小升初知识结构.doc

北京巨人学校家教中心英语教研组小升初笔试部分知识结构一语法部分整体结构：（1）时态(及各个时态的否定形式也要相应的教授)（2）句型（3）词类（4）固定搭配，句式及短语二详细分析小升初所考知识点（1）时态部分：注：时态多在动词适当形式填空，句型转换和单选中考察五种时态的构成模式： 如以drink为例：1. 我每天都喝牛奶：I drink milk every day.2. 我现在正在喝牛奶：I am drinking milk now.3. 我明天要喝牛奶：I will drink milk tomorrow.4. 我昨天喝牛奶了：I drank milk yesterday. 5. 我刚刚喝过牛奶了：I have just drunk some milk.动作发生时间不同动词的形式就不同注意(一定要把时间放后面)补充：动词现在分词的构成方法 变法例词直接在动词后加“ing”see-seeing carry-carrying go-going 以不发音音的“e”结尾时，去掉“e”加“ing”leave-leaving live-living dance-dancing以重读闭音节结尾，辅元辅字母结尾的动词双写最后一个辅音字母，再加“ing”begin-beginning dig-digging win-winning forget-forgetting hit-hitting stop-stopping以ie结尾的动词，将ie改成y加“ing”die-dying lie-lying tie-tying（2）句型部分：（常见于句型转换题）1.一般疑问句： +其他2.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词特殊疑问词： what (什么) how(怎样，如何) whathowwhere(哪里)why (为什么) when(何时，什么时候)who(谁)whom (谁作宾语)whose (谁的)which (哪一个) 如: He is a student.(变一般疑问句)Is he a student? He can speak English.(同上)Can he speak English? He often goes to school by bus.(同上)Does he often go to school by bus?注: 此处一定要点一下汉语语序与英语语序的区别。如： He is from Beijing. (划线部分提问)Where is he from? (2) I can see a bird in the tree. (同上)What can you see in the tree? (此处要注意人称的转换)(3) He goes to school by bus every day. (同上)How does he go to school every day?2. 祈使句及其否定形式：祈使句特点：以动词原形开头.如：Open the door, please. Close the window, please.祈使句的否定形式：Dont + 动词原形如：Dont open the door. Dont close the window.6. 感叹句（考查较少且简单）构成： 例题：What a fine day it is!(同义句转换) How fine (a day) it is!7. There be 句型：（此处注意与have/has的区别）构成：There意为“在某处有”而have/has的构成为：主语have/has+名词如：1. There is (be) a book on the desk.2. There were (be) two pens on the table yesterday.3. There is (be) a student and two teachers in the classroom. (就近一致原则)另外：注意there be 句型的疑问形式8. 反义疑问句：（考查不多，只涉及以下几种情况）特点：.前肯后否，前否后肯.一定要用代词，及否定缩写反义疑问句在小升初考试中的几种情况：1 .一般情况：如：He doesnt like swimming, does he ? She is a teacher, isnt she ?2 .祈使句的反义疑问句：基本都是will you?如：Open the door, will you ?3 .特殊祈使句的反义疑问句：如：lets go to the park, shall we?Let us go to the park, will you?（3）词类部分1.名词考查单复数变化规律和不可数名词尤其注意：单复数同形的单词：fish , sheep, deer, Chinese 等复和名词的复数 :boy studentboy students, night schoolnight school woman doctorwomen doctors, man singermen singers3 以“y”结尾的名词,有两种变法:A. 词尾为元音+y，直接加s boyboys，monkeymonkeys，keykeys，wayways B. 词尾为辅音+y，则变y为i再加esbabybabies，ladyladies，citycities，countrycountries 数词加名词作形容词时，该名词为单数 I have a two-year-old day. He wrote a three-thousand-word composition.（作文） That is a three-foot-high table.不可数名词：1.液体名词：water, coffee, tea, milk等 2.抽象名词：work, happiness等3.物质名词（一般为不可数名词）: air, food，paper, butter, bread，rice等 注：不可数名词的数量表达法如：a cup of tea(一杯茶)two cups of tea(两杯茶)a piece of paper(一张纸)two pieces of paper(两张纸)3.所有格：（考查较多）表示有生命的东西的名词所有格在词尾加“s”。若是复数 并以“s”、“es”结尾的名词只加“”如： the Peoples Republic of China， Womens Day Marys father, the students books, Charless bag 上述“s”所有格也适用下列几类名词：*表示时间、距离、价格、重量的名词的所有格。*世界、国家和城镇的所有格及某习惯表达法。todays newspaper, five minutes talk，Beijings finest parks, my villages weather 表示无生命的东西的名词的所有格一般与of结成短语。当表示有生命的名词有较长的修饰语或前面有表示数量的概念的词(如:a , two, some, no, few, any等)也用of 短语形式。 the top of the hill， the students of our school a few friends of mine， a photo of your brothers例题：1. Pass me two _ of _!A. bottles, rice B. bottle, ricesC bowls, rice D. bowl, rices2. _ in the fridge are big.A. Apple B. The apple C. Apples D. The apples2.