part2第8讲定语从句(要点透析).ppt

一、定义及相关术语1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的那个名词或代词称为先行词。3.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that,as等；关系副词：where,when,why等。关系词常有三个作用：引导定语从句；代替先行词；在定语从句中充当一定成分。,HarryPotteristhemostinterestingnovelthatIhaveread.(thatIhaveread是定语从句；novel是先行词；that是关系代词，代替先行词novel，在从句中作haveread的宾语。),4.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开，是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确，翻译成先行词的定语，“的”。非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，通常翻译成主句的并列句。关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。,Hisbrotherwhoisnowalawyeralwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.他那个现在是律师的哥哥总是鼓励他上大学。(他还有其他的哥哥)Hisbrother,whoisnowalawyer,alwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.他的哥哥，现在是律师，总是鼓励他上大学。(他只有一个哥哥),二、关系代词的使用1.关系代词若在限制性定语从句中作宾语并且前面无介词时，关系代词可省略，其他情况不可省。Sheisthewoman(whom/that/who)Iwantedtoseeyesterday.(whom/that/who指人，在限制性定语从句中作wantedtosee的宾语，可以省略)Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.(which/that指物，在限制性定语从句中作arecarrying的宾语，可以省略),ObamawontheNobelPrizeforPeaceintheyear2009,whichwehadntexpected.(which指前面主句内容，在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，但不能省略)Yourparentsaretheonestowhomyoucanturnwhenyouareintrouble.(whom前有介词to，虽然作宾语，但不能省略),2.定语从句中的主谓一致1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。I,whoamyourclosefriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouwheneveryouareintrouble.2)oneof复数名词关系代词复数动词；而theonlyoneof复数名词关系代词单数动词,3)非限制性定语从句中，由关系代词as或which代替整个主句时，从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。Hehaspassedtheexam,whichmakesussurprised.GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina,asisknowntoall.4)关系代词和谓语动词之间有插入语时，谓语动词单复数要看关系代词的指代。ToownaTVsetineachfamily,whichwethinkwasimpossible30yearsago,nowhasbecometrue.,【疑难点击】1指物时，定语从句中的关系代词只能用that的情况：1)当先行词为everything,anything,nothing,theone,none,all,much,few,any,little等不定代词时，只用that。Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.2)当先行词被theonly,thevery,all,much,few,any,little,no修饰时，只用that。ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.3)当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或者先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.,【疑难点击】4)先行词既有人又有物时，只用that。Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?5)当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时，为避免重复要用that。Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?6)有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that。Theyhavesetupacompany,whichdealswiththethingsthatarerelatedtoenvironmentprotection.,7)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时，只用that。Hangzhouisnomorethecitythatitusedtobe.2.关系代词as和whichas和which均可作关系代词用。它们既能引导限制性定语从句，又能引导非限制性定语从句。(1)在限制性定语从句中：as作为关系代词引导限制性定语从句时，主要出现在下列几种习惯性搭配中，这时均不得用which取代as。thesameas意为“和相同的”Ihaveboughtthesamebicycleasyouhave.我买了一辆和你的一样的自行车。,suchas与suchas意为“像这(那)样的”ThedictionaryisnotsuchasIexpect.这一本并不是我所期望得到的词典。Ineverheardsuchstoriesashetold.我从未听过他讲的那样的故事。asmany/muchas意为“和一样多”Hereisplentyofhotwater.Youmayuseasmuchasyouneed.这儿有很多热水，你尽管用好了。,asas意为“和一样的”Thereisneverasbraveamanashe.从来没有像他那样勇敢的人。which作为关系代词引导限制性定语从句时，一般不可简单地用as来取代它。Weseethehousetheroofofwhichisred.我们能看到那所红顶的房子。,(2)在非限制性定语从句中：as和which都可以用来指代整个主句，在从句中充当主语、宾语和表语；两词通常可以互换。但要注意：which一般用于书面用语，而as通常用于口语体。Thetwobrothersweresatisfiedwiththedecision,as/whichwasagreedbeforehand.兄弟俩人对该决定很满意，这项决定是事先就商定好了。Jimfoundthefarmhouse,as/whichhehadhopedhewould.正如他事先所希望的那样，吉姆找到了那间农舍。,Iwasseasick,as/whichsomeoftheotherpassengersonboardwere.我有些晕船，船上其他一些乘客亦是如此。【注意】which也可作介词的宾语引导非限制性定语从句，as则不能。Helivesinthehouse,thewindowsofwhichfacetothesouth.他住在那所房子里，房子的窗户是朝南的。,非限制性定语从句在意义上与主句近乎并列关系的，一般用which；非限制性定语从句与主句相比较，表达说话人的看法或指出其内容的出处或根据，或者与上下文相联系的，一般用as。Mybrotherwasadmittedintoauniversity,whichdelightedusall.我哥哥被一所大学录取了，这件事使我们大家很高兴。Itrainedheavily,aswedidntexpect.下这么大的雨，这是我们没料到的。,as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句之前、之后或插入主句之中，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。