2011年12月大学英语四级考试试题.docx

2011 年下半年大学英语四级全真预测模拟题一（配答案解析）00-1 Part 00-2 Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Popularity of Getting Certificates on Campus. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.00-3 1.大学校园内各种证书的报考十分火热00-4 2.大学生考证的利弊00-5 3.考证面前，我的选择 00-6 The Popularity of Getting Certificates on Campus Part Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. Main Energies for the Body A balanced diet is one that provides an adequate intake of energy and nutrients for maintenance of the body and therefore good health. A diet can easily be adequate for normal bodily functioning, yet may not be a balanced diet. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are a rapid source of energy, they are the bodys fuel. The bulk of a balanced diet should be made from carbohydrates. If eaten in an excess of the dietary requirements carbohydrates are easily stored as fats in the cells, although carbohydrate is the first source of energy in the body. An average adult requires about 12,000kJ of energy a day, most of this is supplied by the respiration of carbohydrates in the cells. Carbohydrates are used principally as a respiratory substrates, i.e. to be oxidized to release energy for active transport, macromolecule synthesis, cell division and muscle contraction. Carbohydrates are digested in the duodenum and ileum and absorbed as glucose into cells. Sources of carbohydrates such as starch are rice, potatoes, wheat and other cereals. Sugars are also carbohydrates, sources of sugars are refined sugar - sucrose, which is a food sweetener and preservative and fruit sugars - fructose. If the diet lacks carbohydrate stores of fat are mobilized and used as an energy source. Proteins Protein is not a direct source of energy in the body, it is used primarily for growth and repair of body tissues while remaining an energy source as a last resort. Proteins fulfill a wide variety of roles in the body. They are broken down in the stomach and intestines to amino acids which are then absorbed. The body can only form 8 amino acids to build proteins from, the diet must provide Essential Amino Acids (EAAs) which are synthesized into proteins which can be structural, i.e. collagen in bone, keratin in hair, myosin and actin in muscle; metabolic enzymes, hemoglobin, protective antibodies and communicative hormones. Sources of protein include meat, fish, eggs and pulses. The diet needs to provide 8 EAAs as the body is unable to synthesis proteins without these molecules. 2 other amino acids are synthesized from EAAs so if the diet lacks the original EAAs these other two will not be present either. Phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine and methionine is converted to cysteine. Cells draw upon a pool of amino acids for protein synthesis which either come from dietary protein digested and absorbed in the gut and the breakdown of body protein such as muscle. However, unlike fats and carbohydrates there is no store of amino acids for cells to draw on, any amino acid in excess of immediate bodily requirements is broken down into urea and excreted. It is therefore important to maintain the dietary intake of protein everyday. If the body lacks protein, muscle wasting occurs as muscle is broken down. If protein is lacked in a diet a person develops kwashiorkor which is caused when high levels of carbohydrates are eaten to overcome the lack of protein in the diet. One symptom of kwashiorkor is the abnormal collection of fluid around the abdomen due to the lack of protein in the blood. The body cannot retain water by osmosis and fluid accumulates in tissues causing them to become waterlogged. Vitamin Categories Vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body so must be supplied by diet. Vitamins have no common structure or function but are essential in small amounts for the body to be able to utilize other dietary components efficiently. Vitamins fall into two categories, fat soluble vitamins such as vitamin A, D, E and K which are ingested with fatty foods and water soluble vitamins such as the B group vitamins and vitamin C. Vitamins are known as micronutrients because only small quantities are required for a healthy diet, in fact fat soluble vitamins can be toxic in high concentrations, for example the body stores vitamin A, or retinol, in the liver as it is toxic if kept in high concentrations in the blood stream, a dose of more than 3300mg of vitamin A can be considered toxic. Water soluble vitamins such as vitamin C and B groups vitamins can be excreted in the urine if in excess in the diet. Vitamins A Vitamin A is essential to the proper functioning of the retina in the eye and the epithelial tissues. A lack of vitamin A results in dry, rough skin, inflammation of the eyes, a drying or scarring of the cornea - xerophthalmia, which occurs when the secretion of lubricating tears is stopped, the eyelids become swollen and sticky with pus. Mucous surfaces of the eye may become eroded allowing infection to set in, leading to ulceration and destruction of the cornea. Night blindness - an inability to see in dim light can also occur. Rod cells in the retina of the eye detect light of low intensity, they convert vitamin A into a pigment, rhodopsin, which is bleached when light enters the eye. Rod cells resynthesis rhodopsin, but if there is a deficiency of the vitamin, rod cells can