《个基本句型》PPT课件.ppt

英语是什么,一、英汉定义句子的的差别,汉语：一个汉语的句子，不管是一句还是多句只要表达一个完整的意思就算一个完整的句子，后面打句号。,英语：一个英语的句子，不管它是长是短，只要结构完整（即一个完整的主谓结构），就算一个独立的句子，后面画句号。,一个老汉有个女儿，在一中上学，已打电话去了，下午就回来，赶紧上街买点肉，吃顿好的。,An old man has a daughter. She studies at the No.1middle school. The daughter has phoned the old man. She will come back this afternoon. The man hurries to buy some meat and let her have a rich meal.,从定义上，我们可以总结英汉句子的主要特征： 汉语：汉语多流水句，即一个句号里面可以有多个谓语。 英语:一个英语的句子里面只能有一个主谓结构。,主谓结构是英语民族最主要的心理特征，即“谓语中心论”。 同学们请你说出一个谓语能反映哪些信息？,英语句子结构的特征：,1、主谓结构是英语句子的关键，谓语是一个句子的灵魂,2、宾语，补语是英语的连带成分,3、定语，状语是英语句子的修饰成分,从定义上看，汉语语言的实质是意合；而英语语言的实质是形合，是一种结构语言。,我们又可以形象地说： 汉语的句子 是竹子，是中空的，多流水句，意尽为界。 英语的句子 是封闭式的，是中规中矩的。,为什么我们说英语的句子是中规中矩的？,因为任何一个英语的句子都能归位于五个基本句型之中。,实词 名词n. 代词pron. 数词 num. 动词v. 形容词adj . 副词adv. 虚词 冠词art. 介词prep. 连词conj. 感叹词interj.,简单句的五种基本句型 I何为简单句？ 1)如果句子只包含一个主谓结构，而且它的各个成分又都是由单词或短语担任，这样的句子就称为简单句。 Eg.Nobody knows./They decided to hold a class meeting./The English teacher often calls on me to read the text in class. 2)有时两个或更多的主语共有一个谓语，也叫简单句：Li Ming and I are classmates. 3)有时两个或更多的谓语共有一个主语，也叫简单句：He works well,studies hard,and has progressive ideas.,4)有时甚至有两个或两个以上谓语，这样的句子仍然是简单句： Li Ming and I often work together,study together and help each other. II简单句的五种基本句型: 1)主语+谓语 （S+ Vi） Eg.Birds fly. / Time flies. 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词 汉译英：学生们学习很努力。/事故是昨天晚上发生的。,Answers:The students work very hard . The accident happened yesterday evening.,2)主语+连系动词+表语（S+V+P) Eg.We are Chinese. / The hall looks clean. 这种句型中的系动词一般可分为下列两类： (1)表示状态的连系动词：be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, keep, remain, 等等。如： 这种食物吃起来很糟糕/这幅画看更漂亮一些。,Answers:This kind of food tastes terrible./ The picture looks more beautiful.,(2)表示变话或结果的系动词。这些词有：become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove,等等。 如：春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。不要吃那种食物，已经变质了。事实证明是正确的。,Answers:Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer. Dont have the food. It has gone bad.,3)主语+ 谓语+宾语(S+Vt+O) Eg.We want a table cloth. My sister is learning how to play the piano. 4)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语（S+Vt+Ino+DO) Eg.My mother bought me a pen. He wrote her a letter. 5)主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语(S+Vt+O+C) Eg.We elected him monitor. We found the room clean. My parents asked me to study hard.,3)主语+ 谓语+宾语(S+V+O) Eg.We want a table cloth. My sister is learning how to play the piano. 注意：这种句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语。汉译英：我想要帮助你。/我们这里的农民种很多种蔬菜。,Answers: I want to help you. /Farmers in our area grow lots of vegetables.,4)主语+谓语+间接宾语(人）+直接宾语（物） Eg.My mother bought me a pen./He wrote her a letter. 汉译英：昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。/老人正在给孩子们讲长征中的故事。,Answers:Yesterday her father bought her a bicycle as a birthday present. /The old man is telling the children stories in the Long March.,注意：这种句型还可转换为其他两种句型： 1)动词 宾语 for sb. 2)动词 宾语to sb.如： *Please show me your picture. Please show your picture to me. *Ill offer you a good chance as long as you dont lose heart. Ill offer a good chance to you as long as you dont lose heart.,5)主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语(S+V+O+C) Eg. We elected him monitor. We found the room clean. My parents asked me to study hard.,注意：这种句型中的“宾语 补语”可统称为“复合宾语”。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等 have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, observe, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。 I heard her play the pianio. 汉译英：请让孩子们安静下来。/ 他把墙漆成白色。/我们发现他是一个诚实的人。/他母亲告诉他不要在街上玩。/老板让他整天做那项工作。,Answers:Keep the children quiet, please./ He painted the wall white. We found him an honest person. His mother told him not to play on the street.,问题1：双宾和宾补如何区别： He gave me a dictionary. We made him our spokesman. I see him doing his homework.,补语是用来补充说明前面的名词的，两者之间有汉语意义上的主谓关系，而英语结构上的非主谓关系。,问题2：什么是主系表？,系动词有：be, become, get ,go； look, smell, feel, sound ：keep,stay.,问题3：及物与不及物动词的区分 The sun rises. The sun sets. He works in the factory. He lives in Beijing . They stayed in the hotel. Great changes have taken place in our school. 不及物动词不接宾语，没有被动语态。 及物动词必须有宾语，并且有一些及物动词必须带出两个宾语（如：give, tell, send, lend, borrow, buy, teach, show 等）,2.句子成分（members of the sentence): 在句子中起着不同语法作用的部分，叫作句子成分。