2013届高考英语形容词和副词(学生版.doc

2013届高考英语形容词和副词莲塘一中高三英语备课组第一小组I.形容词、副词的作用与位置 1.形容词是用来修饰名词的，常被放在名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则用来修饰形容词、动词，其他副词或者句子，一般位于形容词之前，动词之后或句子之首。以下属几种情况须牢记： 几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为： 限定语(The、A)+ 描绘性形容词 + size(大小)+ shape(形状)+ age(年龄、时间)+ color(颜色)+origin(国籍、来源)+material(材料)+ purpose(目的)+名词; a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella, the mans first tow interesting little red French oil paitings 熟记口诀就可以顺利解题：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。 形容词短语作定语，定语后置; a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet high This is a student worth of praise. They will turn their motherland into a country, beautiful and modern. 表语形容词(afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等)作定语，定语后置; a man alive：活着的人 有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语，ill如作定语意为“bad”; 形容词作定语修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时，通常后置; I have something important to tell you. enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置;程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面;enough修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置; else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语; 几个副词并列作状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间; 频度副词如often、always、usually等在be动词后，行为动词前; 副词作定语，定语后置; The person there is waiting for you. 复合形容词常用作定语，个别也可以作表语。 He was a 12-year-old boy. He is good-natured. 复合形容词的构成： 形容词+名词-ed：kind-hearted好心的，white-haired白发的 形容词+形容词：red-hot炽热的，dark-blue深蓝的 形容词+现在分词：good-looking好看的，easy-going随和的 副词+现在分词：hard-working勤劳的，fast-moving快速转动的 副词+过去分词：hard-won得来不易的，newly-made新建的 名词+形容词：life-long终生的，world-famous世界闻名的 名词+现在分词：peace-loving爱好和平的，fun-loving爱开玩笑的 名词+过去分词：snow-covered白雪覆盖的，hand-made手工的 数词+名词 + ed：four-storeyed 4层楼的，three-legged 3条腿的 数词+名词(名词用单数)：ten-year 10年的, two-man两人的 2.形容词作伴随状语和原因状语 He spent 7days in the wind and snow，cold and hungry. 他在风雪中度过了7天，又冷又饿。 She stared into the distance, speechless for a long time. 她盯着远处看，好长时间不讲话。 Afraid of being caught，the thief hid himself under a bed. 因为害怕被抓，这个小偷藏在床下面。 II.连系动词与形容词 象get,grow,become,feel,appear,prove ,look,keep,smell,taste,sound,go,turn,remain等这些动词既可以用作为实义动词又可以用作连系动词，因而要根据上下文语境判断究竟是什么性质的动动词才能正确解题。请看下面这道选择题： We dont care if a hunting dog smells_,but we really dont want him to smell_. A. well; well B. bad; badly C. well; badly D. badly; bad 第一个“smell”是“闻起来”的意思，是连系动词，用形容词。第二个“smell”是实义动词，用副词来修饰;此外well作形容词是表示人身体好、气色好，用在此句中不行，只能作副词用。答案是B。句意是：“我们不在乎猎狗闻起来难闻，但是我们确实不希望它的嗅觉力差。 III.形容词、副词比较等级的用法 形容词、副词有三个等级：原级、比较级和最高级，其构成形式如下： 规则变化：单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级 构成法 原级 比较级 最高级 一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est tall taller Tallest 以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以-le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st nice nicer Nicest 以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er,-est big bigger Biggest 以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词，改y为i，再加-er，-est busy busier Busiest 少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-est clever narrow cleverer narrower Cleverest Narrowest 其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级 important easily more important more easily most important most easily 不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good/well better Best bad/ill worse Worst old older/elder oldest/eldest much/many more most little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest 注意：many,old和far比较级及最高级用法的区别 如果后接名词时，much more +不可数名词，many more +可数名词复数。 