非谓语动词精讲.doc

作主语:To obey law is everyones duty.To do such things is foolish.不定式作主语时,谓语用单数，为了平衡句子,通常用it作形式主语,构成句型:Its +n.(adj.)+ for(of) sb. +to do sth.To find out who stole the money is not easy.Its not easy (for you )to find out who stole the money(如果要表示不定式动作的执行者,要在不定式短语前加上一个for sb.的短语，语法上称为不定式的复合结构.It is useful for you to learn some spoken English.在某些形容词如clever, good ,nice, kind ,foolish, careless, right, wrong, rude, impolite等词之后的不定式前，常加of短语,这是对人做某事的赞扬，责备或感激等。It is very kind of you to come here.It is foolish of him to do such a thing.It would be rude of us to refuse theirInvitation.)Eg. It is impossible to do it well. Its easy to get the work finished before five.Eg. It took us three hours to finish the work. It requires another three persons to do the work.Eg. Its a great pleasure to help you. Its an honour to be invited to you birthday party. Its a good idea to do the work in another way.动名词做主语时，it也可作形式主语用于这种形式的是一些特定的adj.和n.，但这类次较少.adj.:enjoyable, good, worthwhile, nice ,worth, useless, 等；n.:no use, no good, fun, a hard/difficult job, a wonder, a waste of time等Eg. Its worthwhile doing it. Its no use doing it. Its a waste of time trying to persuade him not to smoke.作宾语Im preparing to take the examination next week.When the boy was only four, his father decided to make an artist of him.( attempt, afford, agree, aim, arrange, beg, carechoose, decide, demand, determine, enable, expect, hope , intend , long, learn , manage, offer, plan, pretend, prepare, promise , refuse seek, wish, want , etc. )动名词作宾语allow, mind, miss, excuse, enjoy, doubt, escape, consider, admit(承认)，advise, appreciate=enjoy（欣赏）, avoid, finish, face, practise, suggest, delay（延迟）, imagine, include, keep, quit（离开）, resist(抵抗), risk（冒险）, understand, be used to, look forward to（期望）, object to, pay attention to, etc. 有些动词后既可接不定式做宾语，也可接动名词做宾语,两者意义差别不大.这些词有like, hate, begin, start, love, continue等 有些动词后既可接动词不定式做宾语有可接动名词做宾语，但意义截然不同。try mean forget remember stop go on regret cant help 注意：这组短语后接不定式时一般表示将来，此动作还没有发生；而接动名词时，常表示过去，此动作发生在过去need, require, want译作“需要”时，跟v-ing作宾语，主动表被动，相当于to be done.动词+疑问词+不定式I dont know what to do next.We havent decide where to spend our holiday.这类词有: advise, decide, discuss , explain, know, learn , show, tell, teach, understandIm worrying about what to do next.Marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language.( 有do无to，有 to无 doShe has no choice but to wait for the news.There was nothing she could do but cry.He had no choice but to wait.He could do nothing but wait.)作表语The situation is encouraging.He felt encouraged by the teachers words.She looked disappointed.The news is very disappointing.Our work is serving the people.His hobby is collecting stamps.做定语不定式做定语时常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后 She was very busy and had no time to visit her friends. Ladies and gentlemen ,I have something important to tell you .当名词被the first ,the last以及the only 等序数词以及形容词最高级修饰时，常用不定式作定语，而不管动作是否已完成 He is the only person to know the truth. She is always the first to come and the last to leave.不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot, anything 等习惯上用不定式做宾语 I have nothing to do but wait. Do you have anything to say?以“即将发生的动作”修饰事物时，可用不定式做定语 He will write more books in the years to come. The students are preparing for the examination to take place soon.分词作定语：分词前置：单个的分词做定语We can see the rising sun.He is a retired worker.分词后置：分词短语，个别分词如given, left以及修饰不定代词something等时要后置There was a girl sitting there.This is the question given.There is nothing interesting.动名词与分词做定语的区别：a sleeping babya sleeping carthe boiling waterthe boiled waterthe surprised peoplethe surprising newsa swimming poola reading roomthe changing world the changed world作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词往往存在着两种逻辑关系，即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语或逻辑宾语Alice is always the first student to come to school. (主谓关系)The teacher gave me some English books to read. (动宾关系)Mr. Brown has a large family to support.(动宾关系)当被修饰的名词或代词是不定式逻辑上的宾语，而该不定式动词又是不及物动词时，应在该动词后加上一个介词以形成逻辑上的动宾关系Please pass me some paper to write on.Theres nothing for us to worry about.She has a nice pen to write with.He bought a flat for the family to live in.