英语四级备考语法篇.docx

过去将来完成进行时用法详解一、结构形式过去完成进行时由“would have been+现在分词”构成。二、用法归纳过去将来完成进行时表动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去将来某一时间。动作是否继续下去，由上下文决定。如：He said that by the end of the spring term he would have been studying English for three years. 他说到了春季学期末，他就学了三年英语了。I want you thinking of food and wine, because these last years would have been miserable for you. 我要你只想吃喝，因为最近几年你的生活够苦的。在间接引语中，将来完成进行时通常要改为过去将来完成进行时。如：I know by this time next week youll have been working here for 30 years.I knew by that time he would have been working there for 30 years.She will have been teaching in this university for 20 years by this summer.She told me shed have been teaching in that university for 20 years by that summer.so far必须要连用现在完成时吗so far是否与现在完成时连用，与它所表示的意思有关。1. 表示“迄今”“到目前为止”时，若so far所描述的谓语是一直持续到现在的动作或状态，则谓语动词通常要用现在完成时。如：So far there has been no bad news. 到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。So far the work has been easy but things may change. 到目前为止，这工作很容易，但情况可能有变化。但是，若连用so far的谓语词作并不表示一个持续的状态，而只是表示现在的一时的状态时，谓语动词通常不用现在完成时，而用一般现在时或现在进行时。如：Were (lying) ninetieth in the competition so far. 到目前为止，我们在比赛中排名第90。另外，有时so far并非描述谓语动作，而是间接地说明句中的某个名词，此时的句子谓语需要具体语境来使用时态。如：Production so farthis year is on target. 今年到目前为止生产已达到指标。She gave us a brief resume of the project so far. 她给了我们一份该项目迄今历程的简介。2. 表示“仅到一定程度”“仅在有限的范围内”“如此之远”等时，不一定要连用现在完成时，而应根据句意的需要使用合适的时态。如：I trust you only so farand no further. 我对你的信任只到这一程度。 We may as well finish the job, now that weve got so far with it. 我们已干到这个程度了，不妨把这工作干完。My mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her. 我母亲住得那么远，我们很少见到她。since可与现在完成时之外的时态连用吗1. 当since表示“自从”时，不管它是用作介词、连词还是副词，它都通常要与现在完成时连用。如：Ive worn glasses since my childhood. 我从小就戴眼镜。The works have been closed since January. 一月份以来这些厂就关闭了。Hes put on a lot of weight since he gave up smoking. 他戒烟后体重增加了许多。Nothing has happened since. 从那以后未发生什么事。She moved to London last May and has since got a job on a newspaper. 她去年五月到伦敦 此后一直在报社工作。有时连用现在完成进行时。如：He has been working since noon. 他从中午就开始工作了。2. 在以下情况下可以连用除完成时态外的其他时态：当主句表示“多长时间”时，动词可用一般现在时（当然也可用现在完成时）。如：Its a long time since I met you last. 好久不见了。Its just a week since we arrived here. 我们到这里才一个星期。Its a long time since I met you last. 从上次见到你，已有很长时间了。以上各句的it is也可换成 it has been，不过在口语或非正式文体中，用一般现在时的情形比较普遍。当主句谓语动词为seem, appear等连系动词时。如：It seems like years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。 It seems like years since I last saw you. 从上次见到你以来好像已经有许多年了。当主句和从句表示情况“变化”时。如()：She doesnt come round to see us so much since her marriage. 自从结了婚，她不怎么过来看我们了。（原来经常来，结婚后就不怎么来了）Since he went on that course he thinks he knows everything. 自从他选了那门课程，他就认为自己什么都懂了。（原来不认为自己什么都懂，但选了那门课程后就认为自己什么都懂了）将来完成进行时用法详解一、结构形式过去完成进行时由“will / shall have been+现在分词”构成。二、用法归纳用法一：表示动作从某一时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间，至于是否继续下去，要视上下文而定。如：She will have been having treatment all her life. 她将终生受到治疗。By the end of next month he will have been here for ten years. 到下月底，他在这儿就够十年了。By this time next year, we will have been doing business with each other for 20 years. 到明年这时候，我们的业务住来就满20年了。By the end of this year hell have been acting for thirty years. 到今年年底他当演员就满30年了。用法二：表示一种经常性反复进行的持续性动作。如：By the end of this month he will have been training horses for twenty years. 