old有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder，eldest只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。 My elder brother is an engineer. Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. far有两种比较级，farther，further.在英语中两者都可指距离。 在美语中，farther表示距离，further表示进一步 I have nothing further to say. 1.原级的用法 表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as+原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构;表示双方不相等时，用“not so(as)+原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构;表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用“倍数+ as+原级形容词/副词+ as”的结构。 Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu. This building looks not so (as)high as that one. Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you . This room is three times as large as that one. 2.比较级的用法 双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级+than”的结构表示; This picture is more beautiful than that one. 注意： 比较对象的一致性 请看下面这道选择题： The weather in China is different from_ _. A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America 本题意为中国的天气比美国热。比较的是天气而不是国家，C不能选。A没有名词，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用来代替可数名词，而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选D。 要避免将主语包含在比较对象中 (错)China is larger than any country in Asia. (对)China is larger than any other countries in Asia. 注意比较对象的省略或隐藏：有时省略或不点明被比较的对象，而是通过语境来暗示被比较的对象。 请看下面这两道选择题： If there were no examinations, we should have _ at school. A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time 本题将比较的对象隐藏在虚拟条件句中，即：与没有考试的时候相比。本题答案选D。 I dont think this film is by far the most boring.I have seen_. A. better B. worse C. the best D. the worst 由前文“我认为这部电影不是最没趣的”可知，“我看过(比这部)更差的电影”，省略了than this one。本题答案是B。 It takes a long time to go there by train; its _by road. A. quick B. the quickest C. much quick D. quicker 由语境可知，句末省略了than by train，用比较级。本题答案是D。 表示一方不及另一方时，用“less+原级+than”的结构表示; This room is less beautiful than that one. 表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如even、a lot、a bit、a little、still、much、far、yet、by fay等修饰; He works even harder than before. 注意：by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中 间加“the”。 He is taller by far than his brother. He is by far the taller of the two brothers. 表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the +比较级(主语+谓语)，the +比较级(主语+谓语)” 的结构(意为“越越”); The harder he works, the happier he feels. 不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级+ and+比较级”的结构; The weather is getting colder and colder. The girl becomes more and more beautiful. 某些以-ior结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。这些词有inferior(劣等的，次的)、superior(较好的，优于)、junior(资历较浅的)、senior(资格较老的)、prior(在之前)等; He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry. 在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用that(those)、one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one既可指人又可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词; The book on the table is more interesting than that(或the one)on the desk. A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood. 否定词+比较级 该结构用否定形式表示肯定意义。要掌握该结构的用法，须注意以下几点： 该结构多为“cant /couldnt +比较级”的形式 I cant agree with you more.我再同意你的意见不过了。(或：我完全同意你的意见。) The weather couldnt be worse.天气再糟糕不过了。 He couldnt have done better.他做得再好不过了。 用于该结构中的否定词除了not之外，还有no，never，nothing等 This could give her no greater pleasure.这使她再高兴不过了。 Theres nothing cheaper.这东西再便宜不过了。 There is no greater love than that of a man who lays down his life for his friends. 为朋友而放弃生命的爱是最伟大的爱。 当该结构中的比较级为less时，其意义为“一点也不” 试比较：He couldnt care more.他非常介意。(或：他最关心不过了。) He couldnt care less.他毫不介意。(或：他最漠不关心了。) 注意：反过来用肯定形式表示否定意义。这种用法主要见于： know better than+不定式。