2013版八年级上册unit10语法.doc

重点词汇：meeting 会议 organize 组织 upset 心烦意乱的；难过 advice【U】expert 专家 unless 除非，如果不 understanding 善解人意的 mistake solve trust相信，信任normal 正常的 certainly 无疑，肯定 worried 担心的angry careless 粗心的 advise 建议step 步骤， experience 经历；经验重点短语：wear jeans take the bus have a good timetalk about sth watch a video be boredtalk to / with sb order food give sb some small giftsmake friends /be friends/ have friends be upset take a taxi go to collge become a soccer playertravel around the world make a lot of moneybe famous for/as get an education keep.to oneselfbe normal in life be afraid to do sth tell sb about sthin the end /at last/ finally make a mistake run away fromtrust sb be an expert cut .in halfsolve the problem help with visit an old personhomein life stay at home have a class meetingmake some food give sb some advice in the (near) future the first step potato chipshave a class party half the class at the partybe angry at/about sth one year and a half =one and a half yearsbe angry with sb in half school cleanup课文语法：1. have a good / great /nice/ wonderful timeenjoy oneself (in doing sth) 玩的开心，过的快乐 have fun eg: They are having a good time They are enjoying themselves They are having fun ( in ) flying kites on the quare.2. 当主句的动词是think，believe,guess,imagine,suppose expect时候,并且主句的主语是第一人称时候，如果宾语从句是否定句时候， 常将从句的not转移到主句动词前: 1) I think he will not go to a party ( ) I dont think he will go to a party ( ) 我认为他不会来参加晚会了。 2) I believe he didnt kill this man. ( ) I dont believe he killed this man. ( ) 我相信3. when to have a class party是“疑问词+不定式”结构。当主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构eg : I cant decide when I will start = I cant decide when to start.注：当主句谓语动词是tell， ask， show， teach等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。eg : Could you tell me how I can get to the station？ Could you tell me how to get to the station？4. half the class wont come 1) half the class “一半的学生”。Half 此处用做形容词，意思是“一半的，半个的”eg : Half the apples are bad .2) class 是集体名词，意为“全班同学”，是复数概念。 eg : Half the class come from the village.5. lets order food from a restaurant order 及物动词，意为“订购；订货；点菜；命令”。1) order sth from sp 从。订购某物 I order some clothes from the shop .2) order sb to do sth 命令某人做某事 Order him to act at once.6. If we ask people to bring food, theyll just bring potato chips and chocolate because they will be too lazy to cook. ask sb to do sth 让某人做某事 Our teacher asks us to read every day. ask sb sth about sth 问某人某事 Can I ask you some questions about your vacation plans? 1) ask sb about sth 问某人有关于某事 Can I ask you about your vacation plans? ask .for . 向某人寻求或要. You can ask the teacher for help.2) take , bring , fetch , get & carrya) take 带离说话人所在地，表“带去”“拿去”。b) bring 带到说话人所在地，“带来”“拿来”。c) get/ fetch “取或拿”，指的是往返的一个过程,get与fetch意思相似，多用于口语。d) carry 没有方向性而言，表示“运载”、“携带”运送的方式很多，可以用车、船，也可以用手 take .to sb / 地点名词 “carry “ “扛，搬，运，携带”无方向性，常强调物体重，不好挪动 take.+ 地点副词（there/ home/ here）fetch/ get 说话人 参考点 bring.to sb / 地点名词 bring.