天津电大责任教师夏方毅.ppt

1,English in Current Affairs 高级时事英语,天津电大责任教师：夏方毅,2,Unit 7 Equality Session Two P369 Text,3,1 A SYSTEM (to regulate income inequality) should be mapped out in time to prevent income gaps from broadening.,Income Inequality Must Be Eased,2 The lopsided individual income pattern in China has tended to worsen since the country initiated economic reform and the open-door policy 17 years ago.,我们应该及时制定一种制度来规范收入不平等的状况，以防止收入差距的加大。,自从17年前中国实行了经济改革和对外开放政策以来，个人收入不平等的状况就日趋严重。,必须缓解收入不平等,regulate: vt. To control or direct according to rule, principle, or law 管理,管制 lopsided adj. Leaning to one side倾向一方的；不平衡的,4,ease vt. To moderate (a quality or condition) in force or intensity, alleviate 在力量或强度上减轻（一种性质或条件), 缓和 eg. ease sb. of his troubles 消除某人的烦恼 2. To lessen the discomfort or pain of 减轻不适或痛楚 eg. The aspirin eased his headache. 阿斯匹灵减轻了他的头痛。 3. To slacken the strain, pressure, or tension of; loosen减少紧张、压力或强度；使安心,使舒适;松开 eg. 1) ease off a cable 松开缆绳 2) I eased her mind by telling her that the children were safe. 我告诉她孩子们平安无恙,让她安心。 vi.减轻;缓和;放松(+off) eg. The relationship between these two countries has eased. 两国之间的关系有所缓和。 ill at ease 局促不安;不自在 eg. I always feel ill at ease in a strange environment. 我在陌生环境总觉不自在。,5,map out vt. plan, arrange (详细的)制定，筹划, 安排 eg.1) We should map out an overall plan. 我们应当制定全面规划. 2) She mapped out her time very well. 她把时间安排得很好。,initiate vt. To set going by taking the first step; begin 开始 eg. initiate a new course of studies 开设一门新课程 initiative n. 首创精神，进取心; 率先，开端 took the initiative in trying to solve the problem 开始着手试图解决这个问题,6,3 Although official statistics has not yet been made available to indicate how large income gaps have become, the people in the street have tested enough of this inequality in their daily life.,尽管官方的统计数字还无法确定收入差距有多大，但普通百姓已感受到了他们在日常生活中的差距。,4 While a couple of restaurant owners in Shanghai have revealed that their monthly income has reached 100,000 yuan ($11,900), 630,000 residents in Hunan Province are struggling for a bare subsistence wage of 132 yuan ($16) a month, according to the weekly magazine Outlook.,根据瞭望周刊所载，上海的一些餐馆老板承认，当他们的月收入已经达到10万元（11900美元）时，湖南的631 000名居民还在为每月132元（16美元）仅能勉强糊口的工资而 奔波努力。,subsistence wage n. 维持最低生活水平的工资,7,bare adj. Just sufficient; mere 刚刚充足的；仅有的 eg. 1) the bare necessities 最低必需品 2) A bare word would be enough. 只要一句话就够了。 3) All they had were the bare necessities of life. 他们所有的仅仅是生活必需品而已。 barely adv. 仅仅, 刚刚, 几乎不能,8,Gone are the days when people who had 10,000 yuan ($1,190) were dubbed upstarts. Nowadays, a person who has 100,000 yuan ($11,900) is barely considered rich.,有1万元（1900美元）的收入就被冠为暴发户的时代已经一去不复返了。当今，一个人有10万元（11900美元） 才被认为是小富。,At the same time, around 10 million people across the country are living such a scanty life that they cant afford enough vegetables and fruit.,同时，在全国大约有1千万人正过着贫困生活，他们没钱购买蔬菜和水果。,9,dub vt. 1. To honor with a new title or description; nickname授予新称号，把称为;起绰号 eg. 1) The king dubbed him a knight. 国王封他为爵士。 2) They dubbed him a traitor. 他们叫他卖国贼。 2. To insert a new soundtrack, often a synchronized translation of the original dialogue, into (a film)配音：在（电影）中插入一条新声道，一般是原对话的同步翻译 eg.1) a Swedish film dubbed into English 译成英语的瑞典影片 2) dub foreign films 为外国影片配音,upstart n. A person of humble origin who attains sudden wealth, power, or importance新贵，暴发户：一个出身低贱的人突然获得财富，权力或重要的位置,10,scanty a. 1. Barely sufficient or adequate不足的：缺乏的或不足的 eg. Crops are very scanty this year. 今年庄稼歉收。 