到了这个月底他驯马就满20年了。By the end of this month he will have been climbing mountains for twenty years. 到了这个月底他登山就满20年了。过去完成进行时用法详解一、结构形式过去完成进行时由“had been+现在分词”构成，因此无人称变化。二、用法归纳过去完成进行时表示持续到过去某时的一个动作(可算是现在完成进行时的过去式)：The ground was wet. It had been raining. 地是湿的。此前一直在下雨。At last the bus came. I had been waiting for half an hour. 最后公共汽车来了，我已等了半小时。She was out of breath. She had been running. 她气喘吁吁，她一直在跑来着。He gave up smoking last year. Hed been smoking for twenty years. 去年他戒烟了。他抽烟已经二十年。过去时间可用一个时间状语表示：When I first met her, she had been working in the company for ten years. 我第一次见到她时，她在那家公司已工作十年了。I had not been waiting long when a taxi drew up. 我没等多久就来了一辆出租车。She had been looking at the parcel for some time before she realized that it was for her mother. 这包裹她看了好一会儿才明白这是寄给她妈的。Until/Up till then she had been living with her daughter. 到那时为止她一直和她女儿一起住。但在更多情况下过去时间由另一句子表示出来，毋需加上时间状语：Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying. 她眼睛红红的，显然她是哭了。Jane was annoyed. Peter had been phoning her every night. 简很不高兴。彼得一直每晚给打电话。He was very tired. He had been working all day. 他很累。他干了一整天活。She couldnt understand him. She hadnt been learning English long. 她不懂他的话。她学语的时间还不长。I woke upI had been having a bad dream. 我醒了，我做了个恶梦。She was very tired. She had been typing letters all day. 她很累了。她整天都在打信件。 Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying. 她的眼睛红了，显然她刚哭过。We had been doing business with each other for years before we quarrelled. 在吵翻之前，我们多年来在业务上一直来往。When I first met Ann, she had been working for Exxon for 15 years. 我第一次遇到安的时候，她已在埃克森公司干了15年了。Jenny was annoyed. Jim had been phoning her every night for a whole week. 詹妮生气了。整整一星期，吉姆天天晚上都给她打电话。有时上下文可说明是谈过去的事，因此不需要时间状语：She had been watching TV all day. 她看了一天的电视。I had been reading your book. 我一直在看你写的书。The rain had been pouring all night. 倾盆大雨下了一整夜。We had been travelling in many countries. 我们一直在许多国家旅游。过去将来进行时用法详解过去将来进行时表示在过去将来某一时间正在发生的动作。它常和表过去将来的时间状语连用，但上下文清楚时，时间状语亦可省略。和将来进行时一样，它也常表计划中的事，不表意愿或打算。过去将来进行时有一个特点，就常用在宾语从句(尤其是间接引语)中。如：I thought youd be sleeping. 我以为你在睡觉哩。She said she would be looking after you. 她说她会照顾你的。He didnt know when hed be seeing us again. 他不知道什么时候他会再见到们。I asked her what she would be doing on Saturday. 我问她星期六干什么。They moved to the main entrance where the car would be waiting. 他们向大门走去，那辆车会在那里等着。过去将来进行时有时也可用在其他从句中，如：The new name he would be using was Jack Jones. 他将用的新名是杰克琼斯。He would pay the rest as he would be leaving France. 其余款项，他将在离开法国时付清。过去将来进行时也可用在独立句中，如：Jack said he had found a job. He would be working as a bartender in Detroit. 杰克说他找到了工作。他将在底特律做酒吧间伙计。I was excited. Next Wednesday we would be flying to Sydney. 我很兴奋。下星期三我们就会飞往悉尼了。注意：过去将来进行时都没有被动语态。滥用时态呼应错误分析英语时态在许多情况都是前后呼应的，即上文所用的某种时态与下文所用的某种时态存在一定的关联性。正确地运用时态呼应本来也是一种做时态题的技巧，但是，如果不加理解地滥用它，则会适得其反。如： I _ in London for many years, but Ive never regretted my final decision to move back to China.A. livedB. was livingC. have livedD. had lived许多同学一看到后面的have never regretted为现在完成时，同时选项C也是现在完成时，结果滥用时态呼应，将答案误选C。其实，此题的最佳答案是A。句中but后的句子告诉我们，说话者现在已搬回了上海，所以他住在伦敦应属于过去的事情，故应用一般过去时。 He was hoping to go abroad but his parents _ that they wont support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.A. were decidingB. have decidedC. decidedD. will decide 有的同学一看到句中的was hoping，便想当然地认为答案是A或C。