语法规则-动词不定式.doc

(一)动词不定式做状语时表示目的和结果用法总结1. 作目的状语:I came here to see you.To stop the train, pull the lever downwards.目的状语还可以用如下表达法：肯定：toin order to + 动词原形 so as toI come to see her. = I come in order to see her. = I come so as to see her.thatso that + 主语 + may/might + 动词原形in order that I come that I may see her. = I come in order that I may see her. = I come so that I may see her.否定：not toin order not to + 动词原形 so as not tothatso that + 主语 + may/might + not + 动词原形in order that He went away not to see me.= He went away in order not to see me.= He went away so as not to see me.= He went away in order that he might not see me.= He went away that he might not see me.= He went away so that he might not see me.in order to, in order that和so as to, so that的区别in order to可以用在句首或句末，但so as to只能用在句末。如：He got up very early in order to/so as to catch the first bus.In order to catch the first bus, he got up very early.（此时不能用so as to）so as to 和in order to的汉语意思应该是一样的“为的是，为了”。它们的英语功能也是一样的，都可以用来引导目的状语。它们的不同之处就在于so as to 不能用于句子的开头，在句子开头只能用in order to.另外，1.in order to 一般用in order that加从句来替换；而so as to 一般用so that加从句来替换。in order that 可以在句首，so that和so as to 一样不能在句首。2.当这两个短语后的不定式动词的逻辑主语和句子的主语一致时，“in order to , so as to +不定式”可以简化为“不定式”In order to get to school on time, he got up earlier.这个句子可以表达为下列几种方式：In order that he could get to school on time, he got up earlier.He got up earlier in order to get to school on time.He got up earlier in order that he could get to school on time.He got up earlier so as to get to school on time.He got up earlier so that he could get to school on time.To get to school on time, he got up earlier. （这种不定式有时可以表示目的以外的状语）注意：不定式本身有自己的主语时，可用“forto”来表示。如：My father bought a new book for me to read.2. 作结果状语:He hurried to the school to find nobody there.What have I done to offend you?结果状语还可以用如下表达法： adj as to + 动词原形so + + (表示正面的结果，解释为“如此.以至于”) adv that + 主语 + can/could + 动词原形 adj= + enough to + 动词原形 (表示正面的结果，解释为“如此.以至于”) advHe studied so hard as to pass the examination.= He studied so hard that he could pass the examination.= He studied hard enough to pass the examination注意：enough与形容词或副词连用时，要置于形容词或副词之后。The water is warm enough for us to swim.I wish youd write clearly enough for us to read it.enough可置于名词前做修饰语， 在正式语体中有时可以放在名词后。Have you got enough room/room enough to seat all of us? adj adjtoo + + to = so + + that + 主语 +cannot + 动词原形 adv adv adj= not + + enough to + 动词原形 (表示反面的结果，解释为“太.以至不能”) advYou are too young to learn to drive.= You are so young that you cant learn to drive.= You are not old enough to learn to drive.such as to . 和such.as to及such that和suchthat的区别1. such 有两种词性：名词性的不定代词和形容词。正是由于词性不同，所以在表示“如此.以致于” 这种意思时就出现了两种不同的结构。such as to . 中的 such 属于不定代词，指代上文提到过的人或事物，意思是“这样的人/如此的事物”，如：The case has been such as to prove true. 情况已经如此，以致于证明是真实的。Their anxiety was such as for them not to be able to sleep. 他们如此焦虑，以致于难以入睡。2. such . as to . 中的 such 属于形容词，需要放在名词前作定语，意思是“这样的/如此的.”，如：We are not such fools as to believe him. 我们不是那样的蠢人, 以致于能够相信他。She had such a fright as to faint. 她如此吃惊以致于吓得昏了过去。Such as to 和 such.as to 中，如果把不定式加上主语改为结果状语从句，就变成了 such that . 和 such . that .。以下就是上面句子改写成的从句：The case has been such that it can prove true. 情况已经如此，以致于（情况）证明是真实的。Their anxiety was such that they could not sleep. 他们如此焦虑，以致于(他们)难以入睡。We are not such fools that we can believe him. 我们不是那样的蠢人, 以致于(我们)能够相信他。She had such a fright that she fainted. 她如此吃惊以致于（她）吓得昏了过去。表示令人意外的结果用only + to find / discover / realizeHe lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.They queued for hours at the box office only to discover that the show was sold out.（二）动词不定式的概念：动词不定式指由to动词原形（而且只能是动词原形）所构成的一种非限定性动词，而非限定动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当谓语的动词，可分为不定式，动名词。动词不定式在句中可以作句子除谓语之外的任何句子成分。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语 、宾语、表语、定语和状语。 我们主要是学习动词不定式作宾语和宾语不足语。动名词的概念：如果一个动词加上了ing变成了名词，那么这个词称动名词。动名词的名词特征表现在它可在句子中当名词来用，作主语、宾语、表语、定语。它也可以被副词修饰或者支配宾语。下面的动词只能加不定式作宾语:1. agree to do sth 2.arrange to do sth 3.decide to do sth 4.hope to do sth 同意做某事 安排做某事 决定做某事 希望做某事5. ought to do sth 6.promise to do sth 7.refuse to do sth 8.seem to do sth 应该做某事 承诺做某事 拒绝做某事 好像做某事9.want to do sth 10.plan to do sth 11. pretend to do sth 12.wish to do sth 想要做某事 计划做某事 假装做某事 希望做某事12. prepare to do sth 13.appear to do stn 14.disagree to do sth 准备做某事 好像做某事 不同意做某事下面的动词只能加不定式作宾语补足语：1. elect sb to do sth 2.allow sb to do sth 3.tell sb to do sth 4.ask sb to do sth 选举某人做某事 允许某人做某事 告诉某人做某事 问某人做某事5.下面的动词既可以加不定式也可以加动名词：1.like to do sth 2.forget to do sth 3.love to do sth 4.hate to do sth doing sth doing sth doing sth doing sth 喜欢做某事 忘记做某事 喜爱做某事 讨厌做某事5.begin to do sth 6.start to do sth 7.remember to do sth doing sth doing sth doing sth 开始做某事 开始做某事 记得做某事下面的动词只能加动名词：1. suggest doing sth 2.practise doing sth 3.enjoy doing sth 4.finish doing sth 建议做某事 练习做某事 喜爱做某事 完成做某事动词不定式作宾语：例句：1. I hope to protect the innocent as well as find the guilty. 我希望保护无辜者和找出罪犯。 2.He wanted to make Jill go to jail instead of himself. 他想让吉尔代替他自己去坐牢。 3.We arranged to meet outside the cinema at seven oclock. 我们安排晚上7点在电影院外面见面。 4.She refused to speak to me at first. 她一开始拒绝和我说话。 5.I forgot to turn off the light in the living room. 我忘记关客厅里的灯。动名词作宾语：例句：1.I like working as a detective. 我喜欢做侦探。 2.They both denied stealing the vase. 他们都否认偷了花瓶。 3.He admitted stealing the vase at last. 最后，他承认偷了花瓶。 4.I started reading a book about world-famous crimes. 我开始读一本关于世界著名的罪犯的书。 5.He suggested going to the cinema. 他建议去电影院。动词不定式作宾语补足语：动词不定式作宾语补足语的形式：动词+宾语+不定式（三）M5U1语法动词不定式【附练习题+答案】动名词的构成形式 动词不定式是由 “ to + 动词原形” 构成；动名词由动词+ing构成。主动式有： 一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式；被动式有： 一般式、进行式和完成式。