+ 地点副词（there/ home/ here） eg：1.Next time dont forget to bring me a copy of your work 2.Please take the letter to the post office. 3.They are carrying some paintings onto the car 4.Take the box away，please 5.Go and get some water.6.Let me carry the box for you. 7.She has gone to fetch water. 3) potato chips Potato 作为名词修饰后面的名词作定语。 名词修饰名词作定语，一般用单数，与所修饰词的单复数无关。如： an apple tree -three apple tree 扩展：man ,woman & sport作定语时，情况有所不同a) sport作定语时，无论所修饰词的单复数，一般都用复数形式。如： sports shoes, sports show, a sports meeting, a sports car .b) man ,women 作定语修饰名词时，与所修饰词的单复数保持一致。如：a woman teacher-two women teachers 4) too.to do sth 太.以至于不能.So.+adj / adv + that+从句（句子中常用can / cant）(not) +adj / adv + enough to do sth 不足够.做.enough.to do sth. 足够去做某事 eg: The boy is too young to go to school.enough 修饰名词时，一般放在名词前，但修饰形容词或副词时要后置。如: enough time / moneyold / quickly enoughThe boy so too young that he cant go to school.The boy is not old enough to go to school.Hes old enough to live alone.练习：The teacher is so nice that we all love him.（同义句转换） a) b) The book is too difficult to read. （同义句转换） a) b) 7 英语中交通方式的表达1）take+a / the +bus/ train/ subway(交通工具名词)。这是一个动词短语，在句中做谓语，放在主语之后eg. I take the subway to school 乘地铁注意： ride a / ones bike; ride a horse ; take a taxi2) by + bus/ train/ subway / bike/ air/ water /ship/ plane/ boat (交通工具名词),在句中做状语，常放在句末，by后的名词为单数，而且名词前无任何修饰词。 eg. I go to school by bike. 注意：除了by + 交通工具名词单数以外，还有其他介词也可交通工具名词的单数连用。如： on a bike / train / ship / plane & on foot & in ones car 扩展：a) by +the +交通工具名词单数 “在.旁边”如：by the bus/ train/ subway / bike b) by+v-ing“通过做.” 如You can learn English by listening to the tape. c) by the end of “到为止，不迟于” How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? d) by+时间点 “到为止，不迟于” You must come back home by nine oclock. e) 用于某些固定短语中 。如： by the way 顺便，顺便问一下 little by little 逐渐地 by oneself独自、单独或没有人帮助（全凭本人）3）用某些动词短语表示。如：walk to.;drive to.;fly to. eg: I often walk to school.8 Can you give me some advece please? advece 不可数名词，意为“劝告；建议”。没有复数形式，表示数量时要借助于piece ; some; much等词。 如：a piece of advice ; some pieces of advice; give sb some advice9 travel ; trip & journey “旅行” travel 指长距离的旅行或国外旅行。 如：trawel around the worldtrip 意为“旅行，远足”，尤指短途游玩或是有目的的旅行。 如：go on a school tripjourney 指长距离的陆地旅行10. If people have problems,they should talk to other people. 1） keep.to oneself “保守秘密, 將. 當成秘密, 只有自己知道, 不會告訴別人” keep to yourself 主要意思是保密。不与他人接触等eg : Dont keep it to yourself.： 别闷在心里 If you promise to keep to yourself , I can tell you. 如果你答应不告诉别人，我就告诉你。 He is a person who likes to keep to himself.他是一个不喜欢与人交往的人扩展： keep sth/ sb. + 形容词 “保持.怎么样” Keep the classroom clean keep sth/ sb.doing sth “让sb 一直.” Keep the boy standing there all the time.keep +doing 一直做某事 (中间未间断) It kept raining for a week keep on +doing:继续做某事 (中间有间断) Lets keep on doing our work after an hours restkeep . from doing .