其实，此题的最佳答案是B，用现在完成时表示目前决定“已经”作出。其实，假若此处填过去时态，它与其后宾语从句中的wont, can也自相矛盾，故应排除。这个 if 从句该用什么时态请看看下面这道题：I dont know if he _ or not tomorrow.A. comeB. comesC. will comeD. is coming【分析】此题容易误选B。认为 if 引导的是条件状语从句，从句谓语要用一般现在时表示将来意义。其实，此题应选C，句中if引导的不是条件状语从句(即if如果)，而是宾语从句(即if是否)，句意为“我不知道明天他是否会来。”请看以下类似试题：(1) I dont know if she _, but if she _ I will let you know.A. comes, comesB. will come, will comeC. comes, will comeD. will come, comes答案选 D，第一个 if 引导的是宾语从句，第二个 if 引导的是条件状语从句。(2) “When _ he come?” “I dont know, but when he _, Ill tell you.”A. does, comesB. will, will comeC. does, will comeD. will, comes答案选 D，第一个 when 疑问副词，用于引出一个特殊疑问句；第二个 when是从属连词，用于引导时间状语从句。(3) “When he _ is not known yet.” “But when he _, he will be warmly welcomed.”()A. comes, comesB. will come, will come C. comes, will comeD. will come, comes答案选 D，第一个 when 引导的是主语从句，第二个 when 引导的是时间状语从句。过去进行时与一般过去时的区别区别一：过去进行时强调动作在过去某时刻正在进行或持续，而一般过去时表示动作的完成。如：He was writing his composition last night. 他昨晚在写作文。(不一定写完) He wrote his composition last night. 他昨晚写了一篇作文。(已经写完) 区别二：表示过去的状态、感觉及心理活动的静态动词(如be, like, love, hate, fear, own, hear, see, know, want, notice)可用于一般过去时，但通常不用于进行时。如：I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food. 我讨厌人们说话时口里含着食物。区别三：一般过去时与 always, constantly, forever, continually 等连用，表示“过去经常性、习惯性的动作”；而过去进行时与 always, constantly, forever, continually 等连用，表示动作的重复，常带有感情 色彩。如()：He always got up at six. 他过去总是六点起床。He was always thinking of his work. 他总是一心想到工作。区别四：有时过去进行时可以用来替换一般过去时，但一般过去时表示主语的行为是经过认真考虑的；而过去进行时表示一种较随便或没有进行仔细考虑的行为。如：I thought that he would agree with us. 我原以为它会同意我们的。I was thinking of persuading him to follow my advice. 我想到了要说服他接受我们的建议。现在进行时与一般现在时的区别区别一：现在进行时强调目前正在进行的动作，而一般现在时强调经常性或习惯性的动作。如：Im reading a story now. 我在看一个故事。(目前正在干的事情) I read stories in my spare time. 我有空时看故事。(经常性的行为) 区别二：现在进行时强调现阶段一直在进行的动作，而一般现在时只表动作的重复，而不表示动作的持续。如：What are you doing these days? 这几天你在干什么？They are learning English in the summer holiday. 他们暑假在学英语。They read English every day. 他们每天读英语。They play volleyball every Sunday. 他们每周星期天都打排球。区别三：表示短促动作的动词(如 jump, knock, beat, pick, skip等)的进行时，表示动作的重复。如：The girls are jumping over there. 女孩子们在那边跳。His heart is beating fast. 他的心脏跳得很快。区别四：某些表示希望或想法的动词(如hope, wonder, want等)的进行时可以表示委婉客气。如：Im hoping that you will succeed. 我正在希望你成功呢()。Im wondering whether you can help us now. 我不知道你现在能否给我们帮一忙。一般现在时的七种用法用法一：表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态。常用频度副词sometimes, often, always, usually, seldom及时间副词every day / night / week / month / year, in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at night做状语。如：He often stays up late. 他常熬夜。We go home every month. 我们每月都要回家。I watch TV at night. 我晚上看电视。用法二：表示客观真理或永恒的状态。如：The earth travels round the sun. 地球绕太阳旋转。Trees turn green in spring. 春天树木变绿。Liquid turns into gas when it is hot enough. 足够热时，液体变为气体。Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。 用法三：现阶段的状态。常跟时间副词now连用。如：He lives in Beijing now. 他现在住在北京。She is at home. 她在家。They work in that factory. 他们在那家工厂工作。用法四：习惯性的爱好或行为。如：I like dancing while she likes singing. 我喜欢跳舞，而她喜欢唱歌。We get up at six. 我们六点起床。He studies very hard. 他学习很刻苦()。用法五：表示已经计划、安排好了或时间表上所安排，并且一定要做的事情。用于这种句型的动词主要是瞬间动词：come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open等。