文学翻译专题研究.doc

文学翻译专题研究 散文跨句翻译和文学翻译语言表达 散文跨句翻译专题 以张培基先生译作为例定义和必要性 跨句翻译是指把若干汉语句子看作一个整体,将其译成一个或若干个英语句子的翻译技巧与方法。汉英对比研究的成果表明,汉语句子的断句有明显的弹性,而英语句子的界线则非常明确。用中文写作的人,不论他是多么有名的作家,都没有句子的概念。汉语中同一段话,各人的语感不同,可以断成不同的句子。相反,英语中的一段话,任何人都会把句号安放在相同的位置上,可见英语句子的断句缺乏弹性,句子的界线是明确的。 跨句翻译与译文表达效果1.突出语义关系表义清楚明白(1)朋友是暂时的,家庭是永久的。在好些人的行为里我发现了这个信条。巴金(朋友)Friends are transient whereas families are lasting-that is the tenet, as I know, guiding the behavior of many people.(张培基,1999:98)译文的前后两半个句子由一个破折号(the em dash)连接,破折号把这两半句子的语义关系表达得很明确,即后半句是对前半句的总结。跨句翻译与译文表达效果2.呈现逻辑关系推理思路清晰跨句翻译还可以把逻辑关系传达得更明确。西方人思维重理性、重逻辑,这一特征也体现在语言表达上(陈宏薇,1998)。(2)是有人偷了他们吧:那是谁?又藏在何处? (朱自清匆匆)Perhaps they have been stolen by someone. But who could it be and where would he hide them? (Transient Days by Zhu Ziqing)(张培基,1999:75)译文体现了作者极强的逻辑性思维。既然有人偷,就存在另外两个命题:那个人是谁?偷去后如何处理?译文把这两个命题放在同一个句子,就把这种逻辑推理完美地再现出来了。跨句翻译与译文表达效果3.语句连贯层次更加分明 (3)祖父起得很早也睡得很早,每晚九点钟就上床了。他上床之前,就把电闸关上,于是整个大家庭就是黑沉沉的一片! (冰心祖父和灯火管制)Grandpa, who kept early hours, would switch off all lights when he went to bed at 9 oclock in the evening, thus plunging the whole big house into deep darkness. (Grandpa and Nightly Blackout by Bing Xin)(张培基,1999:148)非限制性定语从句使译文把祖父的作息特征描述出来了,他喜欢早睡早起。接下来译文说出了祖父早睡的表现,每晚九点上床并随手关灯。ING-分词短语把祖父早睡对全家人的影响讲明了,面对祖父的权威,全家人显得十分无奈。译文的语句很连贯,层次也分明。跨句翻译法的具体运用1.译成并列句(5)佃农家庭的生活自然是很苦的。可是由于母亲的聪明能干,却舒服。(朱德母亲的回忆)The life of a tenant farmers family was of course hard, but we somehow managed to scrape along because mother was a clever and able woman. (Loving Memory of Mother by Zhu De)(张培基,1999:335) “很苦”与“舒服”并存,故译成并列句。跨句翻译法的具体运用2.译成状语从句A. 译成时间状语从句(6)送牛奶的同志,进门就夸“好香!”这使我们全家都感到骄傲。(老舍养花)It filled the whole family with pride whenever the milkman exclaims on entering our gate, “What a sweet smell.” (On Growing Flowers by Lao She) (张培基,1999:191)有人夸, 此时此刻心里自然感到骄傲, 因而译成时间状语从句。跨句翻译法的具体运用B. 译成原因状语从句(7)他知道外面蜕壳是危险的。身子还软,要被别的螃蟹吃去的。(鲁迅螃蟹)He knew it would be very dangerous to shed his shell in the open because, with his new shell still being soft, he might be eaten up by other crabs. (The Crab by Lu Xun) (张培基1999:8) “危险”是因为可能会被别的螃蟹吃掉,从而译成原因状语从句。跨句翻译法的具体运用C. 译成结果状语从句(8)无数无数的人都学他的榜样。于是人人都成了一个差不多先生。(胡适差不多先生)Innumerable people have come to follow his example, so that everybody has become a Mr. Cha Budou. (Mr. About-the-Same by Hu Shih)(张培基1999:24)“无数无数”的结果是成了“人人”,故译成结果状语从句。值得一提的是,“innumerable”换成“countless”或“numberless”, 效果就更加理想, 因为“innumerable”是个大词,而“countless”和“numberless”是小词,小词更符合散文的文体特色。王佐良、丁往道曾指出, “口语化”是散文风格的一个总趋势,使用小词则是散文用词的一大特点。跨句翻译法的具体运用3.译成非限制性定语从句(10)他把我安顿在二楼临湖的一个房间后,就领我去踏访他的后花园。地方不大,布置得却精致匀称。(萧乾枣核)After assigning me a room on the second floor facing a lake, he showed me round his back garden, which, though not too big, were exquisite and nicely arranged. (Date Stones by Xiao Qian) (张培基,1999:301) 后花园的模样译成非限制性定语从句,非常自然。跨句翻译法的具体运用5.译成介词短语(12)但老人却说还有一部更好看的哩,那是绘图的山海经。人面的兽,九头的蛇,三脚的鸟,生着翅膀的人,没有头的拿两乳作眼睛的怪物,这本书上都有。(王士菁幼年鲁迅)But the old man told them that the illustrated edition of the Book of Hills and Seas was even more attractive, with pictures of man-faced beasts, nine-headed snakes, three-footed birds, winged men, and headless monsters who used their teats as eye. 绘图的山海经里有“兽”、“蛇”、“鸟”、“人”、“怪物”各种图画,将这些图画译成含“with”的介词短语,合情合理。须要指出的是,将“Hills”换成“Mountains”更妥,读过山海经的读者都知道山海经里所提及的山是什么样的山;将“illustrated”替换成“pictorial”则更符合散文的用词特色。跨句翻译法的具体运用4.译成名词短语(11)如果这一次落选了,也许这个人终其一生就和音乐分手。她的天才可能从此就被埋没。(何为第二次考试)Her failure to pass the second test might mean her life-long divorce from music and a permanent stifling of her musical talent. (The Second Test by He Wei) (张培基,1999:362) 考试落选可能产生两个后果。一个后果译成名词短语,另一个后果就应相应地译成了名词短语。跨句翻译法的具体运用6.译成ING-分词短语(13)我在学校读书的时候,有所谓“强迫运动”,我踢破过几双球鞋,打断过几只球拍。因此侥幸维持下来最低限度的体力。(梁实秋时间即生命)In my school days, in response to the so-called “compulsory physical exercises”, I went in for many sports at the expense of many pairs of sneakers and rackets, thus luckily building up a minimum of good physique.(Time Is Life by Liang Shiqiu) (张培基,1999:282)踢破几双球鞋、打断几只球拍的具体“运动”换来的是一般性的锻炼效果,维持了最低限度的体力。将一般性(generic)的内容译成ING-分词短语,这与Wright&Hope(2000:81)研究发现的非限定动词形式能传达特定的文体功能,不谋而合。跨句翻译法的具体运用7.译成同位语(14)作家有三种死法。一