阻止,妨碍;控制(+from)做某事. The mother couldnt keep the child from crying keep +形容词 Keep healthy / fit 其他短语:keep off让开,不接近;不让接近,把驱开keep away避开,不使靠近 keep back留下 keeps a diary. keep the law ./ promise / secrets.遵守; 履行;保守 keep in touch with 與.保持聯絡2 ) help oneself to .随便吃/ 喝. Help yourselvse to the food enjoy oneself 玩的高兴 teach oneself=learn.by oneself 自学. You can learn English by yourself.11. Unless we talk to someone, well certainly feel worse. Unless =if .not “除非，如果不”，用于引导条件状语从句 Eg: we wont get there on time unless we leave earlier.除非我们早点离开，否则不能准时到。 Unless you take more care, youll have an accident. (如果不多加小心的话，你会出事故的。) My baby sister never cries unless she is hungry. (我那刚出生的妹妹除非饿了，否则她是从来不哭的。) Unless bad weather stops me, I jog every day. (除非坏天气阻拦我，否则每天我都慢跑的。)12. Laura once lost her wallet,and worried for days这里的lost为形容词1) once 在这里译为“曾经”，常用在一般过去式句子中 Eg: Once an big earthquake happpened there.2) lose “丢失；输给某人”-lost-lost a) The mother lost her son at the bus station just now b) Tom lost to Mike in tennis yesterday. 固定搭配：be / get lost ; lose ones way “迷路”这里的worried为形容词 The boy was / got lost in the forest. = He lost his way in the forest.3）worry “担心，焦虑” eg : Dont worry, Ill arrive there safety. worry about ” 为.而担忧” eg: The old woman often worries about her son be worried about = worry about eg: The old woman is often worried about her son He was worried when he was lost.13. He was afraid to tell her parents about it. be afraid to do sth “害怕做某事”（因害怕而不敢做某事）He is afraid to go across the river. He is afraid to speak in class. be afraid ofdoing sth 担心或害怕出现某种不好的后果” He is afraid of falling into the river.Im afraid +从句 “ 我恐怕.” Im afraid I cant go there with you 14. advise 动词 “劝告；建议” 1) advise sb on/ about .”关于.给某人的忠告/建议” eg: The teacher s advise students about study. 2) advise sb to do sth “劝告，建议某人做某事” eg: Mr Gao advises usto eat healthy food. 15. It is best not to run away from our problems 1) Its best (not) to do sth “最好（不）做某事” 为形式主语，动词不定式为真正的主语。.Eg: It is best to speak English every day. 2) run away “逃走；逃跑” The thief ran away from the prison several days ago.16. He thinks the first step is to find someone you trust to talk to 1) 这是一个主从复合句。这个主从复合句较为复杂，既有宾语从句，又有定语从句。其中the first step is to find someone you trust to talk to 是宾语从句。而 you trust 又是一个定语从句，修饰先行词someone。动词不定式to talk to是定语，修饰someone 2）trust sb表示相信某人，一般意义的相信trust in sb表示非常相信某人，达到信赖的程度，可翻译成信赖某人trust to sth 依赖某物，依靠某物eg: Trust in the Lord. Trust the destiny.信赖上帝。相信命运 Do you trust in God？17 In English ,we say that sharing a problem is like cuting it in half. 1) share “分享；分担”。如：share a room with someone share a book share a taxi 2)cut.in half “把.切成两半；把.一切为二” in half / in halves Eg : Please cut the orange in half. Now , all the oranges are in halves.18. be halfway to.” 完成了或做了事情的一部分” Eg: we re only halfway to finishing the job.语法：一、 条件状语从句（这里我们主要讲解if 引导的条件状语从句）：状语从句的概念：一句话中的时间、地点、原因、方式、条件等就是句子的状语，如果这个状语是由句子充当的，我们就将这个句子称为状语从句。当然如果我们也就把充当条件状语的句子称为条件状语从句。