这种结构意为“不至于” You have a better command of French than to make such mistakes. 你的法语较好，不至于犯这样的错误。 He is more experienced than to do such a thing. 他比较有经验，不至于做这样的事。 more thancan。这种句型形式上是肯定，实际上有否定含义 The boys in the street have become very insolent and it is more than flesh and blood can bear. 街上的男孩变得非常无礼,到了人所不能忍受的地步。 The beauty of the place is more than I can describe. 那地方美得无法形容。 倍数表达法 A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B. The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one. 这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(高)/这座新楼比那座旧楼大(高)三倍。 A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B. Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亚洲是欧洲的四倍大/亚洲比欧洲大三倍。 A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B. Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。 用times表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double. 3.最高级的用法 三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时用“the +最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语; Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three. He works(the)hardest in his class. 最高级可被序数词以及much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite、not really、nothing like 等词语所修饰; This hat is by far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means / not quite / nothing like the biggest. 表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent、extreme、perfect等，没有最高级，也没有比较级。 形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略; He is the tallest(boy)in his class. 作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。 Of all the boys he came(the)earliest. 4.形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况 形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词，副词最高级前可不加冠词; 形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示“非常”; He is a most clever young policeman.(most=very) The film is most interesting.(most=very) as+形容词+a+单数名词; This is as good an example as the other is. 表示两者间“较的一个”比较级前加the; who is the older of the tow boys? 在“the + 比较级，the + 比较级”结构中; 在same前一般要加the; What +a/an+形容词+单数可数名词=How+形容词+ a/an+单数可数名词 What an interesting film it is!=How interesting a film it is! so和such的用法 so + 形容词 / 副词 + that so + 形容词 + a(n)+ 单数可数名词 + that so + many / much / little / few + 名词 + that such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 + that such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that 下列词组中为什么只能用so不可用such? so much progress、so many people、so little food、so few apples等。 因为名词受many、much、little、few等表示“多或少”意义的词修饰。 下列这句中such用得对不对?(对)。为什么? These are such little boys that they cant dress themselves. 因为little在这儿表示“小”，而不是表示“少”的意思。 下列so的用法是错误的：so difficult problems, so hot weather 为什么?因为problems是复数，weather是不可数名词。 有些形容词前加the 成为名词。如the poor、the rich 等。 5.由as/so组成的形容词或副词短语 as much as + 不可数名词：多达 Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons. as many as + 可数名词：多达 I have as a many as sixteen reference books. as early as：早在 As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island. as far as：远到;就而知(论) We might go as far as (走到)the church and back. As far as I know(就我所知)，he has been there before. may (might, could)as well：不妨、不如 Then you might as well stay with us here. as as can be：到了最的程度，极其 They are as unreliable as they can be.他们极其不可信。 as as one can：尽其所能 He began to run, as fast as he could. as as possible：尽可能 Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible. 6.more /less than及其相关结构 第一类 more than+具体数字=over：多于、超过 He spoke English more than two years.(两年多) more than+名词/动词/形容词/副词：不仅仅 China Daily is more than a newspaper and it can also help us learn English. not more than：不超过，顶多=at most There were not more than 70 women in the store then.