如：The train arrives at five past eight and leaves at ten past eight. 火车八点过五分到，八点过十分离开。Our class begins at 7:45. 我们的课七点四十五开始。The shop opens at eight oclock. 商店八点开门。用法六：时间、条件、方式及让步状语从句中的谓语动词是将来的动作或状态时，用一般现在时表示。如：If you come, we will wait for you. 如果你来，我们就等你。When he gets here, the work will be finished. 当他到这儿时，工作将做完了。Though he disagrees with us, he will do as we decided. 尽管他不赞成我们当观点，他还是会按我们的决定去做。用法七：在某些习惯表达法中，常用一般现在时表示已经发生过的动作或存在的状态。如：They say Wu Dong is ill. 据说吴东病了。The paper says the disease is under control. 报纸上说这种病已经得到了控制。The diagram tells us that peoples living is improving. 这份图表告诉我们，人们的生活正在改善。if从句之后可接表示将来的be going to吗可以。在 if 之后，通常不能接表示将来的will，但可以用be going to表示意图。如以下例句均摘自权威词书：If youre going to join us, well wait for you. 如果你打算和我们一起来，我们就等你。I daresay youll phone me if youre going to be late tonight. 我想如果你今天夜里回来得晚，会给我打电话的吧。Ill have to dust off my French if were going to move to Paris. 我们要是搬到巴黎去，我就得把法语重新拾起来。一般将来时1. 基本用法及表示方法。一般将来时的基本用法是表示单纯的将来事实，由“will / shall + 动词原形”构成。如：We shall have a lot of rain next month. 下个月将下很多雨。I think she will pass the exam. 我想他考试会及格的。2. 表示将来时间的几种常见方法。英语中除了“will /shall+动词原形”表示半来时态外，还可以有以下多种方法。如：(1) 用“be going to+动词原形”表示。主要表示打算和预测。如：We are not going to stay there long. 我们不准备在那里多待。(表打算)Im afraid theyre going to lose the game. 恐怕他们会赛输。(表预测)Look, its going to rain. 瞧，要下雨了。(表预见) 注：be going to 后接动词go和come时，通常直接改用其进行时态。如：Where is he going to go? / Where is he going? 他打算到哪里去？(2) 用“be to+动词原形”表示。主要表示按计划或安排即将要发生的动作；有时也表示命令、禁止或可能性。如：He is to leave for Beijing tomorrow. 他决定明天去北京。Tell him hes not to be back late. 告诉他不准迟回。(3) 用“be about to+动词原形”表示。主要表示即将要发生的事。如：He is about to leave. 他即将要离开。Sit down, everyone. The film is about to start. 大家坐好，电影马上就要开发始了。注：该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用。如：误：He is about to leave soon tomorrow.另外，该结构在美国英语中还可表示“打算”(主要用于否定句)。如：Im not about to lend him any more money. 我不打算再借给他任何钱。(4) 用“be due to+动词原形”表示。主要表示按计划或时间表将要发生某事：He is due to leave very soon. 他很快就要离开。His book is due to be published in October. 他的书计划10月份出版。(5) 用现在进行时(即be现在分词)表示。主要表示按计划或安排要发生的事。如：The students are leaving on Sunday. 学生们星期日出发。Were having a party next week. 我们下星期将开一个晚会。注：该用法有时表示即将发生的动作。如：Im leaving. 我走了。(6) 用一般现在时表示。表示按规定或时间表预计要发生的事。如：The train leaves at 7:25 this evening. 火车今晚7:25分开。Tomorrow is Wednesday. 明天是星期三。We have a holiday tomorrow. 我们明天放假。注：在表示时间、条件等的状语从句以及某些名词性从句、定语从句等中，也用一般现在时表示将来意义，参见“一般现在时”的有关用法。过去将来时的用法过去将来时与一般将来时的用法相同，只不过去将来时必须以“过去”为起点，而一般将来时以“现在”为起点。如：He had the feeling that he would not see her again. 他觉得他再也不会见到她了。Mrs. Brown was about to begin, but Jennie spoke first. 布朗夫人正要开始讲话，珍妮先讲了。He said he was going to accompany her home. 他说他将陪她回家。将来进行时的用法将来进行时表示将来某段时间正在进行的动作或所处的状态。如：Ill be having dinner at seven oclock. 七点钟我将正在吃饭。This time next week Ill be lying on the beach. 下星期这个时候我就会躺在沙滩上了。在口语中将来进行时可用于表示安排要做的事。如()：Ill be seeing you in the morning. 我明早来找你。Will you be taking your leave in Qingdao? 你会在青岛休假吗?将来完成时的用法将来完成时表示将来某个时间之前已经发生或完成的动作。如：By the time we phone they11 have left already. 我们打电话时他们可能已经走了。Ill have been teaching for thirty years this winter. 到今年冬天我就已任教30年了。三种将来时间表示法的比较“will / shall动词原形”与“be going to 动词原形”两者均可表示将来时间和意图，两者有时可换用。如：I think itll rain this evening. / I think its going to rain this evening. 我想今晚会下雨。I wont tell you abou