1) 条件状语从句的引导词：常见的有：if / whether (如果 / 假如)，unless=if.not （除非/如果不），as long as(只要)等，目前我们最常见的是if引导的条件状语从句。eg：If I get up early tomorrow morning, I will call you. 如果明天早上我起的早，我会给你打电话的。 句中“明天早上早起”这句话，是“我给你打电话”的一个条件，所以这里的 “ If I get up early” 就叫条件状语从句，而“I will call you” 就是这句话的主句。l 注意：引导条件状语从句最常用的连词是if，这里的条件分两种情况( 这里我们只学习第一种情况 )：a) if条件状语从句表示在某条件下，某事很可能发生，条件是可能存在的，主句中某种情况发生的概率也是很高的(真实条件)。eg： If you ask him，he will help you如果你请他帮忙，他会帮你的。 If you fail in the exam，you will let him down如果你考试不及格，你会让他失望的。 b) if从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件，从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时，表示对现在或过去的一种假设(虚拟或假设的条件)，我们称之为虚拟语气，这个我们后面会详细介绍。eg： If I were you，I would invite him to the party如果我是你，我会邀请他参加聚会。 I would put them in the bank if I had one million dollar要不是交通堵塞，我本会来得早一些。2）条件状语从句的位置 If 引导的条件状语从句可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后。例如： eg: If I get up early tomorrow morning, I will call you.= I will call you if I get up early tomorrow morning .3) 条件状语从句中的时态1if从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时 。（即主将从现）If he runs hell get there in time. 如果他用跑的，他就会及时赶到那儿。The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail. 如果你拉猫的尾巴，它就会抓你。2if从句用一般现在时，主句用“情态动词+动词原形时，（表达将来时）may/might/can、must/should等If it stops snowing we can go out. 如果雪停了，我们就可以出去。If you want to lose weight you must/should eat less bread. 如果你想减肥，你必须少吃面包。以下作为了解内容:3if从句用一般现在时，主句用一般现在时If you heat ice it turns to water. (也可用will turn)如果把冰加热，它就会化成水。4if从句用现在进行时，主句用一般将来时If you are looking for Peter youll find him upstairs. 如果你是在找彼得，上楼就会找到他。5if从句用现在完成时，主句用一般将来时If you have finished dinner Ill ask the waiter for the bill. 如果你吃完了，我就叫服务生来算账注意 ：学习 if 引导的条件状语从句的用法,现在总结一下: if 条件句不一般,几个要点记心间; 条件句放在前,逗号要放句中间。 条件句表可能，主句多用将来时；条件句表事实，主句常用现在时。拓展：一、 if 引导的宾语从句 if 引导宾语从句时，译为“是否”。 eg: I want to know if he lives there. 我想知道他是否住在那儿。He asked me if I could help him. 他问我是否能帮他。 I dont know if he will comeif 引导宾语从句时，要注意三个方面：a)连词if也不能省略。b)要用陈述句语序即：主句+连接词+从句（主+谓+其他成分）。c)时态由主句决定。（主句为现在时，从句可以是任何时态; 主句为过去时，从句则用过去时中的任一种时态。）if、whether 引导的宾语从句的区别: 1. if 或 whether 引导宾语从句时，作“是否”讲，常放在动词 ask、see、say、know 和 findout 等后面。一般情况下，两者常可换用，在口语中多用 if。eg: 1. Nobody knows whether / if it will rain tomorrow. 没有人知道明天是否下雨。 2. Lucy asked whether / if they had a cotton sweater. 露西问他们是否有棉制的毛衣。 2. if 或 whether 引导宾语从句时，要注意三个方面，即连词、语序和时态。 if 或 whether 既不能和 that 或其他连词（副词）同时使用，也不能省略。eg: 1. I dont know if(whether) he will come here today.2. The old woman asked me if / whether I knew the way to the hospital. 3. 只能用 whether 的情况 在动词不定式之前只能用 whether： I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。在 whether or not 的固定搭配中： I want to know whether its good news or not. 在介词后，只能用 whether： His father is worried about whether he loses his work. 用 if 会引起歧义时： Could you tell me if you know the answer? 这句话有两种意思： “你能告诉我你是否知道答案吗？”或“如果你知道答案，请告诉我，好吗？” 。 如用 whether 则可避免歧义。 二、 if引导的条件状语从句和虚拟语气的区别1）概括a) if引导的条件状语从句,可以是现实生活中已经出现的真实事件或有可能出现的事情,发生的可能性较大。b) if引导的条件状语从