ Cr-18%， Ni-8%）不锈钢的专利 权。 为了