宾语补足语不定式,分词做宾语补足语的区别:“动词+宾语+动词不定式”ask, get, allow, forbid, prefer, force, announce, press, inspire, request, advise, remind, beg, report, invited, command, show, drive, mean, train, cause, instruct, require, tell, direct, order, warn, enable, need, encourage, wTeacher ask him to clean the blackboard.He was asked to clean the blackboard.His boss order him to go there at once.He was ordered to go there at once. 1）表示感觉或心理状态的动词 see / watch / notice /observe / look at , hear / listen to , feel / think / find/ want / like ，使役动词 have , make , get , keep 3, with + 宾语宾补 to do doing done With a lot of difficult problems_, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A settled B settling C to settle D being settled需要注意have, make的用法：I wont have him cheat me.“允许,让,使”I have a lot of work to do.“有”His story made us laugh.“使”Father made a kite for his son to fly. “制造, 做”have, get后接三种形式做宾补时,表示”使,让,叫”have sth. done= get sth. done让某人做某事 Ill have/get my bike repaired tomorrow.此外，have sth. done还表示“使遭受” Tom had his leg broken while playing football. Mr. Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.have sb./ sth. doing让使某人/物持续地做某事get sb./sth. doing使某人开始行动起来The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time.The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short time.leave 后接几种形式 作宾补时，其中的leave保留了原来的意思“留下”但表达的确切之意应是“使处于某种状态”Its wrong of you to leave the machine running.(主动，进行）The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didnt taste delicious.(被动，完成）He left ,leaving me to do all the rest work . (主动，进行）We hurriedly ended our meeting. Leaving many problems to be settled. (被动，将来）能用现在分词做宾补的动词有：see ,find, discover, look at, observe, notice, watch, hear, listen to, feel, smell, keep, bring, imagine, sense, set.She sensed the danger coming near.His words set us laughing.We smell something burning in the next room.能用过去分词做宾补的动词有have, get, see, hear, find, make, want, feel, keep等You should make yourself heard (understood).Youd better get your mistakes corrected.试比较：Did you hear someone knocking at the door?Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.Yes, I did. I heard the door knocked three times.作状语（动词不定式与分词） 动词不定式He came here to attend an important meeting.(目的) （So as to 不能放句首 in order to 可以）He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him.（结果）She was very surprised to hear the news.（原因）I hurried to the station, only to find the train had left. (结果)作结果状语用的不定式常表示一种意料之外的结果，（经常与only连用） “so as to/suchas to(如此以致于)”Jim got up so early as to catch the first bus.“too to”The maths problem is too difficult for us to work out.“adj./adv./n. + enough to do The boy is old enough to go to school.I am glad to see you.I am so sorry to hear your mother is ill.主动形式表被动意义的不定式E.g.: The question is very difficult to answer. The problem is difficult to deal with.主语be +adj. +to do 能用于此句型的形容词有：difficult ,easy, comfortable ,fit, hard, pleasant, tiresome(使人疲劳的), light interesting, nice , heavy, dangerous, important, etc.在there be结构中，作定语用的不定式如修饰主语时，即使表示被动的意义，也可用主动式来表示There is a lot of work to do/to be done.Hurry up! Theres no time to lose/to be lost.There are three letters to answer/to be answered this morning.不定式的完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词之前Im glad to have seen your father.She seemed to have heard of it alreadythere be的非谓语形式1)there to be :做宾语（expect ,like, mean, intend, want, prefer ,hate, etc.)和介词for的宾语They hate there to be long queues everywhere.It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between the old and the young. 2 there being 做状语 和介词宾语（除了for）There being mo classes, they decided to have a picnic.John was relying on there being another opportunity.改错1.Seeing from the top of the hill, the park looks very beautiful. 2. Not knowing her address, so I cant get in touch with her.3. Being dark, she didnt dare to go out alone.分词做状语逻辑主语与句子的主语应该是一致的，否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构不是句子，因为没有实际的主语和谓语分词独立主格结构一般放在句首或句尾，做状语表示时间，原因，方式等例如：The meeting being over, they went home.(时间)Mother being ill in bed, he couldnt go to work.（原因）Time permitting , I shall stay here for another two days（条件）She lay against the wall, the sun shining upon her face.（伴随）She sat still in the chair, with her eyes closed.（伴随）难点内容：用分词做状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致的，否则，就应使用状语从句，调整句子的主语,独立主格结构，with的复合结构或例如：（）Given more help, the project will be completed earlier. 改: If we are given more help, the project will be completed earlier.(状语从句) Given more help, we will complete the project earlier.