Asisknowntousall,theearthturnsaroundthesun.Theearth,asisknowntousall,turnsaroundthesun.Theearthturnsaroundthesun,asisknowntousall.正如我们所知道的那样，地球绕着太阳转。IlikeEnglishverymuch,whichisabridgetomuchknowledge.我非常喜欢英语，它是通向许多知识的一座桥梁。,非限制性定语从句中的谓语是实义动词时，只能用which作从句的主语；谓语是say,imagine,expect,know,show,point,announce,suppose等动词的被动形式时，只能用as作从句的主语，且多位于句首；谓语是beadj.时，既可用as也可用which作从句的主语。Igavemysonatoyforhisbirthday,whichpleasedhimalot.,我给我儿子买了个玩具作为他的生日礼物，这使得他很高兴。Asiswellknown,lighttravelsfasterthansound.众所周知，光比声音传播快。Wejumpedforjoyatthenews,as/whichwasnatural.很自然，我们听到了这个消息就高兴得跳了起来。,当非限制性定语从句的谓语是复合结构，连接词在从句中作宾语时，只能用which引导定语从句。TheRoyalfleetwasdefeatedbytheJapanese,whichmostpeoplethoughtunbelievable.皇家海军舰队被日本人打败了，大多数人认为是令人难以置信的。,3“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which，不能用that。1)某些带有介词的动词短语，介词可以提至关系代词之前，但是在一些固定搭配的短语动词中，由于动词和介词不可以分割，因此不能将介词置于关系代词之前，如takecareof,lookfor,lookafter,carefor等。Thisisthebook(which/that)Iamlookingfor.,2)“介词关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词，有时数词或代词也可以放在“介词关系代词”之后。Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.Helovedhisparentsdeeply,ofwhombothareverykindtohim.,3)介词which/whomtodo结构可以改为：介词which/whom定语从句。Idonthaveenoughmoneywithwhichtobuysuchanexpensivedress.IdonthaveenoughmoneywithwhichIcanbuysuchanexpensivedress.,4)在非限制性定语从句中，which可作定语，指先行词(短语或句子)所表示的信息，形成“介词which名词”结构，相当于andin/at/duringthis/that名词。Hewasveryill,inwhichcase(andinthiscase)wesenthimtohospitalfirst.Shelosthertemper,atwhichpoint(andatthispoint)Idecidedtogobackhome.Mikewasastudentattheuniversityfrom1998to2004,duringwhichtime(andduringthattime)hestudiedveryhardandwasmadechairmanoftheStudentsUnion.,三、关系副词的使用1.以theway为先行词的定语从句通常由inwhich或that引导，而且通常可以省略。Theway(inwhich/that)heansweredthequestionwassurprising.(inwhich/that在从句中充当状语)【注意】Theway(which/that)heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.(which/that在从句中充当宾语。),2.有时为了表达更清楚，可以在关系副词where/when前加上介词to,from等。Chinaisthebirthplaceofkites,fromwherekitesspreadtoJapan,Korea,ThailandandIndia.,【疑难点击】一些特殊的先行词如：situation,point,case,activity，scene及period,festival,occasion等要注意具体情况具体分析，作主语、宾语和表语时用that/which，作状语时用where/when或介词which。四、关系代/副词的选择技巧1.用还原法：将先行词放入定语从句中，找到它的原有位置，判断它作什么成分以及判断先行词指人还是指物。,【疑难点击】2.一般说来，作主语、宾语或表语时，用关系代词；作状语时，用关系副词或介词which；作定语时，用whose。Thereisonepointthatwemustinsiston.(定语从句可还原为：wemustinsistonthepoint，所以先行词point在定语从句中作宾语，故用that/which或省略。)Werejusttryingtoreachapointwherebothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.(定语从句可还原为：atthepointbothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk,故先行词point在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词用where/atwhich。),四、定语从句和其他句型之间的关系1.区别suchas/(soas)引导的定语从句和such/sothat引导的结果状语从句判断用that还是as,只要看到底是结果状语从句还是定语从句，即看从句的结构是否完整。如果从句缺了主语或宾语就是定语从句；如果从句的结构完整，就是结果状语从句。,Heissuchagoodboythateveryonelikeshim.(不缺句子成分，that引导结果状语从句)Heissuchagoodboyaseveryonelikes.(likes缺宾语，用as充当并引导定语从句)Thegreatwhitesharkissofierceafishaseatsmostoftheothers.(as充当eats的主语，并引导定语从句),2.区别非限制性定语从句与并列句Hesaidnothingthatmademeangry.(限制性定语从句，that是关系代词)Hesaidnothing,whichmademeangry.(非限制性定语从句)Hesaidnothing,andthatmademeangry.(并列句，that是指示代词),3.定语从句与非谓语动词相结合Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketoseecarriedoutnextyear.(thattheywouldliketoseecarriedoutnextyear是定语从句，that指代theplan，作see的宾语，用了seesth.done结构。),4.定语从句与名词性从句Asisknowntoall,themoontravelsaroundtheearth.(as引导非限制性定语从句)Itisknowntoallthatthemoontravelsaroundtheearth.(it作形式主语，that引导主语从句)Whatisknowntoallisthatthemoontravelsaroundtheearth.(what引导主语从句，that引导表语从句)Thatthemoontravelsaroundtheearthisknowntoall.(that引导主语从句),5.定语从句与地点状语从句Whenyoureadthebook,youdbettermakeamarkintheplacewhereyouhaveanyquestions.(定语从句修饰place)Whenyoureadthebook,youdbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveanyquestions.(地点状语从句)Pleaseputthebookintheplacewhereyougotit.(定语从句修饰place)Pleaseputthebookwhereyougotit.(地点状语从句),6.定语从句与强调句、状语从句Itwasthissmallvillage(that/which)wegottoknoweachother.(定语从句)Itwasinthissmallvillagethatwegottoknoweachother.(强调句)Itwas1914whenthewarbrokeout.(