(不足70个女性) no more than：仅仅，只不过 The theater was no more than a painted barn. 这戏院只不过是漆了油漆的库房而已(没什么大不了的)。 less than：少于、不足 Their car broke down where they drove less than five miles.(不到五英里) less than+名词/形容词：仅仅 He is less than pleased to have visitors. not less than：以上，至少=at least He has not less than 2oo dollars.(至少200美元) no less than：不会少于，与一样，简直就 It is no less than robbery to ask me for so much. 要我这么多钱，简直跟抢劫没有两样。 第二类 more+形容词/副词/名词+than：比更 I have found that he is a more efficient worker than any other one. morethan：与其不如 He is not more an artist than a philosopher. 与其说他是位艺术家，不如说他是位哲学家。 not morethan：不如，不及 You are not more careful than he is.你不如他仔细。 She was not more pleased than I was.她不及我开心。 no+比较级+than：仅仅.，最多，只不过，和一样不 This kind of plant grows no higher than one inch. 这种植物最多长到一英寸。 The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。 He is no more a good player than I am. 他和我一样都不是好球员(他也好不到哪里去)。 less+形容词/副词/名than：比更少，不如 Jane is less beautiful than Suan. He is less slow than lazy at his work.=He is more lazy than slow at his work. not lessthan：不比少，不亚于 She is not less charming than her daughter.她跟她女儿一样有魅力。 no lessthan：不会比差，正如一样” A dolphin is no less a clever animal than a dog is.海豚不会比狗笨吧! IV.容易混淆的形容词、副词的辨析 1.下列单词虽以-ly结尾，但却是形容词而非副词 deadly,friendly,lovely,likely,lonely,silly,lively,brotherly,weekly,daily,yearly等。 2.有无ly的副词意义、用法有别 意义用法不同 Someone followed me close behind me.有人紧跟着我。 Everyone felt that his remarks hit close to home.他的话击中了要害。 Come close to me and youll listen to me clearly.靠近我，你就会听清楚的。 These two topics are closely related.这两个课题紧密相连。 (close修饰介词短语、closely修饰动词和过去分词) He hardly worked hard at maths so he could not pass the maths examination. 他几乎没有 努力学习数学，结果没有通过这次数学考试。 He always works late into the night.他总是工作到深夜。 Have you been to the cinema lately?你最近有没有看电影? The meeting proceeded in a most friendly atmosphere.会见在极其友好的气氛中进行。 The present world situation is most favorable for the people.当前世界形势对人民非常有利 They are mostly visiting scientists.= Most of them are visiting scientists. 具体和抽象的关系 They buried the body very deep. 他们把尸体埋得很深。(具体) His words deeply moved me. 他的话深深地打动了我。(抽象) 类似的词：high/highly,wide/widely 3.形容词和副词相同形式 意义不一 She said with a half smile to me.她微笑着对我说。 Well begun is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半。 This kind of material feels very hard.这种材料摸上去很硬。 He found modern art very hard to understand.他觉得现代艺术很难理解。 He is working hard at maths.他在努力学习数学。 The door was fast shut.门紧闭着。 His father was fast asleep.他父亲睡得很香。 意义基本相同 He got up so early that he caught the early bus.他起得早赶上了早班车。 What you need is a sound sleep.你所需要的是好好睡一觉。 His father was sound asleep. 他父亲睡得很香。 If he were well,he would do the work well. 如果他身体好的话，他会把这项工作干好的。 4.搭配特别的形容词和副词 英语中有些形容词和副词与名词、动词、或另一形容词等的搭配与汉语不完全一样，在平时学习中通过运用要把它们掌握好。 特别要记住下列与汉语不同的表达方法： well worth很值得 wide awake很清醒 fast/sound asleep睡得很香 largely due to主要因为 greatlyrespected/honoured很受尊敬 badly/seriously hurt/injured伤得很严重 rain/snow hard/heavily下大雨(大雪) large/small population人口多(少) heavy traffic交通堵塞 5.体现两句间逻辑关系的连接性副词 解决这类问题，首先要弄清形容词和副词真正含义，在解题时要弄清上下文的逻辑关系。 常用的此类词有：besides而且、再说,instead而是，反而,though不过，可是，然而,however不过，仍然，然而,thus/therefore因此，所以,furthermore/moreover此外，而且，再者,otherwise/or否则，不然,anyhow/anyway反正，不管怎样,even so即便如此，即使这样,or rather更确切地说等等。 请看下列选择题： Progress so far has been very good. _, we are sure that the project will be completed on time. A. Howeve B. Otherwise C. Therefore D. Besides “一直进展良好”与“按时完工”是因果关系，用therefore。本题答案是C。 The hurricane damaged many houses and business buildings;_ , it caused 20 deaths. A. or else B. therefore C. after all D. besides 由前后语境不难确定，是要表示“此外，还有，而且”，用besides。