在英语中句子成分有 种。,九,1.主语(subject) 表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”，是谓语的陈述对象；通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等担任。 The sun rises in the east.,1.名词Our school is not far from my house 2. 代词: We like our school very much. 3. 数词: Two plus two is four. Two-thirds of the workers are women 4. 动名词: Seeing is believing. 从字典里查所有的生词花费了他许多时间。 Looking up all the new words in thedictionary took him a lot of time. 5. 动词不定式: To see is to believe. To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work. 6. 从句: What I mean is to work hard. Whether well go depends on the weather.,1、 Surf the Internet is dangerous. 2、Play football is my hobby.,Surfing the Internet is dangerous,Playing football is my hobby.,注意:动名词,动词不定式或that 从句做主语时,常用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语放在句尾. Eg.It is difficult to understand what they are talking about. Its no use talking to him. Its true that his brother is ill.,2.谓语（ predicate verb ）说明主语的动作或状态，一般放在主语之后；由动词或动词短语充当。 We study English. I have been looking forward to my brothers letter.,不及物动词不接宾语，没有被动语态。 及物动词必须有宾语，并且有一些及物动词必须 带出两个宾语 （如：give, tell, send, lend, borrow, buy, teach, show，offer 等）,Great changes have taken place in our school.,我们学校发生了很大的变化。,3.表语（predicative）说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份与连系动词一起构成复合谓语，通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等担当。 We are Chinese.,.,（1）名词/代词He is a boy./This is mine.,3) 副词 Class is over. / Is xiaoli in?,4)介词短语 He is in good health.,5）分词 He is excited. The film is interesting。,2) 形容词 She is beautiful.,7）从句 The lesson is that friends are teachers.,6)不定式 His wish is to become a teacher.,4.宾语(object)表示及物动词或及物动词短语的对象或内容，用于介词后构成介词短语；通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等 担任。 Eg.Do you like playing basketball? She is learning to play the piano. I wonder if youd like to visit the factory with us.,*直接宾语和双宾语 直接宾语（direct object），表示动作的承受者；间接宾语（ indirect speech），表示动作对谁或为谁做。 常见的能够带两个宾语（双宾语）的动词有：give, tell, send, lend, borrow, buy, teach, show，offer 等） Eg.He gave me some English books.=He gave some English books to me. Please show me your business card. My teacher tells me a story.,5宾语补足语 有些及物动词除了要求一个宾语外，还要加上一个宾语补足语，句子的意思才完整。“宾语 补语”可统称为“复合宾语”。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等 Eg.1）They asked the teacher to explain the difficult sentences again. 2）We found him working at the machine. 3）They elected Li Ming their monitor. 4）We found the book very interesting. 5）The next morning I found him at his machine again.,*双宾语和宾语补足语的区别 Eg.He gave me a dictionary. We made him our spokesman. I see him doing his homework. 补语是用来补充说明前面的名词的，两者之间有汉语意义上的主谓关系，而英语结构上的非主谓关系。,6.定语（attributive 或 attribute）修饰或限定名词或代词用的；通常由形容词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或从句等担当。 1。This is a difficult problem. 2.There are a lot of banana trees on the island.,3.数词Three thousand people watched the game. 4.-ing形式作定语 There is a swimming pool near our school. The man talking with the school master is our new history teacher. 5.-ed分词作定语 frozen food 冷冻食品 fallen leaves 落叶 6.不定式 Do you have anything to say on this question? 7.从句 He took an airplane to a country which was far away from his home for adventure He managed to swim to a deserted island, where there were no human,7.状语（adverbial）修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子用的；通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词或从句等担任。 He runs fast.,7.状语（adverbial）用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句（记住）的句子成分叫状语；状语通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词或从句等担任。（记住）状语通常分为时间，地点，方式，程度，原因，目的，结果，条件，让步状语等。 （记住）背会以下所有状语例句： Eg.He laughs best (adv.)who laughs last(adv.). He did everything he could to save money. I got to her home only to be told she had been out. * 不定式常常放在easy,hard,difficult, impossible等形容词后面，不用被动语态。 Eg.The book is difficult to read. The task is hard to finish.,Having climbed the mountain for an hour,we were exhausted. Not knowing what to do,he asked his teacher. They all rushed over,eager to help us. Ill go to see him whenever I am free. 注意：英语句子中的时间状语通常放在句末或句首，有时也可放在句中；地点状语通常放在句末有时也可放在句首或句中。,9 .插入语（parenthesis）对一句话作一些附加的解释；通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词或从句等担任。 To be honest,I dont quite agree with you