no longer function and the result is night blindness. Epithelial cells use retinol to make retinoic acid, an intracellular messenger used in cell differentiation and growth. Without retinoic acid epithelial cells are not maintained properly and the body becomes susceptible to infections, particularly measles and infections of the respiratory system and gut. Xenophthalmia is common among children whos diets consist of mainly cereals with little meat or fresh vegetables, this is common in Indonesia, Bangladesh, India and the Philippines. Vitamins D Vitamin D, or calciferol, is another fat soluble steroid vitamin which functions to stimulate calcium uptake from the gut and its deposition in bone. vitamin D acts as a hormone when converted by enzymes in the gut and liver into an active form of active vitamin D, which stimulates epithelial cells in the intestine to absorb calcium. vitamin D is therefore essential in growing childrens diets to enable the growth of strong bones. Without adequate amounts of vitamin D children can develop rickets, which is the deformation of the legs caused when they lack calcium to strengthen the bones. In adults a lack of vitamin D in the diet can lead to osteomalacia, a progressive softening of the bones which can make them highly susceptible to fracture. Vitamin D is made by the body when exposed to sunlight and is stored in the muscles, however, if the skin is rarely exposed to the sunlight or is dark little vitamin D is produced. Foods such as eggs and oily fish are all rich in vitamin D. Vitamins K Vitamin K, phylloquinone, is found in dark green leafy vegetables such as spinach and kale. It is a fat soluble vitamin which is involved in the clotting process of blood. In the intestines bacteria synthesize a number of important clotting factors which need vitamin K. Without vitamin K cuts can fail to heal and internal bleeding can occur. Vitamins C Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin, known chemically as ascorbic acid. It is found in citrus fruits such as oranges and lemons, and also in potatoes and tomatoes. The main function of vitamin C is the formation of connective tissues such as collagen. It is also known to be an antioxidant which helps to remove toxins and aids the immune system. A lack of vitamin C leads to Scurvy, a condition experienced by sailors on long journeys when they did not have fruit in their diets. Scurvy causes painful, bleeding gums. As vitamin C is water soluble, it is not toxic in high doses as it can be excreted in the urine, very high doses can however cause diarrhea. Vitamins B B group vitamins have a wide range of roles acting as co-enzymes in metabolic pathways. They are found in most plant and animal tissues involved in metabolism, therefore foods such as liver, yeast and dairy products are all rich in B group vitamins. Deficiency of B group vitamins include dermatitis, fatigue and malformation of red blood cells. 1. An adult needs about 12,000kJ of energy a day from _. A. the cell B. the respiring process of carbohydrates C. fats in the cell D. a balanced diet 2. Carbohydrates are ultimately absorbed into cells in the process of _. A. digestion B. respiration C. oxidization D. mobilization 3. The Essential Amino Acids which build part of proteins can be obtained from_. A. stomach B. body tissues C. the body D. the diet 4. The ultimate cause of kwashiorkor is lack of _. A. protein B. carbohydrates C. vitamins D. diet 5. Vitamins are called “micronutrients” in that _. A. excessive fat soluble vitamins can be excreted in the urine B. the body only requires small amount of vitamins C. a dose of 3300mg of vitamins can be considered toxic D. the high concentrations of water soluble vitamins are toxic 6. Night blindness is a disease normally caused by lack of _. A. fat soluble vitamins B. water soluble vitamins C. vitamin A D. innate disability 7. The main function of vitamin D is to prevent adults from _. A. the growth of strong bones B. fracture C. a progressive softening of the bones D. calcium uptake from the gut 8. Although the human body produces vitamin D normally, it fails to do so if there is not enough _. 9. The reason why vitamin C is seen as an antioxidant is that it drives _ out of the body. 10. If you are in lack of B group vitamins, you should turn to _. Part Listening Comprehension (35 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A),B),C) and D),and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。 11. A) She is going to Finland. B) She has some visitors. C) She will visit Finland next week. D) She has just visited him this week. 12. A) To cancel his trip. B) To go to bed early. C) To catch a later flight. D) To ask for a wake up call. 13. A) Saturday afternoon was the mans busy hours. B) The man wont be able to enjoy a nap. C) Mr. Smith is an old friend of the man. D) The man wanted to take a long nap after lunch. 14. A) George wants to change his work. B) George is doing pretty good now. C) George doesnt like his work. D) George is not doing well with his work. 15. A) The woman is a dentist. B) The woman is a secretary. C) The woman is a receptionist. D) The woman is a patient. 16. A) The woman knows the professor has been busy. B) The woman knows the professor has run into trouble. C) The woman has trouble getting along with the professor. D) The woman regrets having taken up much of the professors time. 17. A) At a restaurant. B) In the fresh ocean air. C) On a fishing boat. D) In a store specializing in seashells. 