其它选项不合语境：or so大约;therefore因此;after all毕竟。本题答案是D。 Much of the power of the trade unions has been lost. _ , their political influence should be very great. (2006广东) A. As a result B. As usual C. Even so D. So far 由前后的语意逻辑可知，所填之词应是表示“即使如此”之意，用even so。句意：工会已经失去很多权力了;即使这样，他们的政治影响还应当还是很大的。本题答案是C。 6.too much和much too的区别 too much有下列用法 too much的含义是“太多”，充当形容词用时，too是副词，用来修饰much，后接不可数名词。 I have too much homework to do.我有太多的家庭作业要做。 too much充当副词用时，可用来修饰动词 Watching TV too much is bad for your health.看电视看得太多对你的健康有害。 too much充当代词用时，后面不接名词，代替上下文提到的事物。 You gave me too much.你给我的太多了。 much too意为“太”，much(副词)用来修饰too(副词)，以加强语气，只可起副词作用，在句中修 饰形容词或副词。 Its much too expensive.太贵了。 You walk(much)too far yesterday.昨天你散步走得太远了。 Its much too cold. 典型陷阱题分析1. We dont care if a hunting dog smells _, but we really dont want him to smell _.A. well, well B. bad, bad C. well, badlyD. badly, bad【陷阱】容易误选B，认为两个smell 均为连系动词，后接形容词作表语。【分析】这是1995年的一道上海高考题，最佳答案为D。句中的第一个 smell 为实义动词，意为“闻气味”、“嗅觉”，smell badly 意为“嗅觉差”；第二个 smell 为连系动词，意为“闻起来(有某种气味)”，smell bad 意为“闻起来气味难闻”。全句意为“我们并不介意一条猎狗的嗅觉不好，但我们的确不希望它的气味难闻”。2. “_ do you think of your English teacher?” “Oh, he is an _ man.”A. What, interestingB. What, interestedC. How, interestingD. How, interested【陷阱】容易误选D，认为第一空应填 how，表示“如何”；第二空应填 interested，因为有的书上说 ing 形容词主要说明事物，-ed 形容词主要说明人。【分析】其实最佳答案应是A。英语中表示汉语的“你觉得如何?”时，可用How do you like .? 或 What do you think of .? 注意两者搭配不同，即 like 与 how 搭配，think of 与 what 搭配。另一方面，有的书认为：-ing形容词说明事，-ed形容词说明人。此说法在很多情况下是可行的，但表述欠严谨。严谨的表述应该是：表示使(别)人感到如何, 用-ing形容词；表示人自己本身感到如何，用-ed形容词。比较：All the children are interested. 所有的孩子都很感兴趣。All the children are interesting. 所有的孩子都很有趣。I read an interested expression on his face. 我看到他脸上露出一种感兴趣的表情。I read an interesting expression on his face. 我看到他脸上露出一种有趣的表情。再比较：He is frightened. 他很害怕。He is frightening. 他很吓人。He has a frightened look on his face. 他脸上带有惊恐的神情。He has a frightening look on his face. 他脸上带有吓人的神情。3. The operation was successful, but I still felt _.A. very painfulB. much painfulC. a lot of painD. very paining【陷阱】容易误选A，想当然地认为：pain 表示“痛”，其形容词painful自然表示表示“感到疼痛的”。 【分析】其实 painful 的意思并不是“感到疼痛的”，而是表示“使人感到疼痛的”、“使人感到痛苦的”，所以它通常用于说明事物，而不宜用于说明人。比较并体会：他仍很痛苦。正：He is still in pain.误：Hes still painful.你感到痛吗?正：Do you feel any pain?误：Are you painful?见到你这样生活我很痛心。正：I am pained to see you living this way.误：I am painful to see you living this way.听到他的死讯，我们都很痛苦。误：We were all painful to hear of his death. 正：We were all pained to hear of his death. 他眼睛痛。正：He has painful eyes.误：Hes painful in the eyes. 4. “Our team is _ to win the match.” “Really? But I dont think so.”A. easy B. difficult C. possibleD. sure【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选，因为假若单纯从中文意思来看，四个答案均说得通。【分析】正确答案为D，A、B、C三项填入空格处虽然从汉语来看说得通，但不合英语习惯。因为按英语习惯，easy 和difficult 后接不定式时，其主语(或逻辑主语)通常应是 it，而不能是具体的人或物，除非这个主语与其后不定式有动宾关系。如：他回答案这个问题很容易。误：Hes very easy to answer this question. 正：It is very easy for her to answer this question. (用形式主语 it 作主语)正：The question is very easy for her to answer. (主语为具体的事物，但它与其后不定式有动宾关系，即 to answer this question)我们很难在半小时内完成这工作。误：We are very difficult to finish the work in half an hour.正：It is very difficult for us to finish the work in half an hour. (用形式主语 it 作主语)对possible 来说，后接不定式时，其主语只能是 it，不能是具体的人或事物，即使该主语与其后的不定式有动宾关系也不可以。如：我们可能会赢得这场比赛。误：We are possible to win the match.误：The match is possible for us to win.正：It is possible that we will win the match.正：It is possible for us to win the match.5. I think he is _ to tell us the secret, but Im not sure.A. possible B. likely C. impossibleD. certain【陷阱】A、B、C三项均有可能被选择。【分析】根据句意首先排除D；再根据上面一题的分析，排除A和C；也就是说，此题最佳答案为B。注意likely 的用法，它与possibl