奶牛蹄病详解及防治技术课件

Lameness in Dairy Cattle 奶牛的瘸症,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Lameness in a “Nutshell” 瘸症在“坚果的外壳”,较大的牛群，产奶性能较好，圈养 地面较坚硬 使奶牛感到不舒适 促使蹄尖过度生长 容易出现蹄低溃疡及白线病 经常接触牛粪和潮湿地面 容易患趾间皮炎,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Lameness: An ImportantAnimal Welfare Issue 瘸症：重要的动物福利事项,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Locomotion Scoring 行动评分,Adapted from Robinson after Sprecher et.al. (Theriogenology 47:1179-1187;1997),Locomotion Scoring 行动评分,Courtesy of ZINPRO Corp.,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Effect of Locomotion Score on DM Intake and Milk Yield 行动评分对奶牛干物质采食量及产奶量的影响,Adapted from Robinson, CA Dairy/February 2001,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,INCIDENCE OF CLINICAL LAMENESS (UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA DAIRY) 临床性瘸症的发病率,I. ANNUAL HERD INCIDENCE (1994-1995) 年度牛群发病率（1994-1995） A. 178/346 (51%) cases of lameness 178/346 (51%)发生蹄病 B. 120/346 (35%) of cows affected 120/346 (35%) 的奶牛受到了影响 1. 27/120 (22.5%) cows with more than one lameness event 27/120 (22.5%) 的奶牛超过一次发病,Seasonal Incidence of Claw Disease in University of Florida Dairy (94-95) 季节性发病率（94-95）,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,HEAT STRESS: ACID-BASE BALANCE 热应激：日粮平衡,Heat Stress leads to 热应激将导致：瘤胃酸中毒 “Rumen Acidosis” 尽管饲喂及饲养管理得当,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,LAMENESS IN DAIRY CATTLE 奶牛的瘸症,90% of lameness is in the foot 90%的瘸症是由于牛蹄引起的 90% of that in the foot involves rear feet, 90%是由于后蹄一起的 of that, 70-90% involves the outside claw 其中70-90%是由于外侧蹄瓣引起的,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,T. Raven, Cattle Footcare and Claw Trimming, 1989.,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,T. Raven, Cattle Footcare and Claw Trimming, 1989.,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,T. Raven, Cattle Footcare and Claw Trimming, 1989.,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,T. Raven, Cattle Footcare and Claw Trimming, 1989.,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,WEIGHT-BEARING IN CATTLE 奶牛的负重,在草场或干燥的地方 (不考虑表面情况) 减轻负重造成的影响 负重被泥土表面吸收 对牛蹄的影响就小 (真皮corium),Courtesy J. K. Shearer,WEIGHT-BEARING IN CATTLE 奶牛的负重,水泥地面 (unforgiving surface) 加重地面负重的影响 承重直接返回到蹄部（真皮）造成对真皮的刺激,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,IRRITATION OF THE CORIUM 真皮的刺激,leads to. 导致： accelerated hoof formation 蹄的加速生成 increased overloading 加重了负重的影响 .especially on the outside claw 尤其是外瓣,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,T. Raven, Cattle Footcare and Claw Trimming, 1989.,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,“Bovines are suspended in their feet” “牛是悬在牛蹄上的动物”,In other words 换句话说 “Cows stand in their feet not on them” 奶牛站在蹄内，而不是蹄上。 P3 is tightly adhered to the hoof wall through the laminar corium P3骨通过真皮粘在蹄壁上,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,冠状带,敏感蹄叶,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Acute Laminitis 急性蹄叶炎,“Camped Under” Posture Arched back 弓背 Tender-footed 蹄软化 Extreme reluctance to walk 极不情愿走路,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Roberto Acua DVM.Uruguay,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,EFFECTS OF LAMINITIS ON THE BOVINE DIGIT 蹄叶炎对牛趾的影响,损害了附着系统 将导致. “P3骨的下沉或旋转 P3” （蹄）角质层的加速生长 将导致 蹄瓣的过度生长和畸变 蹄瓣间及蹄瓣内负重的不均匀,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Suspensory Apparatus of the Bovine Claw 牛蹄瓣的悬着器官,P3 is fixed in position by a series of collagen fiber bundles that run from the zone of insertion on the surface of the bone to the basement membrane P3 骨是有一系列的胶原纤维束所固定起来的。 _ Ch. J. Lischer and P. Ossent, International Lameness Symposium, Orlando, FL, 2002.,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Suspensory Apparatus of the Bovine Claw 牛蹄瓣的悬着器官,Loosening or elongation of the collagen fiber bundles leads to sinking of P3 胶原纤维的松弛或拉长将导致P3 骨骼的下沉。 _ Ch. J. Lischer and P. Ossent, International Lameness Symposium, Orlando, FL, 2002.,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Pathogenesis of Laminitis 蹄叶炎的发病机理,在发生蹄叶炎时由于以下原因造成蹄血管的损伤: 静脉血管收缩 血管内出现凝块 血管活动被认为是由下列因素进行调节： 内毒素 组织胺 泌乳,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Theories on Factors that might Weaken the Suspensory Apparatus 有关可能减弱悬着器官的因素的一些理论,酶分解或减弱真皮网上组织的胶原纤维可能是由“蹄酶”刺激造成的。 “减弱”也许是由于在产犊期间的激素（催产素）变化造成的 引起P3骨骼上面的胶原纤维束附着区的结构改变的因素,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,LAMINITIS AND CLAW DISEASE 蹄叶炎和蹄病,悬着器官的分解和皮肤-表皮层连接处的弱化 导致： “P3骨骼的下沉或旋转” 使得奶牛容易患: 趾、蹄底和蹄踵溃疡及白线病,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Toe Ulcers趾溃疡,A consequence of the rotation of P3 and compression of the corium at the toe 这是P3骨旋转和趾部真皮压缩的结果,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,R.W. Blowey, et. al. The Vet Record, July 2000.,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Heel Ulcers 蹄踵溃疡,R.W. Blowey, et.al. The Vet Record, July 2000.,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Digital Cushion in Heifers 青年母牛的趾间蹄叉,青年母牛 松散的连接组织和不规则的地面物质 与成母牛比较，趾间蹄叉脂肪较少 脂肪主要由饱和脂肪酸组成（缓冲能力弱） *意义：青年母牛对复杂的路面适应能力差（易得蹄病）。,Ch. J. Lischer and P. Ossent, 12th International Lameness Symposium, Orlando, FL, 2002.,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Digital Cushion in Mature Cows 成母牛的趾间蹄叉,成母牛 松散的连接组织和地面物质 与青年母牛进行比较蹄叉含有较多的脂肪 脂肪比较柔软 单一的不饱和脂肪酸 MUFA (mono-unsaturated fat) _ Ch. J. Lischer and P. Ossent, 12th International Lameness Symposium, Orlando, FL, 2002.,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Effects of Laminitis and Sinkage of P3 on the Digital Cushion 蹄叶炎和P3骨的下沉对趾间蹄叉的影响,P3骨的下列下沉: 趾间蹄叉的脂肪含量大量减少 趾间蹄叉被连接组织所代替 _ _ Ch. J. Lischer and P. Ossent, 12th International Lameness Symposium, Orlando, FL, 2002.,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Laminitis, Accelerated Claw Horn Growth and Altered Weight Bearing 蹄叶炎、角质层的加速生长和负重面的改变,角质层的加速生长 趾和蹄壁的过度生长 负重转移到蹄踵,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Heel蹄踵 Sole蹄底 Wall (axial and abaxial) 蹄壁 4 White line (abaxial)白线,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,T. Raven, Cattle Foot Care and Claw Trimming, 1989.,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,If there is no lameness problem trimming can produce it! 如果没有蹄病问题 修蹄不当可引起蹄病 E. Toussaint Raven, Cattle Footcare and Claw Trimming,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,T. Raven, Cattle Footcare and Claw Trimming, 1989.,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,T. Raven, Cattle Footcare and Claw Trimming, 1989.,Functional Trimming 功能性修蹄,A Modified 4-Step Procedure 改进版四步修蹄程序,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Foot Checking and Trimming as Needed: How Often,When and Who? 需要时进行牛蹄的检查和修整,I. How Often?间隔多长时间一次？ A. Ideally, 2-3 times per year 比较理想的话每年2-3次 II. When?