2. Barely large enough 刚刚够大的 eg. a scanty binini 刚刚够大的比基尼泳装,11,Although the disparity is inevitable when the country is in the stage of transition from the planned economy to a market- oriented economy, it does not mean that such unequal distribution of wealth is acceptable or fair.,当国家从计划经济向市场经济转化时，这种不平等是无法避免的。但是，这并不是说，财富的分配不均可以接受或者是公平的。,8 If the income gap keeps widening and finally develops to a polarisation, it will lead to deep resentment among the poor. A growing fear in the public is that chronic disaffection will trigger social disruption.,如果这种收入差距不断加大，并最终发展成为两极分化，它将导致穷人产生极度不满情绪。令人越来越担心的是这 种长期不满情绪会造成社会分裂。,disparity n. inequality不平等 disaffection n. dissatisfaction 不满 disruption n. separating 分裂,12,resentment n. Indignation or ill will felt as a result of a real or imagined grievance 愤恨 eg. He felt resentment at the intrusion. 他因受到干扰而十分恼火。 resentful adj. eg. He was resentful at the way he had been treated. 他对所受的待遇感到忿恨。,chronic adj. 1. Of long duration; continuing长期的;持续的;慢性的 eg. chronic money problems 长期的金钱困扰 a chronic alcoholic 长期酗酒的酒徒 chronic unemployment 长期失业 a chronic disease 慢性病 2. Subject to a habit or pattern of behavior for a long time 惯常的 eg. a chronic liar一贯说谎的人 He is a chronic complainer. 他这个人老是抱怨。,13,trigger vt. To set off; initiate,cause 触发,引起 eg. 1) His action has triggered off a crisis. 他的行动已经引起一场危机。 2) A spark triggered the explosion. 一粒火星引起了这场爆炸。 trigger-happy adj. 乱开枪的, 好战的,14,研究表明，通常低收入的人没有工作积极性，对生活感到厌倦。另一方面， 一些人是靠非法手段谋取暴利而致富，这样会影响市场上的公平竞争。他们自我放纵的生活方式对社会价值观造成负面影响。为了缩小这种收入土的差距，西方国家采取的通常做法是，严格征收规定的个人收入所得税。,Research has shown that low-income people usually have no working initiative and feel sick about life. On the other hand, the rich who rise to fortune through illegal profiteering will frustrate fair competition in the marketplace. And their self- indulgent life style has a negative effect on social values. To narrow the income gap, the most common practice (exercised in western countries) is to levy strictly regulated personal income tax.,15,profiteer v. To make large profits esp. by taking advantage of times of difficulty or scarity, eg, in war 牟取暴利 eg. They profiteered enormously during the war. 他们在战争时期大发不义之财。 n. 奸商,frustrate vt. 1. To prevent from accomplishing a purpose or fulfilling a desire; thwart 阻碍,挫败 eg. They made their preparations to frustrate the conspiracy. 他们作好准备挫败这个阴谋。 2. To cause feelings of discouragement or bafflement in 使灰心丧气 eg. He was frustrated by repeated failures. 他因一再失败而灰心丧气。,16,indulgent a. Yielding to the desires and whims of, especially to an excessive degree; lenient 纵容的;放纵的;溺爱的;迁就的 eg. She is indulgent to her grandchildren. 她溺爱孙儿女。 2. Tolerant, good-tempered宽容的;宽大的(+of/towards) eg. 1) He is indulgent towards his pupils. 他对学生很宽容。 2) Mr. Green is indulgent of others shortcomings. 格林先生对他人的缺点总是宽大为怀。 indulge v.纵容，放纵 indulgence n.放任,17,10 Unfortunately, this practice doesnt function well in China due to the fledgling financial and banking systems of the country, even though it has been pursued for about ten years, the weekly said.,据周刊所载，不幸的是，由于中国的财政和金融系统尚不 健全，尽管这种做法已经实行了10年，对于缩小差距的作 用仍然不大。,11 For instance, cash has been playing a major role in trade; therefore, it is difficult for the government to check out exact individual income levels.,例如，由于交易主要使用现金，所以政府很难查清个人的确切收入水平。,fledgling adj. New and inexperienced年轻的或无经验的 pursue vt. Go on with 继续做,18,另一种被普遍尝试的做法是，采用健全的社会福利机制，改善穷人的生活水平，这些措施一般包括住房、养 老金、医疗、教育及救济资金等方面。