时态 语态主动被动一般式动词不定式to doto be done动名词doingbeing done进形式动词不定式to be doingto be being done动名词doingbeing done完成式动词不定式to have doneto have been done动名词having donehaving been done完成进形式动词不定式to have been doing动名词having been doing动词不定式、动名词用法要点讲解一做主语 不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种： (1)把不定式置于句首。如： To get there by bike will take us half an hour. (2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： Itbe名词to do Its our duty to take good care of the old. It takes sb. + some time + to do How long did it take you to finish the work? Itbe形容词for sb.to do It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour. Itbe形容词of sb.to do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says. It seems(appears)形容词to do It seemed impossible to save money. 在句型中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary 等；在句型中，常用careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb.，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于sb. is形容词to do句式，如：Its kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English. 动名词做主语 Learning without practice is no good. 动名词做主语时，也常用It句式。如： Its +no good(no use, fun, a pleasure, a waste of time)+doing Its no good reading in dim light. Its no use sitting here waiting. Its形容词doing Its dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days. 这样用的形容词有expensive, nice, tiring等，但important, necessary则不适用于这种结构，应用不定式 代替，如：Its important for you to keep fit. There is no + doing There is no saying what will happen next. There is no denying that he has stolen the bike. 在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于Its impossible to结构。 动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别 不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动 作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如： Its no good eating too much fat. Its no good for you to eat so much fat. 动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如： Its no use your pretending that you didnt know the rules. 二、作宾语 不定式作宾语 以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如：agree, ask, aim, arrange, choose, decide, demand, expect, fail, help, hope, lean, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, wish等，这些词大部分可接that引导的从句。如： I decided to ask for my money back. I decided that I would ask for my money back. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected to start back on foot. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that we would start back on foot. 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定式置于补语之后，即：主语动 词it补语to do句式。如： We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well. He feels it his duty to help the poor. 介词but, except, besides + to do(do) 在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do，则接to不定式，即带do不带to， 带to不带do。如： The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in. On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV. 动名词作宾语 以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：admit, dislike, imagine, delay, consider, mind, understand, avoid, enjoy, practice, miss, finish, keep, suggest, appreciate, resist, risk, give up, insist on, put off等。如： I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm to your health. 动名词作介词的宾语 I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home. What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech? 动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：have difficulty (in) doing, have no trouble (in) doing, lose no time (in) doing, prevent/stop (from)doing, there is no use (in)doing等。 部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如：begin, continue, start, hate, like, love, prefer等。hate, love, like接不定式表示特定的未来事件，接动名词表示目前 正在进行的活动或一般的行为。 在need, require, want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，如：Your handwriting needs improving (to be improved). 在下列情况下，一般要用不定式： hate, like, love前有would(should)时，如：Id like to have a cup of coffee. 当谓语动词begin, continue, start等是进行式时，如：The students are starting to work on the difficult math problem. begin, continue, start与know, understand等状态动词连用时，如：I soon began to understand what was happening. advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如： Our teachers dont permit our swimming in the lake. Our teachers dont permit us to swim in the lake. 部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。 forget, remember, regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如： Dont forget to post the letter for me. Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport? Remember to close the windows before you leave. I remember writing him a letter a year ago. We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited to attend the meeting. They regretted ordering these books from abroad. mean to do 打算做某事 mean doing 意味着 I meant to catch up with the early bus. This means wasting a lot of money. try to do 设法尽力做某事 try doing 试着做某事 You should try to overcome your shortcomings. Try working out the physics problem in another way. stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语） stop doing 停止做某事 On the way to the airport, I stopped to buy a paper. Youd better stop arguing and do as you are told. cant help doing 禁不住 cant help to do不能帮助干 They couldnt help jumping up at the news. Sorry I have lots of work to do. So I cant help to make up the room for you. go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事 go on doing 继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续 He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。 Well go on fighting so long as there is oppression in the world. leave off to do 离开某地去干什么（目的状语） leave off doing停下某事 Its time to leave off talking and to start acting. They left off to go fishing. 