代词人称代词（必考内容，一定要掌握）主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词I 我me 我my 我的mine 我的we 我们us 我们our 我们的ours我们的you你you 你your你的yours你的you你们you 你们your你们的yours你们的he他him 他his他的his他的she 她her 她her她的hers她的it它it它its 它的its它的they 他/它/她们Them他/它/她们their他/它/她们的theirs他/它/她们的主格通常作主语，放在句首作宾语，放在动词和介词后通常作定语，与名词连用如：He is my friend. 可作很多成分，要单独用不定代词考查较多的有：1.复合不定代词即：以上可任意组合，如：nothing(没有什么，没有东西)，anything(任何东西，任何事情)注：复合不定代词 被定语修饰时定语 只能放在这些词的后面，其用法如下： 复合不定代词形容词to do sth.e.g. I have something to tell you. We have nothing to eat.2.区分以下几组不定代词（注：some 和any 既可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词）e.g. I have got some letters this month. Have you got any interesting books?I do not have any ink.e.g. 1. Can you give me some water?There is little left in my bottle 2.You have few books , do you ?Yes, I have quite a few . 3. I am new here, I have few friends. 4. There is little time left, hurry. 5. There is _ time left. Dont worry.A. a few B. few C. a little D. little 下面这几组词，一般的小升初考试不考，但一些较好的学校会考到：either 和 neither 做定语时名词要用单数e.g. Both of the cars are new.Either of the cars is new.Neither of the cars is new. Neither car is what I want.He could write with either hand. Either of the boys is ready.e.g. All the boys are here. None of the rooms are clean. - When shall we meet next week? - Any day is OK.反身代词注：对反身代词的考察不多，知道意思及写法即可。3.介词考查方向：主要考察几组特殊介词的区分和固定短语中介词的用法。 区分以下几组介词：e.g. in: in 1995, in July, in summer on: on Sunday, on a cold morning, on Monday morning at: at 8:00 oclock, at Christmas（表地点）通常和动词arrive搭配，构成arrive 意为“到达，抵达某地”e.g. He will arrive in Beijing tomorrow. He is at home now. in 的特殊用法ine.g. Can you write the letter in English? The girl in blue is my sister.(穿蓝色衣服的女孩是我妹妹)（表方位）e.g. on the desk (在桌子上)behind the door(在门后)区分e.g. There is a tree in front of the classroom.The blackboard is in the front of the classroom.注意以下几组词的意思区分：by on foot 步行例题: (1). The bed _ the right is yours . A. on B. in C. at D. of (2). I get up _ about seven fifty -five . A. in B. on C. at D. for (3). Whos the lady _ blue? A. in B. on C. at D. with (4). We usually stay _ home _ Saturday afternoon. A. atin B. aton C. inat D. onon (5).They arrived _London _the afternoon of November 18. A. in, in B in, on C. at, in D. for, on (6).Someone rang you up _half past nine yesterday morning. A. at B. on C. in D. by(7).Mr White wont come back _Friday. A. in B. at C. until D. on(8).-Is Jim picking apples _the tree? -Yes, the apples _the tree are big and red. A. in, on B. in, in C. on, on D. on, in (9). Ill be back at once. Please wait _the bus stop. A. at B. until C. from D. for (10). Can you sing _ Japanese?A. in B. with C. by D. on (11). He often goes to work _ car. A. with B. in C. on D. by4.冠词小升初对冠词的考查较简单，主要考察不定冠词（a, an）的用法（a, an）用法区分：（学生很容易把此认为是以元音/辅音字母开头的单词，所以老师要注重举例说明）e.g. an hour a book an apple a unit an umbrella a university student an honest man 对the 的考查主要考几个特殊用法：(1) 表示特指例：Last night I read a story. The story was about Lei Feng. (2) 用以指上句提到过，以后再次出现的人或物 例：On my way to school I saw an old man. The old man walked very slow.(3) 用以表示某些天体名词等例： The moon moves around the earth. The earth moves round the sun.(4) 演奏乐器时，乐器名称前用 the例： She is playing the piano.(5)在形容词最高级，序数词前 例： the most interesting film, the first time(6)用在姓氏复数前表示一家人例： the Browns 不用冠词的情况 季节， 月份，星期几及节日名词 前不用 例： Teachers Day is in September.On Sunday2 三餐饭前不用 例： I dont have lunch. What did you eat for supper?3 球类运动，棋类等名词不用 例： play football, Can you play chess?