18. A) They will buy a new house after they buy a car. B) They will buy a bigger house. C) They wont buy a new house because they cant find a bigger one. D) They wont buy a bigger house because they dont have enough money. Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 19. A) She hasnt been getting adequate grades. B) She hasnt been attending class every day. C) She has been coming to school much too early. D) She has been overloading herself with homework. 20. A) Two. B) Four. C) Six. D) Eight. 21. A) To stay in class. B) To get another class. C) To withdraw from class. D) To miss just one more class. Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard. 22. A) How to care for precious metal. B) A standard unit for measuring weight. C) The value of precious metals. D) Using the metric system. 23. A) To check the accuracy of scales. B) To calculate the density of other metals. C) To observe changes in the atmosphere. D) To measure amounts of rain fall. 24. A) Someone spilled water on it. B) Someone lost it. C) It was made of low quality metal. D) The standard for measuring had changed. 25. A) It is a small amount to pay for so much precious metal. B) It is difficult to judge the value of such an object. C) It is reasonable for an object with such an important function. D) It is too high for such a light weight. Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.注 意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。 Passage One Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard. 26. A) At Harvard. B) At West Point. C) At the Carlisle Indian School. D) At the Olympic Games held in Stockholm. 27. A) They held grand banquets in his honor. B) They welcomed him with parades and celebration. C) They gave him a title. D) They made him a professional athlete. 28. A) Because someone found out that Thorpe had been using drugs. B) Because Thorpe had once been an amateur athlete. C) Because Thorpes fame began to decline after the Olympic Games. D) Because Thorpe had been a professional athlete at one time. Passage Two Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard. 29. A) Lord Sandwich. B) Some inventors. C) The friends of Lord Sandwich. D) Some scientists. 30. A) To collect rents and taxes. B) The harsh land agent. C) The English landowner. D) To speak. 31. A) He dismissed the Captain. B) He made the word “boycott” popular. C) He removed the poor tenants. D) He increased the rents and taxes. Passage Three Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard. 32. A) There were only grandparents and children. B) There was one father, one mother, and their children. C) There were many relatives. D) There were two or more brothers with their wives. 33. A) The women have more freedom and can share in decisions. B) The women do not have to be the heads of the family. C) The womens relatives do not help them. D) The women have all the power of the family.34. A) Husbands have to share with their wives and help them. B) Older women often live alone when their husbands die. C) Family structure is more patriarchal in the nuclear family. D) Women have to help sisters, grandparents with housework and childcare. 35. A) They want to stay home and do the housework. B) They do not have enough money. C) They have too much work and not much free time. D) They have more freedom than in the past. Section C Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times, when the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea .When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information .For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。 A deadly (36) _outbreak swept through a small city in Zaire, Africa last spring, killing more than one hundred people. It was a terrible situation. The killer was a rare (37) _ that caused most victims to (38) _ to death. As scientists rushed to control the (39) _, people in the U.S. wonder whether it could attack here. “We are foolish if we think it couldnt come to our country. We can never be too careful when we face some disease, especially the infectious one.” say doctors. The virus can be highly infectious. If you come in (40)_with a victims blood or other body (41) _, you can get sick, too. That s what scientists believe (42) _in Zaire. The healthcare workers who treated the first (43) _there soon fell ill, too. (44) _.International rescue works brought equipment to Zaire soon after the outbreak occurred.(45) .One big mystery is that no one knows where the virus comes from or where it will strike next. Some scientists say that the virus lies inactive in the cells of some kind of plant, insect or other animal. Then it somehow finds a way to infect humans. (46) _.Once they find the virus, they also hope to find ways to combat it. Part Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes) Section A Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words on Answer Sheet 2. Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage. Women often complain that dating is like a cattle market, and a paper just published in Biology Letters by Thomas Pollet and Daniel Nettle of Newcastle University, in England, suggests they are right. They have little cause for complaint, however, because the paper also suggests that in this particular