,12 The other practice that has also been universally tried is to raise the standards of the poor by operating a sound social welfare mechanism which usually covers lodging, pension, medical care, education and relief funds.,13 China has a similar but not so sound a system, which did indeed contribute much to increasing the real income of most Chinese in the pre-reform era.,中国有一套类似的但并不十分健全的体制，这套体制在改革前为提高多数中国人的实际收入做出了很大贡献。,19,sound adj. 1. Healthy; in good condition 健康的;健全的 eg. She is sound in body and mind. 她身心健康。 2. 完好的;坚固的 eg. I bought this sound house for a song. 我以低价买了这所完好无损的房子。 3. Based on valid reasoning合理的,明智的 eg. 1) I acted on her sound advice. 我按她的忠告去做了。 2) He has a sound knowledge of science. 他有良好的科学知识。 4. Thorough; complete 彻底的;不折不扣的 eg. His father gave him a sound beating for making trouble. 他父亲因他捣蛋而狠狠打了他一顿。 adv. 十分地,充分地;酣畅地 eg. He was still sound asleep when I went in. 我走进去时他还在酣睡。,20,14 However, efforts seem to be inadequate in coming to the low income peoples rescue, especially in a period when reforms have resulted in some people losing their jobs.,就低收入者的救济而言，这些努力似乎还不够，尤其是在改革使一些人失去了工作的这一段时期。,15 In fact, a few cities in the country have started to hand out a sort of relief allowance to people who can barely maintain their subsistence.,16 The practice, a supplement to the social security system, is designed mainly to cover two groups of people in the society.,事实上，中国的几座城市已经着手向那些几乎不能维持生活的人发放救济补贴。,这种做法是对社会安全措施的一种补充，它主要是对社会上的两类人提供服务。,21,17 The traditional group includes the disabled and retired without pensions. The second group consists of people displaced from enterprises (running in the red or going bankrupt).,前一类包括没有养老金的残疾人和退休人员。另一类包括从那些亏损或接近破产的企业下岗的人员。,displace vt. 1.To discharge from an office or position撤换，把免职 2. To take the place of 替代 eg. Television is displacing the movies. 电视逐渐取代了电影。 in the red 亏损 eg. Im $100 in the red this month. 我这个月负债一百元。,22,18 According to Doji Cering, Minister of Civil Affairs, both the institution of the relief allowance in some cities and minimum wages in some enterprises have proved successful in maintaining social stability and social justice. The government organs concerned are considering carrying out these measures nationwide. However, the key point of this issue is the central government is not able to serve as the sole source of the relief allowance. More channels are expected to be explored to raise more funds.,据民政部部长多吉才让介绍，一些城市实行的发放救济金的制度和一些企业实行的最低工资保障制度已成功地维持了社会稳定与社会公正。有关的政府机构正在考虑在全国范围内推行这些措施。然而，问题的关键是，中央政府无法成为发放救济补贴的惟一来源。人们期望政府开辟更多的渠 道来筹集这些资金。,23,19 In this regard, Shenyang, the capital city of Liaoning Province and also a pilot city of that system, is a good example.,在这方面，辽宁省省会沈阳市，作为率先推行这一制度的城市，为其他城市树立了一个好的榜样.,20 The relief allowance in Shenyang comes from diverse channels. Enterprises, assorted party and government organisations and government factories at all levels there are the three main sources for the relief allowance, a fund created at the city level.,沈阳市发放的救济金来源于多种渠道。企业、各级党政机关及政府管辖的工厂成为这种救济金的三种主要来源。 这是一种市级救济基金。,24,pilot adj. Serving as a tentative model for future experiment or development试验性的 eg. 1) a pilot project 试点项目 2) This year we are trying a pilot scheme. 今年我们正在尝试一项小规模实验性计划。,in line with in agreement with 与一致，与符合 eg. 1)His ideas arent in line with mine.他的想法与我的不同。 2) Your plan is in line with my ideas. 你的计划符合我的想法。,25,21 The funds raised in the financial sector are handled by the local bank. The individual government functionaries are expected to donate money through the so-called Warm Project.,金融领域筹集的资金由当地银行管理，政府公务员个人可以通过 “温暖工程” 捐款。,