冠词专练：1.We have _lunch at _noon. A./， / B.a， / C.the， a D.a， a2._magazines on_table are very interesting. A./ ， a B./ ， / C.The， the D.The， a3._Greens go to _cinema once a week. A. / ， a B./， the C.The， the D.The， a4.Yellow River is _second longest river in China. A. the B. an C. a D./5.Alice is fond of playing_piano. A./ B. a C. the D.an6.Would you like _ pear or _orange? A.a, an B.an, a C. an, an D.a, a5.数词小升初对数词的单独考查较少，主要考察个别基数词与序数词的转化，及个别特殊用法。区分基数词和序数词：基数词表示“数目多少”，如 one, ten； 序数词表示“数目顺序”，如 first, tenth .最基本的基数词如下表：Abcd1 one2 two3 three4 four5 five6 six7 seven8 eight9 nine10 ten11 eleven12 twelve13 thirteen14 fourteen15 fifteen16 sixteen17seventeen18 eighteen19 nineteen 20 twenty30 thirty40 forty50 fifty60 sixty70 seventy 80 eighty 90ninety100a hundred1,000a thousand1,000,000a million1,000,000,000a billion注意不规则的序数词。如：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth. 数词用法年月中，年用基数词，日用序数词如：April 5(th),1998, September 1(st),2001注：年的读法，先读前两位数，再读后两位数。 1998年-nineteen ninety-eight 1800年-eighteen hundred 2000年-year two thousand 2001年-two thousand and one或two thousand one表示时间，用基数词。如： 5：00-five(oclock), 3:03-five past three, 8:45-a quarter to nine一刻钟- a quarter 三刻钟-three quarters注：几点过几分，如“过”的数字不超过30分，用介词past；如超过30分，则用介词to，表示差多少分到几点。hundred, thousand, million, billion等词的特殊用法： e.g. There are _ students in this school.A. eight hundred B. eight hundredsC. eight hundred of D eight hundreds of奥数英语中常见数词用法分数读法，分子用基数词，分母用序数词除了分子是一的情况下，序数词都用复数。 如：1/3-one third , 4/5-four fifths. 1/4-a quarter, 1/2-a half 3/4-three quarters, 5 2/3-five and two thirds小数读法，只用基数词。 如：3.5-three point four, 0.9-zero point nine, 4.36-four point three six表示百分数12% twelve percent, 0.9% zero point nine percent表示算式4+8=12 Four and eight is/makes/is equal to twelve. (Four plus eight is twelve.) 10-4=6 Ten minus four is/leaves six. (Four from ten is/leaves six.) 7*8=56 Seven times eight is fifty-six. (Seven multiplied by eight is fifty-six.) 7/2=31 Seven divided by two is three and a half. 6.形容词、副词小升初考试中，对形容词副词的考查主要限于它们的基本用法和其比较级、最高级的考查上。注意方面：形容词修饰名词；副词修饰动词/形容词；比较级，最高级变化规律：变化规律原级比较级最高级一般情况,词尾 er / esttalllongtallerlongertallestlongest以e结尾的词，词尾r / stlargewidelargerwiderlargestwidest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，变y 为i 再加er 或esthappyprettyhappierprettierhappiestprettiest以重读闭音节结尾，辅元辅构成的形容词，双写最后一个字母，再加 er或estbighotfatbiggerhotterfatterbiggesthottestfattest多数双音节形容词如以ing, ful, less, ous结尾，和多音节形容词在比较级前加more,在最高级前加mostinterestingbeautifulexpensivemore interestingmore beautifulmore expensivemost interestingmost beautifulmost expensive比较级和最高级变化不规则:原级比较级最高级good/well(身体好的)betterbestill/bad/badly(副词)worseworstmany/muchmoremostlittlelessleast小升初多考查比较级的用法：句型：A+系动词 +比较级+than +B 例：Lily is taller than Mary. English is more popular than maths. 修饰不定代词的形容词必须放起后面如；Is there anything wrong with your bike?“too + 形容词to do sth.”意为“太以致于不能” 如：He is too young to go to school.