什么时候？ A. Mid-lactation: 150-180 days 泌乳中后期-150-180天 B. Dry Off 干奶时 III. Who?谁来干这项工作 A. Trimmer with appropriate training 经过专门培训的修蹄技术员,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,ADDITIONAL COMMENTS ON HOOF TRIMMING 修蹄的额外忠告,Part of fixing a foot is trimming it. 良好的牛蹄保定也是修蹄的一部分 2. Always trim the healthy foot as well as the lame foot in lame cows. 在修病蹄时一定别忘了修健康蹄 Cows should be monitored and rechecked if they do not improve in 5-7 days. 应关注修过蹄的奶牛，如果在5-7天内没有什么改善，则需要再次进行检查。,Reasonable Expectations for Claw Trimmers 对修蹄员的合理预期,每天修多少头奶牛? 奶牛的保定是影响修牛蹄速度的一个主要因素 只修有蹄病的奶牛 1个技术人员 : 15 30头奶牛/天 患病奶牛的恢复程度? 取决于蹄病的严重程度、修牛蹄的质量及是否进行了后续跟踪 维护保养修蹄 1个技术人员 :3060头奶牛/天 修蹄后患蹄病奶牛的速度?,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Pressure Distribution in the Claw While Standing 奶牛站立时负重的分布 PPJ van der Tol, et al. (J Dairy Sci, 2002, 85:1476-1481),研究发现大部分负重在蹄底，而不是在蹄壁 后肢 外侧蹄瓣 骨骼 5 前肢 内侧 骨骼 6,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Practical Applications 实际应用,奶牛舒适 (尤其在产犊期间)非常重要 奶牛喜欢在柔软的表面走路 他们需要柔软的牛床垫料，和设计合理的牛床 尽量避免过于拥挤（尤其是产犊奶牛） 必须进行良好的热应激管理,Capturing Data on Lameness Events in Dairy Cattle 获取奶牛蹄病的一些数据,One approach to solving a major deficiency in record keeping 解决数据记录缺少的一种方法,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Numbered Claw and Foot Diagrams (Greenough & Weaver, 7th International Symposium in Rebilt),Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Dairy Records Management Service (DRMS) PocketDairy and PCDART 奶牛记录管理服务,掌上机试点应用 Indicates: 1. 在左侧外瓣四区蹄底出血 2. 使用蹄垫 3. 行动评分3分 4. 由3号技术员实施,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,“Claw trimming is a skill that must be learned.” “It requires supervised training and practice”. “修牛蹄是一项一定要通过学习 才能掌握的技能” “这需要在指导下进行的培训和实践” E. Toussaint Raven, Cattle Footcare and Claw Trimming,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,The Master Hoof Care Technician Program 修牛蹄提高班培训项目,由以下几部分组成： Part I 第一部分 4天牛蹄护理及功能性牛蹄修整培训 Part II第二部分 3-6 个月时间操作 Part III第三部分 书面、口头及实验室实际操作考试 成功的培训人员将成为“熟练修蹄工”,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Dr. J.K. Shearer University of Florida,Dr. Sarel van Amstel University of Tennessee,Eligio Hernandez Alliance Dairy, Trenton, Florida,Dr. Adrian Gonzalez, Anka Hoof Care, Pamplona, Spain,The Master Hoof Care Program,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Infectious Foot Disorders 传染性蹄病,Foot Rot (Interdigital Phlegmon) Interdigital Dermatitis Digital Dermatitis 腐蹄（趾间蜂窝织炎） 趾间皮炎 趾皮炎,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy of Dr. Roger Blowey, Wood Veterinary Group, United Kingdom,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,“SUPER FOOT ROT” “超级腐蹄”,非常严重的趾间肿胀和瘸症，病情发展非常迅速，普通治疗方法对其不起作用。 出版的参考书： G.P. David, (Vet Record, May 29,1993) Cook and Cutler, (Vet Record, Jan. 7,1995),Courtesy J. K. Shearer,INTERDIGITAL DERMATITIS 趾间皮炎,第一阶段： A. 之间皮肤炎症 1. 皮肤和角质层液化 2. 表皮层细胞的分解 3. 不会扩展到真皮层(corium) _ Raven, Cattle Footcare and Claw Trimming, 1989.,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,INTERDIGITAL DERMATITIS 趾间皮炎,第一阶段: 蹄踵糜烂 蹄踵毛球角质层的异常构成 由蹄叶炎引起并发症 (?)导致角质层的异常构成 螺旋属细菌酶把蹄踵角质层分解 导致：蹄踵角质层的损失 蹄底的损害开始 _,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Digital Dermatitis: Treatment and Control Strategies 趾皮炎：处理及控制方法,最大限度牛群趾皮炎需要结合做以下几项事情： 局部喷射处理 局部进行绷带包扎处理 良好的蹄浴 福尔马林（ formalin）? 疫苗接种（Vaccination）?,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shearer,Courtesy J. K. Shea