（调整主语） Broken his leg, he couldnt go to school. 改: His leg broken, he couldnt go to school.（独立主格结构） He couldnt go to school with his leg broken. 现在分词与过去分词做状语的区别Having finished their work, they had a rest.Walking along the street, I met a friend of mine.Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.Given more time, she could do it better.Id like to go and see a film.He had to have a job or go hungry.当and或or连接同一概念的不定式时， 或者当它们之间的关系并列时，可将and或or后面的to省去有关动词不定式句型cannot help but do ,cannot but do ,cannot choose but do , can do nothing but do ,have no choice but to do 精练1. -What do you think made Mary so upset? -_ her new bicycle. (97上海 13) A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing2._is a good of exercise for both the young and the old.A.The walk B.Walking C.To walk D.Walk3. It was so cold that they kept the fire _all night.A. to burn B. burn C. burning D. burned4. The library needs _,but itll have to wait until Sunday.A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned5. What do you think of the book? Oh, excellent. Its worth _a second time.A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read6. The speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himself_ . (NMET91 34) A.hear B. to hear C. hearing D. Heard7. _ a reply, he decided to write again. (MET92 39) A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received8._from heart trouble for years,Professor White has to take some medicine whether he goes. A.Suffered B Suffering C Having suffered D Being suffered9. The murderer was brought in ,with his hands _behind his back.A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. Tied10.There was a terrible noise_the sudden burst of light. A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed11 .They knew her very well.They had seen her_up from childhood.A. grow B. grew C. growing D. to grow12.The _ boys were last seen_ near the river.A .missing ; playing B. missing ; playC.missed ; played D.missed ; to play13.13. Mr. Smith, _of the _speech, started to read a novel A .tired , boring B.tiring , bored C. tired , bored D .tiring , boring 14.The picture _on the wall is painted by my nephew.A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung15. The salesman scold the girl caught _and let her off.A. to have stolen B. to be stealing C .to steal D .stealing16. He felt it a great honour _ to the palace ball.A to have been invited B to have invitedC having invited D being invited17. _with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain doesnt seem high at all.A When compared B To compareC While comparing D It compared18. The discovery of new evidence led to _A the thief having caught B catch the thiefC the thief being caught D the thief to be caught19. -I hate talking with that guy. Look, he is coming. What should I do? -Dont speak until_.A speaking B spoken to C spoken D speaking to20. Unless _to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.A invited B inviting C being invited D having invited21. Friendship is like money: easier made than _A kept B to be kept C keeping D being kept22. The professor entered the lab, _ by two assistants.A following B followed C follow D by following23. Dont leave the water_ while you brush your teeth.A run B running C being run D to run24. “We cant go out in this weather,” said Tom, _out of the window.A looking B to look C looked D having looked25. He looked tired. He seemed_ a sleepless night.A to have B to have had C having D he had26. What worried the child most was_ to visit his mother in the hospital.A his not allowing B having not being allowedC his not being allowed D his being not allowed27. _Sunday, the students are at home.A Being B To be C It is D It being_ stone and sticks, they ran into the street and joined in the fightingA Armed B Arming C Armed with D Arming with 28. She told me that her camera was_A missed B robbed C lost D lain29. _hard, youll make it , I believe.A Work B To work C Working D Worked30. Breakfast will be ready by the time _A you dressed up B you will be dressedC you will have dressed D you have dressed31. In the days _,he was still in low spirits, and it seemed hard for him to get over it.A following B followed C that followed D to follow32. Last summer I took a course on_.A how to make dressesB how dresses be madeC how to be made dressesD how dresses to be made33. Iv