注意下列两组形容词意思/用法的区分：如：It is an exciting news, so we all feel excited.e.g. 1.My Walkman sounds _ than yours.A. betterB. the bestC. bestD. good2. He seems _ than you with this work. A. busy B. busily C. much busier D. more busily3. This is _ hat among the four. A. an expensive B. a more expensive C. a most expensive D. the most expensive4. Which is _month, December, January, or February? A. the cold B. the coldest C. the colder D. a cold5. The classroom is _ small to hold 50 students. A. so B. too C. very D. much6. Tom looked _ after breakfast.A. worries B. worry C. worrying D. worried7. Mike is the _ in his family; all his brothers are much younger.A. youngest B. largest C. oldest D. least8. The story is _. We are _ in it.A. interested; interesting B. interested; interestedC. interesting; interesting D. interesting; interested9. Tom got up _ late _go to school on time.A. So, to B. too, to C. very, to D. too, and 7.连词小升初主要考察以下几个连词：连词 e.g. 1. Hurry up _youll be late. A. and B. or C. so D. but2. Jane wore a raincoat _it was raining. A. so B. but C. and D. because3. There are ten mistakes in todays newspaper, _ there was only in yesterday.A. so B. but C. or D. because4. Be careful, _ you will cut your finger.A. or B. and C. so D. because5. Mary is ill, she doesnt go to school today. A. so B. but C. when D. because时态及句型转换专练1用所给动词的适当形式填空1. He can _ (play) tennis very well.2. What time _ you _ (go) to walk every day.3. Why do you like _ (travel)? 4. Tom _ (leave) New York in 1968.5. Jean _ (finish) her first book when she was fifteen.6. _ (be) there much butter on the plate ?7. I started going to school when I _ (be) six years old.8. _ your father _ (have) a computer?9. My parents _ (come) to see me tomorrow.10. Lets _ (go) to the cinema.11. My brother usually _ (get) up at six oclock.12. The earth _ (go) round the sun. 13. My sister always _ (wash) clothes for me.14. They _ (do) their homework carefully every day.15. Mary and Rose _ (see) a film once a week.16. When spring _ (come), the trees _ (turn) green.17. _ they _ (watch)TV every Saturday evening?18. My father _ (not have) his lunch in the factory. He always has it at home.19. We _ (not study) Russian. We study English.20. _ the baby often _ (cry) at night?21. Her sister _ (not look) like her mother.22. The students _ (be) often busy with their homework.23. There _ (be) nearly eight students in our class.24. _ (be) the hospital at the end of the road?25. _ (be) you good at English?26. Dont make any noise. Grandma _ (sleep).27. My uncle _ (leave) for Nanjing early tomorrow morning.28. -What _ you _ (do) now? -We _ (have) an important meeting.29. Its seven oclock. Toms family _ (watch) TV.30. Listen! Who _ (cry) in the next room?31. Look! The bus _ (come).32. Where _ you _ (go) now?33. _ they _ (make) model planes now?34. What _ he _(do) last Sunday? He _ (go) fishing.35. There _ (be) a lot of Young Pioneers at the meeting yesterday.36. _ (be) there any schools here twenty years ago?37. _ your father _ (have) lunch at home yesterday?38. Where _ you _ (study) Japanese last year?39. -How _ they _ (go) to the zoo yesterday? -They _ (go) there on foot.40. They _ (buy) two pairs of trousers last week.41. I _ (make) your birthday cake last night.42. I _ (hear) a terrible sound just now.43. There _ (be) a telephone call for Jim a moment ago.44. There _ (be) a lot of people in the park yesterday.45. His mother often _ (go) shopping in the morning, but yesterday she _ (go) shopping in the afternoon.46. If it rains tomorrow, we _ (not go) to the summer Palace.47. What time _ he _ (get) up tomorrow?48. There _ (be) a football match on TV thi