三、做表语 不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。 To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter. What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例）。当主语是aim, duty, hope, idea, mistake, plan, purpose, suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例），不定式说明主语的内容。 Our work is serving the people. What he likes is taking a walk after supper. The story told by Mr. Wang is interesting. 句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving the people is our work，而句中是现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。 四、作定语 不定式作定语 不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如： The next train to arrive is from Washington. Have you anything to be taken to your sister? Do you have anything to say on the question? Would you please give me some paper to write on? My wish to visit France has come true at last. 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系： (1)表示将来的动作（例）。 (2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例）。 (3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍 用主动语态（例）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例）。 (4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例to arrive=that will arrive。 动名词作定语 This passage can be used as listening materials. The reading room of our school library can hold 800people. All moving bodies have energy. 句动名词作定语说明一种性能，即：用来的；第句为现在分词作定语，单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前，与被修饰词之间可构成逻辑上的主谓关系，分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。如：The man standing at the school gate is Professor Smith. 五、不定式作补足语 作宾语补足语 一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，这时意思才相对完整。 (1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow, ask, advise, beg, cause, drive（强迫），encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, would like (love, hate), order, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等。如： Would you like me to give your regards to Mary? I want you to understand the whole passage clearly. (2)部分动词后常接to be形容词、名词短语等形式，有时to be可省略，如：believe, consider, discover, find(=consider),feel(=think), imagine, judge, know, prove, think, suppose, see(=understand), understand等。 We all believe John(to be)honest. I consider him(to be)one of the best teachers of No. 1 Middle School. 但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：We consider him to have been foolish. (3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。 I didnt hear anyone say anything about it. They make the students do too much homework every day. 这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第句：The students are made to do too much homework every day. (4)help, know后面的to可有可无。如： Would you please help me (to) fill in the tax form? Ive never known her (to) be late before. 但：He was known to have been to France before. (5)部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如： You may depend on them to be there early. The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy. 常这样用的短语动词有：ask for, care for, call on, count on, depend on, wait for, long for（渴望），prepare for, wish for等。 2. 作主语补足语 不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如： He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late. The young university student is considered to have great promise. 六、不定式作状语 1. 作目的状语 (1) I stayed there to see what would happen. Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examined by the doctor. (2)有时为了强调，不定式前可加in order或so as。如： Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not to forget it. 有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部 分可转换为so that, in order that,成为目的状语从句，如： I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see what would happen. (3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished, glad, happy, laugh, pleased, sad, smile, sorry, surprised等。 We are glad to hear the news. I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well. 在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。如：The question raised by the student is difficult to answer. The room is really comfortable to live in. 常这样用的形容词有：comfortable, easy, dangerous, difficult, expensive, fit, impossible等。 2. 作结果状语 We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. 不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如： soas to; suchas to Im not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。 Im not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. enoughto The speed is high enough for us to catch up with the first liner. only to Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying in the hospital. tooto Im too tired to stay up longer. 但在下列结构中，tooto并非是“太而不能”之意。如： Im only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了。（too修饰glad to have，相当 于very） We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。 不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如： To tell the truth, the play was a great disappointment tome. 常见的短语有to be exact（确切地说），to begin with（首先），to do him justice（说句对他公道的 话），to be sure（真的）等等。 七、动词不定式、动名词的其它用法 疑问词不定式结构 疑问词who, what, which, when, where, whether, how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。如： When to leave for London has not been decided yet. Mr. Smith didnt know whether to leave or stay there. I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. The question was where to get the medicine needed. 以上例句中疑问词不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。如：When we shall leavehow I could learn 经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：consider, decide, discover